The document discusses HIV/AIDS, describing what each abbreviation stands for and providing details about the virus, how it is transmitted, stages of infection, opportunistic infections, screening tests, treatment, and prevention methods. It defines HIV as a virus that weakens the immune system and AIDS as the late stage where opportunistic infections take hold. Transmission occurs via blood, semen, vaginal and cervical fluids mainly through unprotected sex and sharing of needles. Prevention includes abstinence, monogamy, condom use, and clean needles.

4. “Human Immunodeficiency
Virus”
H = Infects only Human beings
I = Immunodeficiency virus weakens the
immune system and increases the risk of
infection
V = Virus that attacks the body

5. “Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome”
A = Acquired, not inherited
I = Weakens the Immune system
D = Creates a Deficiency of CD4+ cells in
the immune system
S = Syndrome, or a group of illnesses
taking place at the same time

6.  H.I.V (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus) is a unique type of virus (i.e. a
retrovirus) that invades the T- helper
cells (CD4 cells) in the body of the
host (defense mechanism of a
person).

7. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome) can be defined as
opportunistic infections and malignancies
that rarely occur in the absence of severe
immunodeficiency.
 Persons with positive HIV serology who
have ever had a CD4 lymphocyte count
below 200 cells/mcL or a CD4 lymphocyte
percentage below 14% are considered to
have AIDS.

9. AGENT FACTORS:
 “Human Immunodeficiency virus”
There are two types of HIV.
1. HIV-1
2. HIV-2

10. HIV-1 HIV-2
HIV-1 is more common
worldwide.
HIV-1 is easily
transmitted.
HIV-1 is pathogenic in
nature
Duration of HIV-1
infection is quite long.
HIV-1 is commonly seen
in India.
HIV-2 is found in West Africa,
Mozambique, and Angola.
HIV-2 is less easily
transmitted.
HIV-2 is less pathogenic.
Duration of HIV-2 infection is
shorter .
HIV-2 is relatively rare and has
not been reported from India.

11. Greater concentration:
• Blood
• Semen
• CSP
Lesser concentration:
• Tears
• Saliva
• Urine
• Breast-milk
• Cervical and vaginal secretions

12. HOST
FACTORS:

13. AGE
• Most cases in between 20-49 years.
• Rarely seen in childrens under 15 yrs.
SEX
• Seen in both males & females.
• Mostly in homosexual and bisexual mens.
HIGH
RISK
• Male homosexuals & heterosexual partners.
• IV drug abusers, transfusion if infected blood
IMMUNOLOGY
• HIV virus infects and destroys T-helper cells.
• It results in reduced cellular immunity.

14. Viral DNA is transcribed into mRNA
Integrase inserts viral DNA into Host DNA
RNA transcribes DNA by enzyme Reverse Transcriptase
RNA enters the human cell
HIV virus binds to CD4 receptors on surface of T cells.
Due to etiological factors

15. (continue..)
Destruction of T- helper cells and immune response
declines causing S/S.
Host cell is killed as viruses are released and budding
process starts.
Polyprotein converts into genome n becomes permanent
part of cell’s genetic structure.
mRNA is translated into protein – polyprotein

17.  It is first and foremost a
sexually transmitted
disease.
 It can be transmitted by all
types of unprotected sex
i.e. vaginal, oral or anal.
 It is acquired mainly
through
heterosexual contact.

19.  Sharing Needles (Without sterilization)
Increases the chances of contracting HIV
 Unsterilized blades

20.  Transmitted by contaminated blood
transfusion of whole blood cells.
 Also transmits through contact with
infected bodily fluids such as semen,
vaginal fluids.

21.  During pregnancy (through placenta)
 During birth

22. INCUBATION
PERIOD upto 6 years or
more

23. The clinical features of HIV infection is
classified into four stages:
1. Initial infection
2. Asymptomatic stage
3. Symptomatic stage
4. AIDS

24.  Short, flu-like illness - occurs one to six
weeks after infection
 Mild symptoms
 Infected person can infect other people

26.  Lasts for an average of ten years
 This stage is free from symptoms
 There may be swollen glands
 The level of HIV in the blood drops to
low levels
 HIV antibodies are detectable in the
blood

27.  The immune system deteriorates
 Opportunistic infections and cancers
start to appear.

28.  The immune
system weakens
 The illnesses
become more
severe leading to
an AIDS diagnosis
 The immune
system weakens
too much as CD4
cells decrease in

29. OPPURTUNISTIC
ORGANISMS

30.  Bacterial infections
 Tuberculosis (TB)
 Herpes Simplex
 Herpes Zoster
 Vaginal candidiasis
 Hairy leukoplakia
 Kaposi’s sarcoma
IF CD4<500

31. HERPES SIMPLEX
HERPES ZOSTER
LEUKOPLAKIA
KAPOSI’S SARCOMA

32. IF CD4< 200
 Pneumocystic carinii
 Toxoplasmosis
 Cryptococcosis
 Coccidiodomycosis
 Cryptosporiosis
 Non hodgkin’s lymphoma

33. IF CD4 <50
 Disseminated mycobacterium avium
complex (MAC) infection
 Histoplasmosis
 CMV retinitis
 CNS lymphoma
 Progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy
 HIV dementia

34.  TB is the most common opportunistic
infection in HIV and the first cause of
mortality in HIV infected patients (10-
30%)
 10 million patients co-infected in the
world.
 Immunosuppression induced by HIV
modifies the clinical presentation of TB

36. CLINICAL:
The WHO clinical case defines adult
AIDS if the existence of at least two
major signs associated with at least
one minor sign in the absence of other
known cases of immunosupression
such as cancer or severe malnutrition
or other recognized etiologies.

37. • Weight loss (10% of body wt)
• Chronic diarrhoea
• Prolonged fever
MAJOR
SIGNS
• Persistent cough
• Generalized dermatitis
• Recurrent herpes zoster
• Oropharyngeal candidiasis
• Generalised lymphadenopathy
MINOR
SIGNS

38. SCREENING
TESTS

39. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent
Assay (ELISA)
• Screening test for HIV
• Sensitivity > 99.9%
Western blot
• Confirmatory test
• Specificity > 99.9% (when combined with ELIZA)

40. Absolute CD4 lymphocyte count
• Predictor of HIV progression
• Risk of opportunistic infections and AIDS when
<200
HIV viral load tests
• Best test for diagnosis of acute HIV infection
• Correlates with disease progression and response
to HAART

41.  Urine Western Blot
◦ As sensitive as testing
blood
◦ Safe way to screen for
HIV
◦ Can cause false
positives in certain
people at high risk for
HIV

42.  Orasure
◦ The only FDA approved
HIV antibody.
◦ As accurate as blood
testing
◦ Draws blood-derived
fluids from the gum
tissue.
◦ NOT A SALIVA TEST!

44.  Nucleoside Reverse
Transcriptase
inhibitors
◦ AZT (Zidovudine)
 Non-Nucleoside
Transcriptase
inhibitors
◦ Viramune (Nevirapine)
 Protease inhibitors
◦ Norvir (Ritonavir)

45. PREVENTION

46.  Abstinence
 Monogamous Relationship
 Protected Sex
 Sterile needles

47.  It is the only 100 % effective method
of not acquiring HIV/AIDS.
 Refraining from sexual contact: oral,
anal, or vaginal.
 Refraining from intravenous drug use

48.  A mutually monogamous (only one sex
partner) relationship with a person who is
not infected with HIV
 HIV testing before intercourse is necessary
to prove your partner is not infected

49.  Use condoms (female or male) every time
you have sex.
 Always use latex or polyurethane condom.

50.  If a needle/syringe or cooker is
shared, it must be disinfected:
◦ Fill the syringe with undiluted bleach and
wait at least 30 seconds.
◦ thoroughly rinse with water
◦ Do this between each person’s use