Plastering is the process of covering rough surfaces and uneven surfaces with a plastic material, called plaster or mortar to obtain an even , smooth , regular , clean & durable surface.
1. Plastering is done for protection, smooth surfaces, decoration, and to conceal defects. Requirements include adhesion, affordability, hardness, and workability.
2. Common plaster types include sand faced, rough cast, pebbled dash, and smooth cast.
3. Defects can include blistering, cracking, efflorescence, flaking, peeling, and popping. Cracking is caused by structural issues or drying movements.
This document discusses various types of flooring and wall cladding materials used in construction. It provides information on exterior and interior insulation finishing systems, roofing materials, waterproofing treatments, damp proofing, and terminite proofing. It also describes different stone flooring options like Shahabad stone, Kota stone, and marble stone flooring. Additional flooring materials discussed include chequered tiles, glazed tiles, block paving, terrazzo tiles, and various types of floor finishes.
Difference between damp &water proofingChandan kumar
This document discusses damp proofing and water proofing systems for buildings. It defines dampness as unwanted moisture in a building's structure from either outside intrusion or internal condensation. Dampness can cause unhygienic conditions and damage building materials and structures over time. Damp proofing controls moisture vapor from the soil but does not stop liquid water, while water proofing creates an effective barrier against water in all forms, including vapor, and is therefore a more complete solution.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
Plastering involves applying plaster, a mixture of lime or gypsum, sand, and water, to rough or uneven surfaces to make them smooth. The objectives of plastering are to provide an even, durable finished surface and protect the underlying structure. Several tools are used in plastering including trowels, floats, and hawks. There are different types of plaster like lime, cement, mud, and stucco plaster. Cement plaster is suited for damp conditions while lime plaster uses lime as the binding agent. Issues that can arise with plaster include cracking, efflorescence, plaster falling out, and blowing.
This document discusses lime mortar, including its composition, types, and preparation methods. It notes that lime mortar is composed of lime and sand mixed with water, and can be classified as non-hydraulic, hydraulic, or black based on ingredients. Non-hydraulic lime mortar uses fat lime and sand, while hydraulic uses class A or B limes. Black mortar contains lime and ash. Lime mortar can be prepared using a bullock-driven mill or power-driven mill. The properties and uses of lime mortar are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
1. Plastering is done for protection, smooth surfaces, decoration, and to conceal defects. Requirements include adhesion, affordability, hardness, and workability.
2. Common plaster types include sand faced, rough cast, pebbled dash, and smooth cast.
3. Defects can include blistering, cracking, efflorescence, flaking, peeling, and popping. Cracking is caused by structural issues or drying movements.
This document discusses various types of flooring and wall cladding materials used in construction. It provides information on exterior and interior insulation finishing systems, roofing materials, waterproofing treatments, damp proofing, and terminite proofing. It also describes different stone flooring options like Shahabad stone, Kota stone, and marble stone flooring. Additional flooring materials discussed include chequered tiles, glazed tiles, block paving, terrazzo tiles, and various types of floor finishes.
Difference between damp &water proofingChandan kumar
This document discusses damp proofing and water proofing systems for buildings. It defines dampness as unwanted moisture in a building's structure from either outside intrusion or internal condensation. Dampness can cause unhygienic conditions and damage building materials and structures over time. Damp proofing controls moisture vapor from the soil but does not stop liquid water, while water proofing creates an effective barrier against water in all forms, including vapor, and is therefore a more complete solution.
This document discusses various causes and effects of dampness in buildings and methods of damp proofing. It covers:
1. The main causes of dampness are moisture rising up from the ground, rain penetrating wall tops and external walls, and condensation.
2. Effects of dampness include unhealthy conditions, damage to structures and decorations, and deterioration of electrical fittings.
3. Methods of damp proofing include using a damp proof course (DPC), integral damp proofing of concrete, surface treatments, cavity wall construction, guniting, and pressure grouting.
4. Suitable materials for DPC include bitumen, mastic asphalt, metal sheets, cement concrete, and
Plastering involves applying plaster, a mixture of lime or gypsum, sand, and water, to rough or uneven surfaces to make them smooth. The objectives of plastering are to provide an even, durable finished surface and protect the underlying structure. Several tools are used in plastering including trowels, floats, and hawks. There are different types of plaster like lime, cement, mud, and stucco plaster. Cement plaster is suited for damp conditions while lime plaster uses lime as the binding agent. Issues that can arise with plaster include cracking, efflorescence, plaster falling out, and blowing.
This document discusses lime mortar, including its composition, types, and preparation methods. It notes that lime mortar is composed of lime and sand mixed with water, and can be classified as non-hydraulic, hydraulic, or black based on ingredients. Non-hydraulic lime mortar uses fat lime and sand, while hydraulic uses class A or B limes. Black mortar contains lime and ash. Lime mortar can be prepared using a bullock-driven mill or power-driven mill. The properties and uses of lime mortar are also summarized.
This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.
Chapter 10 wall finishes ( plastering,pointing & painting)KHUSHBU SHAH
This document discusses various aspects of wall finishes, specifically plastering, pointing, and painting. It begins by defining plastering as a process of obtaining a smooth surface on rough walls, roofs, columns, and ceilings. It then discusses the different types of mortars used for plastering, including lime, cement, and lime cement mortars. The document also covers methods of plastering such as multi-coat plastering and describes common plaster finishes. It concludes by discussing pointing in masonry construction and various pointing techniques.
WATER LEAKEGE REMEDIES AND PRECAUTIONS IN RCC STRUCTUREchintandomadiya
The document discusses various types of water leakage issues that can occur in reinforced concrete (RCC) structures and provides remedies and precautions. It covers types of terrace construction like brick bat coba and Indian patent stones that are used. It also discusses how to detect and repair slab leaks, leaks from terraces, roof leaks, and water damage to ceilings. Various supplies and tools needed for repairs are listed. Waterproofing systems using chemicals, coatings, and membranes are introduced. Causes of leakage like defects in construction, maintenance, and design are explained along with preventive measures.
The document discusses plastering and pointing techniques. Plastering involves applying a thin coat of mortar to walls and surfaces to make them smooth. Three types of mortar are described for plastering - lime, cement, and lime-cement mixes. The process of plastering involves preparing the surface, applying coats of mortar such as rendering and floating coats, and finishing. Pointing involves filling mortar joints between masonry units. Different types of pointing styles are outlined such as flush, recessed, and tuck pointing. Common defects in plaster like cracking and remedies are also mentioned.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials. It describes slate, Allahabad, burnt clay, and concrete roof tiles. Slate tiles are extremely durable with low water absorption. They are available in grey, black, or red. Allahabad tiles have flat bottom tiles that alternate with convex curved top tiles. Burnt clay tiles are suitable for sloped roofs from 20-50 degrees and are durable but heavy. Concrete tiles are made from cement and sand and come in various shapes like pantiles and ridges. Factors that affect roof material selection include climate, cost, appearance, and maintenance requirements. Proper installation methods are also outlined.
1) The document describes the internship of a civil engineering student at NMIT, Bengaluru working with XXXX Projects Pvt Ltd on construction of an apartment project called ACE Apartments.
2) It provides details of the company, the site location, project timeline and costs. It also describes various construction activities observed like cement plastering and processes like customer modifications.
3) The conclusion expresses that the internship helped observe and learn construction procedures and created a link between theory and practice, which will benefit the student's future career.
Plastering Defination of plastering : The word “plaster” comes from the Greek language meaning “to daub on”. This is the process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean & durable surfaces. On the other hand we say that; A mixture of lime or gypsum, sand and water,...
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This document provides an overview of lime as a construction material. It discusses the production of lime by heating limestone, resulting in calcium oxide. Lime is classified as fat lime, hydraulic lime, or poor lime depending on clay content. Fat lime contains 95% calcium oxide and is used for plastering and thin mortar joints. Hydraulic lime sets under water due to clay content and is divided into feebly, moderately, and eminently hydraulic types. Poor lime contains over 30% clay, slakes slowly, and has poor binding properties. The document also defines relevant technical terms and classifications of lime according to the ISI.
All you need to know about timber in just a single ppt with interesting slides. Hope it hlps! This ppt was created as the result of a teamwork with my classmates
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
Vinyl flooring is a soft, flexible sheet material made of PVC and plasticizers that is available in various designs, thicknesses, and textures for both residential and commercial use. It can be installed as tiles that are adhered to an underlayment with adhesive. Vinyl flooring is durable, easy to clean and maintain, water resistant, and provides a cost effective flooring alternative to materials like wood or tile. Proper subfloor preparation and installation by a trained professional is required for vinyl flooring to ensure it lies flat without bubbles or damage.
i. Lime plasters are characterized by high workability and suited for internal surfaces but not external surfaces in areas of heavy rainfall or where extreme water tightness is required.
ii. Lime plaster mixes have a long working time and slow strength development, making them suitable for undercoats and finishing coats with proper mix proportions and workmanship.
iii. Resistance to knocks and abrasion can be increased by using coarser aggregates or fibers, and lime plastered surfaces are suitable for paints except cement-based paints.
This document provides an overview of different types of flooring materials and their characteristics. It discusses traditional flooring materials like mud, brick, stone and wooden flooring. It also covers modern materials like cement concrete, terrazzo, tile, marble, vinyl and glass flooring. For each type, it provides details on their composition, construction process, advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses different structural systems for reinforced concrete floors like simple slab, beam-slab and flat slab flooring, as well as pre-cast concrete floors.
This document summarizes common plastering defects:
1. Plaster de-bonding from the background due to background movement, poor bonding, moisture issues, or thick plaster application. Prevention involves cleaning, drying walls, and applying bonding agents.
2. Bond failure between finish plaster and cement undercoat from applying plaster over a wet undercoat or lack of keying. Stripping and re-plastering is needed after drying.
3. Cracking occurs from structural movement or drying shrinkage. Structural cracks follow building cracks while drying cracks are hairline. High cement or rapid drying can cause non-structural cracks.
This document provides information on different types of wooden flooring. It discusses laminated, engineered, and solid wooden flooring. Laminated flooring is made of compressed fiberboard covered with a photo of wood, while engineered flooring uses two or more layers of wood. Solid flooring uses a single piece of wood. The document also covers installation methods like tongue-and-groove, click systems, and floating installations. Regular maintenance of wooden floors primarily involves sweeping, vacuuming, and using manufacturer-recommended cleaning products.
The document discusses various types of wall and wood finishing materials and methods. It provides details on different types of paint including distemper, emulsions, enamel paint, solvent based paints. It also discusses various wood finishes including transparent coatings like varnish and shellac, penetrating finishes like linseed oil, and opaque finishes like paint. The document outlines steps for applying wood finishes including stripping away old finishes, sanding, staining, sealing, and topcoating. It provides tips on selecting appropriate paint brushes and lists major paint brands.
This document provides information on common types of construction materials used for flooring in India. It discusses clay tiles, ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles, mosaic floors, marble floors, granite floors, concrete floors and various natural stone floors. For each type, it describes what they are made of, their properties, advantages, disadvantages and common applications. It also provides details on the manufacturing process for tiles, pavers blocks and laying different types of flooring.
PLASTER
OBJECTIVE OF PLASTER
PROPERTIES OF GOOD PLASTER
TOOLS USED IN PLASTERING
METHOD OF PLASTERING
TYPES OF PLASTER
LIME PLASTER
CEMENT PLASTER
MUD PLASTER
STUCCO PLASTER
TYPES OF FINISHING
SMOOTH CAST
ROUGH CAST
PEBBLE DASH
TEXTURED FINISH
DEFECT IN PLASTER WORK
CRACKING
EFFLORESCENCE
FALLING OUT PLASTER
BLOWING OF PLASTER
PREVENTION METHOD
Cement plaster is a mixture of cement and sand used as a binding material for walls and partitions. It requires a ratio of 1 part cement to 3-4 parts clean washed sand. Additional materials like lime or plasticizer may be added to improve workability. Different plaster thicknesses are suitable for varying wall types, with a minimum of 10mm on concrete and 12-18mm on brick. Gypsum plaster is an alternative that provides insulation, fire resistance and easier application compared to cement plaster. Various plaster finishes can be achieved through the use of aggregates, sand graining, or pebble dashing techniques.
Chapter 10 wall finishes ( plastering,pointing & painting)KHUSHBU SHAH
This document discusses various aspects of wall finishes, specifically plastering, pointing, and painting. It begins by defining plastering as a process of obtaining a smooth surface on rough walls, roofs, columns, and ceilings. It then discusses the different types of mortars used for plastering, including lime, cement, and lime cement mortars. The document also covers methods of plastering such as multi-coat plastering and describes common plaster finishes. It concludes by discussing pointing in masonry construction and various pointing techniques.
WATER LEAKEGE REMEDIES AND PRECAUTIONS IN RCC STRUCTUREchintandomadiya
The document discusses various types of water leakage issues that can occur in reinforced concrete (RCC) structures and provides remedies and precautions. It covers types of terrace construction like brick bat coba and Indian patent stones that are used. It also discusses how to detect and repair slab leaks, leaks from terraces, roof leaks, and water damage to ceilings. Various supplies and tools needed for repairs are listed. Waterproofing systems using chemicals, coatings, and membranes are introduced. Causes of leakage like defects in construction, maintenance, and design are explained along with preventive measures.
The document discusses plastering and pointing techniques. Plastering involves applying a thin coat of mortar to walls and surfaces to make them smooth. Three types of mortar are described for plastering - lime, cement, and lime-cement mixes. The process of plastering involves preparing the surface, applying coats of mortar such as rendering and floating coats, and finishing. Pointing involves filling mortar joints between masonry units. Different types of pointing styles are outlined such as flush, recessed, and tuck pointing. Common defects in plaster like cracking and remedies are also mentioned.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials. It describes slate, Allahabad, burnt clay, and concrete roof tiles. Slate tiles are extremely durable with low water absorption. They are available in grey, black, or red. Allahabad tiles have flat bottom tiles that alternate with convex curved top tiles. Burnt clay tiles are suitable for sloped roofs from 20-50 degrees and are durable but heavy. Concrete tiles are made from cement and sand and come in various shapes like pantiles and ridges. Factors that affect roof material selection include climate, cost, appearance, and maintenance requirements. Proper installation methods are also outlined.
1) The document describes the internship of a civil engineering student at NMIT, Bengaluru working with XXXX Projects Pvt Ltd on construction of an apartment project called ACE Apartments.
2) It provides details of the company, the site location, project timeline and costs. It also describes various construction activities observed like cement plastering and processes like customer modifications.
3) The conclusion expresses that the internship helped observe and learn construction procedures and created a link between theory and practice, which will benefit the student's future career.
Plastering Defination of plastering : The word “plaster” comes from the Greek language meaning “to daub on”. This is the process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean & durable surfaces. On the other hand we say that; A mixture of lime or gypsum, sand and water,...
slideshare ppt download
slideshare presentations
stroke ppt slideshare
download slideshare ppt online
slideshare powerpoint
iot ppt slideshare
This document provides an overview of lime as a construction material. It discusses the production of lime by heating limestone, resulting in calcium oxide. Lime is classified as fat lime, hydraulic lime, or poor lime depending on clay content. Fat lime contains 95% calcium oxide and is used for plastering and thin mortar joints. Hydraulic lime sets under water due to clay content and is divided into feebly, moderately, and eminently hydraulic types. Poor lime contains over 30% clay, slakes slowly, and has poor binding properties. The document also defines relevant technical terms and classifications of lime according to the ISI.
All you need to know about timber in just a single ppt with interesting slides. Hope it hlps! This ppt was created as the result of a teamwork with my classmates
This document provides information on the manufacturing process of tiles. It discusses the four main stages: preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning.
For the preparation of clay, suitable clay is extracted, crushed, and mixed into a homogeneous mixture using a pug mill. There are three main moulding methods: wooden pattern, potter's wheel, and machine moulding. Tiles are then dried under a shed to protect from weather.
Burning is the final and most important stage. Tiles are stacked in kilns and fired at increasing temperatures over 72 hours to vitrify the tiles. Proper temperature control is crucial. The document also discusses various tile types like floor, roof
Vinyl flooring is a soft, flexible sheet material made of PVC and plasticizers that is available in various designs, thicknesses, and textures for both residential and commercial use. It can be installed as tiles that are adhered to an underlayment with adhesive. Vinyl flooring is durable, easy to clean and maintain, water resistant, and provides a cost effective flooring alternative to materials like wood or tile. Proper subfloor preparation and installation by a trained professional is required for vinyl flooring to ensure it lies flat without bubbles or damage.
i. Lime plasters are characterized by high workability and suited for internal surfaces but not external surfaces in areas of heavy rainfall or where extreme water tightness is required.
ii. Lime plaster mixes have a long working time and slow strength development, making them suitable for undercoats and finishing coats with proper mix proportions and workmanship.
iii. Resistance to knocks and abrasion can be increased by using coarser aggregates or fibers, and lime plastered surfaces are suitable for paints except cement-based paints.
This document provides an overview of different types of flooring materials and their characteristics. It discusses traditional flooring materials like mud, brick, stone and wooden flooring. It also covers modern materials like cement concrete, terrazzo, tile, marble, vinyl and glass flooring. For each type, it provides details on their composition, construction process, advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses different structural systems for reinforced concrete floors like simple slab, beam-slab and flat slab flooring, as well as pre-cast concrete floors.
This document summarizes common plastering defects:
1. Plaster de-bonding from the background due to background movement, poor bonding, moisture issues, or thick plaster application. Prevention involves cleaning, drying walls, and applying bonding agents.
2. Bond failure between finish plaster and cement undercoat from applying plaster over a wet undercoat or lack of keying. Stripping and re-plastering is needed after drying.
3. Cracking occurs from structural movement or drying shrinkage. Structural cracks follow building cracks while drying cracks are hairline. High cement or rapid drying can cause non-structural cracks.
This document provides information on different types of wooden flooring. It discusses laminated, engineered, and solid wooden flooring. Laminated flooring is made of compressed fiberboard covered with a photo of wood, while engineered flooring uses two or more layers of wood. Solid flooring uses a single piece of wood. The document also covers installation methods like tongue-and-groove, click systems, and floating installations. Regular maintenance of wooden floors primarily involves sweeping, vacuuming, and using manufacturer-recommended cleaning products.
The document discusses various types of wall and wood finishing materials and methods. It provides details on different types of paint including distemper, emulsions, enamel paint, solvent based paints. It also discusses various wood finishes including transparent coatings like varnish and shellac, penetrating finishes like linseed oil, and opaque finishes like paint. The document outlines steps for applying wood finishes including stripping away old finishes, sanding, staining, sealing, and topcoating. It provides tips on selecting appropriate paint brushes and lists major paint brands.
This document provides information on common types of construction materials used for flooring in India. It discusses clay tiles, ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles, mosaic floors, marble floors, granite floors, concrete floors and various natural stone floors. For each type, it describes what they are made of, their properties, advantages, disadvantages and common applications. It also provides details on the manufacturing process for tiles, pavers blocks and laying different types of flooring.
PLASTER
OBJECTIVE OF PLASTER
PROPERTIES OF GOOD PLASTER
TOOLS USED IN PLASTERING
METHOD OF PLASTERING
TYPES OF PLASTER
LIME PLASTER
CEMENT PLASTER
MUD PLASTER
STUCCO PLASTER
TYPES OF FINISHING
SMOOTH CAST
ROUGH CAST
PEBBLE DASH
TEXTURED FINISH
DEFECT IN PLASTER WORK
CRACKING
EFFLORESCENCE
FALLING OUT PLASTER
BLOWING OF PLASTER
PREVENTION METHOD
Cement plaster is a mixture of cement and sand used as a binding material for walls and partitions. It requires a ratio of 1 part cement to 3-4 parts clean washed sand. Additional materials like lime or plasticizer may be added to improve workability. Different plaster thicknesses are suitable for varying wall types, with a minimum of 10mm on concrete and 12-18mm on brick. Gypsum plaster is an alternative that provides insulation, fire resistance and easier application compared to cement plaster. Various plaster finishes can be achieved through the use of aggregates, sand graining, or pebble dashing techniques.
Building Materials & Construction Module - 5Abhilash B L
To recognize good construction materials based on properties, Characteristics, Location, Activities according to IS standards for wall finishes like Plastering, painting and finishing
This document discusses different types of plaster used in construction. It defines plaster as a thin layer of cement mortar applied over brick, stone or concrete surfaces to provide protection and a smooth plane surface. It describes several types of plaster including lime plaster, surki plaster, cement plaster, mud plaster, stucco plaster, gypsum plaster and paris plaster. It also discusses tools used in plastering, plastering procedures, defects that can occur, and methods to prevent defects.
This document provides details on various concrete surface finish techniques and materials. It discusses stucco/cement plaster finishes applied in scratch, brown, and finish coats. Other concrete finishes discussed include rubbed finish, brushed finish, tooled finish, sand-blasted finish, exposed aggregate finish, steel-troweled finish, and integral colored-cement finish. Granolithic and terrazzo floor finishes are also summarized. The document concludes with sections on tile finishes including cement tile, ceramic tile, and resilient floor finishes such as asphalt and vinyl tiles and sheets.
Wall finishes include plaster, paints, and wall cladding. Plaster is commonly used and comes in different types like cement plaster, lime plaster, and gypsum plaster. It is applied in coats on walls and ceilings to provide a smooth surface. Defects can occur if the plaster is not applied correctly, such as cracking, peeling or an uneven surface. Proper application and curing of plaster is needed to prevent defects.
What is pointing?
Scope of pointing
Method of pointing
What is plastering?
Objective of plastering
Lime plaster
Cement plaster
Gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris)
Water proof plaster of Mortar
Heat resistant plasters
Defects in plastering
1.Stretcher bond
2.Header bond
3.English bond and
4.Flemish bond.
This presentation discusses plastering and provides details on materials, tools, types of plaster, and procedures. It introduces plastering as a process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to create smooth, durable coatings. The main types of plaster covered are lime, cement, mud, and stucco plaster. Procedures for cement plastering including surface preparation, application of preliminary, first, and second coats are outlined. Common plastering issues like cracking, efflorescence, filling out, and blowing are defined along with solutions. Advantages of durability and ease of application are balanced with disadvantages of repair costs and potential for cracking.
The power point presentation is all about plaster of paris (pop) and its information, its basic introduction, manufacture, types, advantages, disadvantages, tools, application, finishing, defects, market forms and its market rate.
Floor finishes - flooring and finish typesAnqaParvez
Floor finishes provide protective and decorative coverings for floor surfaces. Common floor finishes include concrete, terrazzo, stone, wood, brick, tile, and vinyl. Finishes are chosen based on factors like durability, maintenance requirements, aesthetics, and intended use of the space. Proper preparation, installation techniques, and sealing are important to ensure floor finishes perform as intended.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
This document provides information on various building construction materials and techniques. It discusses surface finishes like plasters and paints that protect surfaces and provide decoration. It describes cladding materials like wood, stone, vinyl and metal that provide weather protection, aesthetics and insulation. It also details pointing and jointing techniques for brickwork and discusses plastering methods using materials like lime, cement and mud in single or multiple coats. Tools used for tasks like pointing, jointing and plastering are also outlined.
The document discusses different types of mortar used in construction. It defines mortar as a mixture of a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. Common binding materials include cement and lime. Mortars are classified by their binding material, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, and mud mortar. Specialty mortars include fire resistant mortar, lightweight mortar, and chemical resistant mortar which are formulated for specific applications. The document outlines the proper mixing and application of different mortars.
The document discusses various surface finishing techniques used to protect and decorate building materials. It describes the purpose of surface finishes as protecting surfaces from weathering, providing a smooth appearance, and creating an aesthetically pleasing look. Several types of plasters, paints, and washes are used as covering materials. The document also defines important technical terms related to surface finishes and plastering techniques, including cement plastering, lime plastering, mud plastering, stucco plastering, and moghul plastering. It provides details on applying coats, curing times, and suitability of each plastering method. Pointing and different types of joints in buildings are also summarized.
This document provides information on building technology related to mortars, plasters, and unit masonry. It defines mortars and plasters, and describes different types of cement mortars, plasters, and their uses. It also defines key terms related to unit masonry such as bed, course, and wythe/tier.
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
Plastering involves covering rough or uneven surfaces with plaster, a material made of lime or cement mixed with sand and water, to provide a smooth, durable, and protected surface. There are several types of plaster but commonly used ones include cement plaster and lime plaster. The plastering process generally involves three steps - preparing the surface, applying a rendering coat, and applying a final coat, with two or three coats used depending on the work. A good plaster should be economical, hard, adhere firmly, resist moisture, have good workability, and be applicable in all weather conditions.
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is ...
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Plastering involves applying thin coats of plastic material to form smooth surfaces. It protects surfaces from weathering, provides decoration, and offers insulation. Materials used include cement, masonry cement, lime, sand aggregate, and water. Cement provides strength while lime improves workability. Aggregate size and grading affects workability and shrinkage. Modern construction often replaces plastering with drywall for interior surfaces and cladding for exterior.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
2. WHAT IS
PLASTERING?
Plastering is the process of
covering rough surfaces
and uneven surfaces with
a plastic material, called
plaster or mortar to obtain
an even , smooth , regular
, clean & durable surface.
3. PLASTER
A mixture of lime or gypsum, sand, and water,
sometimes with fiber added, that hardens to a
smooth solid and is used for coating walls and
ceilings.
• Plastering Materials
• Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
• Lime or Clay
• Aggregates
• Water
• Admixture
4. OBJECTIVES OF PLASTERING
•To provide an even, smooth, regular, clean and
durable finished surface with improved
appearance.
• To preserve and protect the surface.
• To cover up the use of porous materials of the masonry
work.
• To conceal defective workmanship.
5. PROPERTIES OF GOOD PLASTER
• It should be hard and durable.
• It should be possible to apply it during all weather conditions.
• It should adhere to the background and should remain
adhered during all climatic changes.
• It should be cheap and economical.
• It should offer good insulation against sound and high
resistance against fire.
• It should effectively check the penetration of moisture from
the surfaces.
9. •The plaster may be applied in one or more coats, but the
thickness of a single coat should not exceed 12 mm.
•In the case of inferior or cheaper type of construction, the
plaster may usually be one coat. For ordinary type of
construction, the plaster is usually applied in two coats,
whereas for superior type of works it is applied in three coats.
•The final setting coat should not be applied until the
previous coat is almost dry.
•The previous surface should be scratched or roughened before
applying the next coat of plaster.
•In plastering, the plaster mix is either applied by throwing
it with great force against the walls or by pressing it on the
surface.
METHODS OF PLASTERING
10. There are several different types
of Plaster available such as :
(a) Lime Plaster
(b) Cement Plaster
(c) Mud Plaster
(d) Stucco Plaster
TYPES OF PLASTERNG
11. When lime is used as the binding
materials, it is called lime plaster.
Lime plaster is type of plaster
composed of hydrated lime, sand
and water.
Lime plaster is similar to Lime
mortar, the main difference is the
based on use rather than
composition.
Mortar for lime plaster is usually
prepared by mixing sand and lime in
equal proportions. Cement is small
quantity added to the mixture to
improve its strength.
LIME PLASTER
12. When cement is used as the binding
materials, it is called cement plaster. It
is especially suited for damp condition.
Cement plaster is usually applied in one
coat.
The thickness of coat can be 12mm,
15mm or 20mm depending upon the
site conditions and type of building.
When the thickness of plaster is more
than 15mm. 6 MM thickness of cement
plaster and cement mortar 1:3 or 1:4
is recommended for cement plastering
on RCC surfaces.
CEMENT PLASTER
13. The surface to be plastered is
prepared exactly in the same manner
as that for lime or cement plaster.
Mud plaster is generally applied in two
coats, the first coat being 18mm thick
while the thickness of the second coat
is kept 6mm.
MUD PLASTER
14. Stucco is the name given to a decorative
type of plaster which gives an excellent
finish.
Stucco plaster can be used for interior as well
as
exterior surfaces.
It is usually laid in three coats making the
total thickness of the plaster to about 25mm
.the first coat is called the scratch coat ; the
second a finer coat , also known as the
brown coat, and the third is called white coat
or finishing coat.
STUCCO PLASTER
16. It is a finish which presents levelled and smooth surface.
The mortar for the finish is made by mixing cement and fine sand
in ratio of 1:3.
SMOOTH CAST
17. It is a finish in which the mortar for
the final coat contains a proportion
of fairly big size coarse aggregates.
The mortar for the finish is made by
mixing cement fine sand & coarse
aggregates in the ratio of 1: ½ : 3.
ROUGH CAST
18. It is a finish in which small pebbles or crushed stones of suitable size
are thrown on to a freshly applied final coat of mortar and left exposed.
Ratio: • cement : coarse sand =1:3
PEBBLE DASH
19. In this finish, ornamental patterns or textured surfaces
are produced by working with various tools on the
freshly applied final coat.
TEXTURED FINISH
24. •Cracking –Continuous damping of plaster, in order to slow down any
rapid drying, to prevent cracking from happening.
•Blistering –Usually caused by uneven mixing of plaster, which could
be prevented by ensuring a sufficient mixing between cement and its
components to form plaster.
•Falling out of plaster –Thermal variation could be minimized my
the means of water sprinkling method on the surface of the wall to
reduce excessive thermal differences. For the case of inadequate
bonding, it can be prevented by ensuring the plaster are plastic
enough (workable) to stick into the wall. Imperfect adhesion could be
minimized by the act of good workmanship/carpentership.
Ensure to apply enough pressure to the plaster while plastering, to
ensure the plaster mortar goes into any deep irregular surface, and
cover any holes as muchas possible.
PREVENTION METHOD