The document discusses routing concepts including routing tables, directly connected routes, statically configured routes, and dynamic routing protocols. It provides examples of configuring RIP routing between two routers to automatically exchange routing information and populate each router's routing table with routes to networks connected to other interfaces. Key steps include configuring RIP, enabling RIP on connected interfaces, and verifying routes are learned through RIP.
Overview of the MPLS backbone transmission technology.
MPLS (MultiProtocol Layer Switching) is a layer 2.5 technology that combines the virtues of IP routing and fast layer 2 packet switching.
IP packet forwarding is not suited for high-speed forwarding due to the need to evaluate multiple routes for each IP packet in order to find the optimal route, i.e. the route with the longest prefix match.
However, Internet Protocol routing provides global reachability through the IP address and through IP routing protocols like BGP or OSPF.
Layer 2 packet switching has complementary characteristics in that it does not provide global reachability through globally unique addresses but allows fast packet forwarding in hardware through the use of small and direct layer 2 lookup addresses.
MPLS combines IP routing and layer 2 switching by establishing layer 2 forwarding paths based on routes received through IP routing protocols like BGP or OSPF.
Thus the control plane of an MPLS capable device establishes layer 2 forwarding paths while the data plane then performs packet forwarding, often in hardware.
MPLS is not a layer 2 technology itself, i.e. it does not define a layer 2 protocol but rather makes use of existing layer 2 technologies like Ethernet, ATM or Frame Relay.
Overview of the MPLS backbone transmission technology.
MPLS (MultiProtocol Layer Switching) is a layer 2.5 technology that combines the virtues of IP routing and fast layer 2 packet switching.
IP packet forwarding is not suited for high-speed forwarding due to the need to evaluate multiple routes for each IP packet in order to find the optimal route, i.e. the route with the longest prefix match.
However, Internet Protocol routing provides global reachability through the IP address and through IP routing protocols like BGP or OSPF.
Layer 2 packet switching has complementary characteristics in that it does not provide global reachability through globally unique addresses but allows fast packet forwarding in hardware through the use of small and direct layer 2 lookup addresses.
MPLS combines IP routing and layer 2 switching by establishing layer 2 forwarding paths based on routes received through IP routing protocols like BGP or OSPF.
Thus the control plane of an MPLS capable device establishes layer 2 forwarding paths while the data plane then performs packet forwarding, often in hardware.
MPLS is not a layer 2 technology itself, i.e. it does not define a layer 2 protocol but rather makes use of existing layer 2 technologies like Ethernet, ATM or Frame Relay.
Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into another by modifying network address information in Internet Protocol (IP) datagram packet headers while they are in transit across a traffic routing device.
networking and their Routing protocols with commands along with diagram ,(rip, IGRP and OSPF and BGP ) and knowledge about Network devices like Router and Switch. network define and definitions of Lan, router and all the routing protocols and their features.
Network address translation (NAT) is a method of remapping one IP address space into another by modifying network address information in Internet Protocol (IP) datagram packet headers while they are in transit across a traffic routing device.
networking and their Routing protocols with commands along with diagram ,(rip, IGRP and OSPF and BGP ) and knowledge about Network devices like Router and Switch. network define and definitions of Lan, router and all the routing protocols and their features.
This study guide is intended to provide those pursuing the CCNA certification with a framework of what concepts need to be studied. This is not a comprehensive document containing all the secrets of the CCNP nor is it a “braindump” of questions and answers.
I sincerely hope that this document provides some assistance and clarity in your studies.
Cisco CCNA Training/Exam Tips that are helpful for your Certification Exam!
To be Cisco Certified please Check out:
http://asmed.com/information-technology-it/
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Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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2. Routing Basic idea
What is routing?
Routing is the process of selecting a optimal path to forward data packets in between or across
multiple networks.
How routing happen?
Routers make routing decisions (path selection) based on routing information available on their
routing tables.
Routing information?
Routing information can be considered as details about physical topology and status of the
network.
3. Routing table
Three types of routing table entries
Directly connected routes are the routing table entries about a directly connected
destination network to one of the interfaces of the router.
Statically configured routes are the routing table entries that network administers manually
configured on the router.
Dynamically learned routes are the routing table entries learn by exchanging routing
information with the help of dynamic routing protocols.
Routing information base, is a data table stored in a router that
contain lists of routes to particular network destinations.
8. Let’s check the Routing tables
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/3/0
C 192.168.4.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/3/0
9. Switching Walkthrough
C:>ping 192.168.1.2
Pinging 192.168.1.2 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=32 time=31ms TTL=128
Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=32 time=7ms TTL=128
Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=32 time=13ms TTL=128
Reply from 192.168.1.2: bytes=32 time=16ms TTL=128
Ping statistics for 192.168.1.2:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 7ms, Maximum = 31ms, Average = 16ms
Ping form Host A to Host B
10. Directly connected Routes
Walkthrough
Ping form Host A to Host C
C:>ping 192.168.4.1
Pinging 192.168.4.1 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=13ms TTL=127
Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=17ms TTL=127
Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=14ms TTL=127
Reply from 192.168.4.1: bytes=32 time=15ms TTL=127
Ping statistics for 192.168.4.1:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 13ms, Maximum = 17ms, Average = 14ms
11. Non-directly connected
routes Walkthrough
C:>ping 192.168.2.1
Pinging 192.168.2.1 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.1.3: Destination host unreachable.
Reply from 192.168.1.3: Destination host unreachable.
Reply from 192.168.1.3: Destination host unreachable.
Reply from 192.168.1.3: Destination host unreachable.
Ping statistics for 192.168.2.1:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 0, Lost = 4 (100% loss),
Ping form Host A to Host C
12. Non-directly connected
routes WalkthroughR1#ping 192.168.2.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
.....
Success rate is 0 percent (0/5)
R1#ping 192.168.3.3
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.3, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/4/16 ms
Ping form R1 to Host C
Ping form R1 to R2
13. Dynamic Routing
Protocols
Dynamic routing protocols specify how routers automatically
exchange and distribute routing information.
Dynamic routing
protocols
Interior gateway
protocols (IGP)
Distance vector
protocols
Routing Information
Protocol (RIP)
Enhanced Interior
Gateway Routing
Protocol (EIGRP)
Link state routing
protocols
Open Shortest Path First
(OSPF)
Intermediate System to
Intermediate System
(IS-IS)
Exterior gateway
protocols (EGP)
Path vector routing
protocols
Border Gateway
Protocol (BGP)
14. Time to configure RIP
R1#show ip protocols
R1#conf t
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#version 2
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.4.0
R1(config-router)#^Z
R1#write
R2#conf t
R2(config)#router rip
R2(config-router)#version 2
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.3.0
R2(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
R2(config-router)#^Z
R2#write
15. Let’s check the Routing tables
R1#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
R 192.168.2.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.3.3, 00:00:29, Serial0/3/0
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/3/0
C 192.168.4.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
R1#show ip route rip
R 192.168.2.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.3.3, 00:00:19, Serial0/3/0
R2#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:19, Serial0/3/0
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/3/0
R 192.168.4.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:19, Serial0/3/0
R2#show ip route rip
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:17, Serial0/3/0
R 192.168.4.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.3.2, 00:00:17, Serial0/3/0
16. RIP routes Walkthrough
C:>ping 192.168.2.1
Pinging 192.168.2.1 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 time=36ms TTL=126
Reply from 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 time=14ms TTL=126
Reply from 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 time=26ms TTL=126
Reply from 192.168.2.1: bytes=32 time=15ms TTL=126
Ping statistics for 192.168.2.1:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 14ms, Maximum = 36ms, Average = 22ms
Ping form Host A to Host C
17. RIP routes Walkthrough
R1#ping 192.168.2.1
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.1, timeout is 2 seconds:
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/15/37 ms
Ping form R1 to Host C
18. Passive interfaces
R1#conf t
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#passive-interface fastEthernet 0/0
R1(config-router)#passive-interface fastEthernet 0/1
R2#conf t
R2(config)#router rip
R2(config-router)#passive-interface fastEthernet 0/0
Full RIP update sending
Every 30 seconds
