The document discusses the roles of various micronutrients in mulberry plants and their deficiency symptoms. It begins by defining nutrients and classifying them as macronutrients and micronutrients. It then discusses 17 essential plant nutrients and the criteria for determining essentiality. Specific roles and deficiency symptoms are described for zinc, boron, and iron in mulberry plants. The document also discusses factors affecting micronutrient availability in soil and presents data on the effects of deficient and excess levels of zinc, boron, and iron on mulberry plant growth and dry matter yield.
whitefly as vector,whitefly species, biotypes of whitefly, types of virus, virus-vector relationship,insect act as vector, major crop disease, transmission of virus by whitefly and management of whitefly.
Plants Nutrients and Deficiency, Toxicity Symptoms mnikzaad
In Plant Physiology one of the topic is "Plant Nutrients". These slide show will help you; Classification of Nutrients, Deficiency Symptoms and Toxicity Symptoms. All Pictures are collected from the Internet. This Presentation Totally Handled by One group of Students who are studying B.Sc in Agriculture Resource Management and Technology.
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
There are 7 essential plant nutrient elements defined as micronutrients [boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine (Cl)] NIckel (Ni
The Role of Micronutrients in Crop GrowthNualgi.org
Research on low nutrient availability to plants due to soil defficiencies in Pakistan, particularly Zinc, Boron and Iron. These mineral elements - Zn, Fe and Cu are as crucial for human health as organic compounds such as carbohydrates, fats, protein and vitamins.
whitefly as vector,whitefly species, biotypes of whitefly, types of virus, virus-vector relationship,insect act as vector, major crop disease, transmission of virus by whitefly and management of whitefly.
Plants Nutrients and Deficiency, Toxicity Symptoms mnikzaad
In Plant Physiology one of the topic is "Plant Nutrients". These slide show will help you; Classification of Nutrients, Deficiency Symptoms and Toxicity Symptoms. All Pictures are collected from the Internet. This Presentation Totally Handled by One group of Students who are studying B.Sc in Agriculture Resource Management and Technology.
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
There are 7 essential plant nutrient elements defined as micronutrients [boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine (Cl)] NIckel (Ni
The Role of Micronutrients in Crop GrowthNualgi.org
Research on low nutrient availability to plants due to soil defficiencies in Pakistan, particularly Zinc, Boron and Iron. These mineral elements - Zn, Fe and Cu are as crucial for human health as organic compounds such as carbohydrates, fats, protein and vitamins.
Micronutrient availability in crop soils of the Pampas region, Argentina.Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Urricariet A.S, Lavado R. 2011. Micronutrient availability in crop soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Soil Nutrients. Editor: M.Miransari, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788. ISBN: 978-1-61324-785-3. pp.277-296, 336 p.
Maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] is the third and second most important cereal crop of India, respectively. Maize–wheat system is the third dominant cropping system of India covering 1.8 mha with 2.3% contribution in food grain production (Jat et al., 2013).
Interactions between nutrients in plants occur when the supply of one nutrient affects the absorption, distribution and functions of another nutrient. Generally P and Zn interact negatively, which depends upon a number of physico-chemical properties of soil. Antagonistic P×Zn interaction has been subject of intensive research in several countries and has been thoroughly reviewed. Although some positive interactions of P and Zn are also reported (Shivay, 2013).
The maximum available P and Zn content in the soil was recorded with super-optimal dose (150% NPK) and optimal dose (100% NPK) along with Zn, respectively (Verma et al., 2012). Zinc and P application has antagonistic effect on each other with respect to their concentration and absorption by wheat and maize (Verma and Minhas, 1987). The three Bacillus aryabhattai strains (MDSR7, MDSR11 and MDSR14) were consistent in enhancement of root and shoot dry weight and zinc uptake in wheat (Ramesh et al., 2014).
Management of P×Zn interaction is a challenging task in the era of sustainable food and nutritional security. Use of efficient varieties and application of inorganic P and Zn fertilizer in conjunction with bio-inoculants can increase the crop yield and efficiency of added fertilizers to save precious input.
Micronutrient and their diverse role in vegetable crops: advances and future ...Agnivesh Yadav
The importance of micronutrients in agriculture is truly well recognized and their uses have significantly contributed to the increased productivity of several crops.
Abstract— There are considerable differences among plant species in the amount of nutrients required for biomass production, indicating the differential ability of the species to utilize nutrients for growth. Exploitation of this ability for nutrient absorption is a good option for nutrient management in organic agriculture. Different plant species growing in the wild habitats in the Western Ghats and wastelands of the western coasts were screened for phyto-accumulation capacity with respect to macro and micronutrients. Based on the analysis, phyto-accumulators of each nutrient was identified. Considering the overall nutrient concentration, ten plant species were identified as potential plants which can be utilized for nutrient management in organic farming. Plants like Mirabilis jalapa and Canna indica which are super accumulators and possess underground stems are promising plant species for nutrient harvesting as the above ground portion can be harvested without destroying the plants.
Rock En Lenguas Originarias. Un Viaje Al Rock Tsotsil De Zinacantáninventionjournals
At the end of the eighties some young native people started playing rock in their own language, however, it was in the second half of the nineties when this genre exploded more clearly in two opposite regions of Mexico. At north, in the state of Sonora, emerged Hamac Caziim (Sacred Fire), who sing in Seri heavy metal rhythms. Meanwhile in the south, in the highlands of Chiapas, appeared Sak Tzevul (Lightning), alternative rock band singing in tsotsil.The following text is focused on the tsotsil rock of Zinacantan, where Lightning emerged and detonated in a movement of young people that began to sing in their native language. The historical construction it emphasizes on the emergence of new ways of being young in the context ofnative people, andthe musical and social transformations that have resulted from the introduction of rock. Resumen: A finales de los ochenta algunos jóvenes de pueblos originarios empezaron a tocar rock en su lengua, no obstante, fue en la segunda parte de los noventacuando este género musical detonóen dos regiones opuestas de México. En el norte, en el estado de Sonora, surgióHamacCaziim (Fuego Sagrado), quienes cantan en Seri a ritmos de heavy metal. Mientras tantoen el sur, en los Altos de Chiapas, aparecióSakTzevul (Relámpago), banda de rock alternativo que canta en tsotsil. El siguiente texto está enfocado en el rock tsotsil deZinacantán, lugar donde surgió Relámpagoy que detonó en un movimiento de jóvenes que empezaron a cantar en su lengua originaria. La construcción históricaenfatiza en la emergencia de nuevas formas de ser jóvenes en el contexto de un pueblo originario,y enlas transformaciones musicales y sociales que han derivado de la introducción del rock
Plant need water, air, light, suitable temperature and 17 essential nutrients for growth and development in the right combination. When plant suffers from malnutrition, exhibits symptoms of being unhealthy reliable nutrient recommendations are dependent upon accurate soil tests and crop nutrient calibrations based on extensive field research. An important part of crop production is being able to identify and prevent plant nutrient deficiencies. Optimization of pistachio productivity and quality requires an understanding of the nutrient requirements of the tree, the factors that influence nutrient availability and the methods used to diagnose and correct deficiencies. Several methods for nutritional diagnosis using leaf tissue analysis have been proposed and used, including the critical value (CV), the sufficiency range approach (SRA), and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). de both soil and tissues analysis. Renewed and intensified efforts are in progress to identify nutrient constraints using latest diagnostic tools and managing them more precisely through intervention of geospatial technologies (GPS, GIS etc.). There have been consistent concerns about the relegated fertilizer use efficiency, warranting further the revision of ongoing practices, and adoption of some alternative strategies. Diagnosis of nutrient constraints and their effective management has, therefore, now shifted in favour of INM.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Amino Chelate Fertilizers as the Latest Novelties in Plant Nutrition A Reviewijtsrd
Chelates are synthetic compounds which are widely used in cropping systems particularly in Horticulture to improve the micronutrients deficiencies or to increase the micronutrients concentrations in plant tissues. When these synthetics chelate fertilizers are applied on plants, it takes away only the element of nutrition, and the chelator goes into the soil. This synthetic chelates are threat to the environment and to the ecosystem. Amino chelate fertilizers are the latest novelties for plant nutrition in agricultural production system. They represent effective fertilizers for both soil and especially for foliar applications. They are prepared using several amino acids in a preferred manner and are more friendly to plant, environment and human health issues. Compared to other fertilizers or several other commercially available synthetics chelates, such as EDTA, EGTA, DTPA, however, amino chelate fertilizers represent the safer and more efficient forms of fertilizers. In many countries, amino chelates have been quickly dominated in fertilizer market. But there is not enough scientific data and other information detailing about how the plants responded to it. Many studies using amino chelate fertilizers show that plant growth, yield and quality of various vegetables and lettuce plants have been improved. Sumanjeet Kaur | Amarpreet K. Kalra "Amino Chelate Fertilizers as the Latest Novelties in Plant Nutrition: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49432.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/49432/amino-chelate-fertilizers-as-the-latest-novelties-in-plant-nutrition-a-review/sumanjeet-kaur
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
insect taxonomy importance systematics and classification
Role of micro nutrients and their deficiency symptoms in Mulberry
1. Role of micro nutrients and their
deficiency symptoms in Mulberry
MOHD YOUNUS WANI
1
2. TEMPERATE SERICULTURAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE MIRGUND
Seminar Title
ROLE OF MICRONUTRIENTS AND THEIR DEFICIENCY
SYMPTOMS IN MULBERRY
Credit Seminar By
Mohd Younus Wani
(Student of M.Sc Sericulture)
3. Nutrient
Nutrient is derived from word nūtrīre means to
nourish. The element or compound essential for
animal and plant growth.
Source: U.S. Geological Survey, 2007
3
4. Essential plant nutrients and their
classification
17 essential elements for plant growth
Macronutrients: Plants require them in large amounts and
their Conc. in plant body is 1mg/g of dry matter.
Primary nutrients (6): C, H, O, N, P and K
Secondary nutrients (3): Ca, Mg and S
Micronutrients: plants need them in very small amounts
(trace elements) and their conc. in plants is less than 1mg/g of
dry matter
(8) Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, B, Mo, Cl and Ni
(Arnon and Stout 1939)
4
5. Beneficial plant nutrients
Nicholas (1961) called beneficial plant nutrients to Cobalt (Co), sodium
(Na), vanadium (V) and silicon (Si).They are not required by all plants
but appear to benefit certain plants.
Cobalt is required for nitrogen fixation in legumes.
Silicon is found in plant cell walls of grasses and appears to produce
tougher cells. This increases the resistance of these plants to piercing
and sucking insects and decreases the spread of fungal diseases.
Na in C4 plants
V in green algae
5
6. ELEMENT
Carbon (C)
Hydrogen (H)
Oxygen (O)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium
(Mg)
Sulfur (S)
Boron (B)
Chlorine (Cl)
Copper (Cu)
Iron (Fe)
Manganese
(Mn)
Molybdenum
(Mo)
Nickel (Ni)
Zinc (Zn)
Essential elements and its sources.
Air
Water
Air/Water
Air/Soil
Soil and
foliar
application
6
7. Criteria for essentiality
The criteria for essentiality of an element was given by
Arnon and Stout in (1939) and refined by Arnon(1954)
In the absence of the element the plants do not complete their life cycle
The requirement of the element must be specific and not replaceable by another element
The element must be directly involved in the metabolism of the plant.
7
8. How would you identify an essential
nutrient?
Hydroponic culture can be used to determine which chemicals elements are essential
APPLICATION In hydroponic culture, plants are grown in mineral solutions without soil. One use of
hydroponic culture is to identify essential elements in plants.
TECHNIQUE Plant roots are bathed in aerated solutions of known mineral composition. Aerating the
water provides the roots with oxygen for cellular respiration. A particular mineral, such as potassium,
can be omitted to test whether it is essential
RESULTS If the omitted mineral is essential, mineral deficiency symptoms occur, such as stunted
growth and discolored leaves. Deficiencies of different elements may have different symptoms, which
can aid in diagnosing mineral deficiencies in soil.
8
Control sol. Containing all minerals sol without K
9. Why crops need micro nutrients?
Liebig’s “ Law of the Minimum” in plant nutrition states that whenever
nutrient is in least amount relative to the required amount, will
determine the yield of a plant.
9
10. Discovery of micro nutrients for higher
plants
Element Year Discovered by
Iron 1860 J. Sachs (Griss)
Manganese 1922 J. S. McHague
Boron 1923 K. Warrington
Zinc 1926 A. L. Sommer & C.B. Lipmann
Copper 1931 C.B. Lipmann & G. Mackinney
Molybdenum 1938 D.I. Arnon & P.R. Stout
Chlorine 1954 T.C. Broyer et al.
Nickel 1987 P.H. Brown et al. 10
11. Causes of micro nutrient deficiency in India
Intensive cropping system through high yielding varieties/hybrids
Lack of organic matter or low or no use of organic matter.
Use of high analysis fertilizers having no micronutrient content.
Not using micronutrients.
Negative interaction of micronutrient with other macro/micronutrient.
Unawareness of Farmers about micronutrients.
Soil degradation.
11
12. Deficiency symptom chart
Mobility in plants
Zn - moderately mobile
Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, Cl - less
mobile
B – immobile
Mobility in soil
Cl , B , Mn mobile
Cu – less mobile
Zn - immobile
12
13. Factors affecting micro nutrient availability
Soil texture
Amount and nature of clay
Soil pH and liming
Organic matter
Soil moisture
Interrelationship with other elements
Irrigation water
Plant factors
Micronutrients like Zn Cu Fe Mn which
are indispensable for mulberry leaf
production exhibit decreasing trend
with the increase in the soil depth
irrespective of season (S. Noor-Ul-Din
2012)
13
14. 14
Mulders chart
Antagonism: A decrease in availability to the plant of a nutrient by the action of another nutrient (see direction arrow).
Stimulation: An increase in the nutrient by the plant because of the increase in the level of another nutrient.
18. The best
nutrient
management
practice is to
apply nutrients
using right
source, right
rate, right
time, and right
place (4R)
strategies for
high yields
and nutrient
use efficiency.
Nutrient
management
maintains or
improves the
physical, chemical,
and biological
condition of soil.
Fertilizer
rates not only
depend
on crop
requirement
but on
fertilizer
source, water
regime and
soil
conditions.
Management strategies
18
19. Importance and need of micronutrients
Micronutrients play a significant role in
plant growth
photosynthesis
chlorophyll formation
Cell wall development
Resistance to plant diseases and nitrogen fixation
(Vitti et al. 2014)
Play an important role in enzymatic reactions and important for activities of soil
microorganisms (S. Noor- Ul -Din 2012)
Although crops use low amounts of MNs (<2.4kg/ha) but still half of the cultivated world’s
soils are deficient in plant bioavailable MNs due to their slow replenishment from the
weathering of soil minerals, soil cultivation for thousands of years and insufficient crop
fertilization ( Monreal et al 2015)
19
22. Antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes acts as scavengers of ROS.
Antioxidant enzymes.
Ascorbate peroxidase(APX)
Superoxide dismutase(SOD)
Catalase(CAT)
Peroxidase(POD)
(P.Kumar et al 2008)
Effects of micronutrient deficiency or excess on mulberry
plants
22
23. Critical limit of Micronutrients in soil for normal
growth of Mulberry
23
Trace elements Conc. in ppm
Fe 100
Mn 50
B 20
Zn 20
Cu 6
Mo 0.1
(Principles of Temperate sericulture (Afifa S. Kamili and M.A.Masodi)
(Principles of Temperate sericulture ( Afifa S.Kamili and M.A.Masodi)
24. Role of Zinc
Available to plant as Zn2+
Availability in soil: 20 ppm Zinc in the soil for better growth of Mulberry.
Biosynthesis of plant hormones and component of carbonic anhydrase
and utilization of N and P in mulberry (Thakkar and Randhawa 1978).
Fundamental role in gene expression, cell development and replication.
(Hambridge 2000).
Suppression of root rotting pathogens, root nematode infestation and all
infections. (Siddiqui et al. 2002).
24
25. Effect of Zn on Silkworm (Antheraea mylitta) II instar larvae when fed
on (Terminalia arjuna ) sprayed with Zn for 10 days.
Zn sprayed on leaves in doses of 68, 136, 272 mg/kg. Zinc plays an important
role in augmenting the growth and antioxidant protection of the larvae of A.
mylitta, which may improve the larval fitness, quality and quantity of silk
production.
25
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
DW Zn I Zn II Zn III
I W
F W
Weight(mg)
(Samranika sahu et al 2015)
Larvae
26. Deficiency of Zinc
Zinc is moderately mobile in plant and thus deficiency symptoms
appear in middle leaves first.
Loss of membrane integrity (Chakmak and Marschener 1988).
Bushy appearance due to reduced inter-nodal elongation.
Khaira disease of paddy
White bud of maize
Rosette or little leaf disease
Frenching of citrus
Mottled leaf in apple
Sickle leaf in cocoa
26
27. Foliar deficiency symptoms of Zn
27
Leathery M. leaf Broad yellow bands
Excess of Zn/Toxicity
Excess Zn2+ attacks the Mg2+
Inhibition of root development
Induce iron deficiency
28. (Alloway 2008)
Causes of Zinc deficiency
Use of chemical fertilizers
Zinc sulfate (23 to 36% Zn)
Zinc-ammonia complex (10% Zn)
Zinc oxide (50 to 80% Zn)
Zinc chelate (9 to 14% Zn)
28
29. Effects of deficient or excess supply of Zinc on plant height, leaf area
expansion rate and dry matter yield of mulberry (M. alba L.) plants grown in
solution culture.
Parameters
Zn supply (μ M)
0 1 250
Plant height (cm) 61.4 ± 0.1 200.0± 1.6 155.5 ± 0.9
Leaf area expansion rate
(cm2 day−1)
1.33 ± 0.03 3.47± 0.02 3.0 ± 0.02
Dry matter yields (g plant−1) 25.4± 0.0 132.52 ± 7.78 109.0 ± 4.4
Shoots (g plant−1) 21.1± 0.2 118.46 ± 5.7 13.8 ± 4.4
Roots (g plant−1) 4.3 ± 0.2 14.1± 2.0 13.8 ± 0.2
Shoots/Root ratio 4.95 ± 0.24 8.81± 0.87 6.94 ± 0.39
29
P.N.Sharma et al 2008
30. (Shazia et al 2014)
Chemical speciation of zinc (mg kg-1) in soils of Kashmir Himalayas
30
32. Role of Boron
Available to plant as H2BO3
– Bo3
3-
Mulberry requires 20 ppm Boron for carbohydrate metabolism
The leaves and stems of plants become brittle under severe B deficiency,
indicating the role of B in the regulation of water relations of plants.
Acts as a regulator of potassium calcium ratio in the plant.
Helps in absorption of nitrogen.
Constituent of cell membrane and essential for cell division.
Necessary for translocation of sugars in plants.
Helps the vascular system in root to give out branches to supply nodule
bacteria with carbohydrate food so that bacteria may not become parasitic.
Helps in active salt absorption, hormone movement, flowering and fruiting
processes, pollen germination and metabolism of peptic substances.
32
33. Foliar deficiency symptoms of Boron
Less chloplastic pigments.
The appearance of cracked stems, petioles and sometimes roots
and development of scaly surfaces and the formation of internal and
external cork-like structures are typical features of B deficiency
(Bennett 1993).
High tissue conc. Of Fe,Mn,Zn.
Heart rot sugar beet.
Browning of Cauliflower.
Drought spot in apple.
33
34. Effects of deficient or excess supply of boron on plant height, leaf
area expansion rate and dry matter yield of mulberry (M. alba L.)
plants grown in solution culture.
Parameters
Boron supply (μ M)
0.00 16.50 33.00
Plant height (cm) 68.1 ± 1.24 200.0± 1.15 159.0± 15.01
Leaf area expansion rate (cm2
day−1)
1.38 ± 0.02 3.73± 0.02 3.04± 0.02
Dry matter yields (g plant−1) 33.41 ± 1.40 132.52± 7.78 140.69± 4.59
Shoots/Root ratio 9.63 ± 0.65 8.81± 0.87 9.86± 1.48
34 (P.N.Sharma et al 2009)
36. Role of Iron
Plants absorb as Fe2+ and Fe3+
Requirement: More than any other micronutrient.
Chlorophyll synthesis.
Photosynthesis.
Energy transfer within plants.
Protein metabolism.
Constituent of cytrochromes, catalase, peroxidase ferodoxin and haeme
pigments.
Activator of nitrate reductase and aconitase.
Role in biological nitrogen fixation.
36
37. Iron chlorosis in mulberry leaf
37
Iron chlorosis is a yellowing of
leaf caused by a lack of plant-
available iron. Found in water
logged soils and under flooded
conditions (Emery 1982)
Trunk injections of iron sulfate
or ferric Ammonium sulphate are
used to control iron chlorosis.
38. Effect of pH on Iron availability
38
At high PH Small amount
is available to the plants.
FRO Protein
Fe3+
Fe2+
39. Effect of Iron on dry matter yield in
Morus alba plants
39
Fe supply in (μ M) Dry matter yield (g plant -1)
0 36.84
5 36.47
50 86.77
100 70.90
Mulberry plants have shown increased dry matter yield upto 50 μ M
and a yield reduction was observed at 100 μΜ when grown in solution
culture.
Tewari et al 2004
40. Role of Copper
Available to plant as Cu+ Cu 2+
Provides defence against pathogens by cell wall lignification and
accumulation of phenolics and
Ascorbic acid metabolism (Shingles et al 2004).
Component of phenolases, lactases, oxidases, ET molecule
plastocyanin.
Deficiency
Plants show accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide
anion radical.
Inhibition of Ca transport to younger growing parts of plants (Brown
1979).
Damages the ultrastructure of chloroplasts, decrease PS I and PS II
activities and thus retard electron transport system (Henriques 1989).
Induction of water deficit (Sharma and Sharma 1985).40
41. Foliar symptoms of Cu deficiency
41
a) Marginal scorching.
b) Chlorosis and death.
c) Naked stem.
d) Necrosis and scorching in the older
and middle leaves at advanced growth
stage.
Exanthema or dieback of fruit trees.
Reclamation or white tip disease of
oats.
Blackening of potato tubers.
42. Effects of deficiency or excess of Copper
on Mulberry plants
42
Cu supply
(mM)
Dry matter yield g/plant Shoot/root ratio
Shoot Root
0 78.6 50.6 1.55
0.1 125.9 79.1 1.59
1 194.9 105.7 1.84
100 91.08 64.7 1.41
( P.Kumar et al 2005)
43. Role of Molybdenum
Available to plant as MoO4
2-
• Component of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase (Schwarz and
Mendel 2006).
• Participation in P metabolism.
• Activator of dehydrogenase and phosphatases.
• Cofactor in synthesis of ascorbic acid.
• Tannin synthesis.
• Protective role in chloroplasts.
Deficiency
Translucent spots of irregular shape impregnated with
resinous gum (mulberry leaf).
Activity of soil microorganisms is reduced.
Whiptail disease of brassica.
Scald of legumes.
43
45. Effect of pH on availability of Mo
45
Mo availability increases
pH Scale
0 7 14
NeutralAcid Alkali
Increasing H+ Increasing OH-
Presence of Sesquioxides (oxides and hydroxides of Al and Fe)
Liming:- with increase in liming availability of Mo increases.
46. Role of Manganese
Available to plants as Mn2+ Mn3+
Constituent of pyruvate carboxylase and dehydrogenase involved in
krebs cycle.
Involved in the oxidation-reduction process in photosynthesis.
Participation in photolysis of water.
Activates indole acetic acid oxidase, which oxidizes indole acetic
acid in plants.
Mn accelerates germination and maturity.
Increases availability of P and Ca.
Supports movement of Fe in the plant.
Counteracting the effects of bad aeration.
Synthesis of chlorophyll and proteins.
46
47. Deficiency of Mn in Mulberry
47
The interveinal part is
yellowish not tending towards
whiteness.
Dead spots appear on the
leaf.
Checkered appearance to the
leaf.
Leaves become brittle and fall
off.
Sterile flowers.
Grey spec in wheat and
maize.
Pahela blight of sugarcane.
Marshy spot in pea.
Speckled yellow of sugar
beet.
Leaf of Mulberry plant grown by hydroponic culture in Mn free nutrient solution
48. Increase (+) or decrease(-) of various
parameters in Mn-D &Mn-Excess mulberry
plants
48
Parameters Mn -deficiency Mn -excess
Plant height - -
Leaf area expansion rate - -
Dry weight - +
Reducing sugars + +
Chl. a,b - -
Fe + No change
Cu + -
Zn + No change
SOD
+
-
CAT + -
R.K.Tewari et al 2013
49. Role of Chlorine
49
Available to plant as Cl-1
Diminishes the effects of fungal root diseases ( P.K. Gupta 1999).
Transport of cations like K Ca Mg thus maintaining electrolyte neutrality
across membranes.
Role in cell division in leaves and shoots ( Colmenero-Flores 2007).
Maintaining turgor of cells.
Involved in photolysis of water ( Popelkova and yocum 2007).
Cl is normally not applied to soil.
Rain water supplies about 10-100kg of Cl per hectare annually besides its
addition through fertilizers like MOP (47.3%) (S.S. Singh 1996).
Rate of recommendation is 3-5kg per hectare
51. Bronze coloured leaves
Swollen root tips
Flower abscission
Less chlorophyll content in leaves thus drying of leaves
Wilting of leaves
Deficiency of Cl in mulberry
51
52. Role of nickel
Available to plants as Ni2+ Ni4+
Increase in cocoon weight when Ni and Zn fortified leaves fed to
silkworms (S.Chandraju et al 2012)
Increases growth and economic characteristics of silkworm (Islam
et al 2004)
Component of urease and dehydrogenase.
Germination and early seedling growth
It is involved in the synthesis of chemicals (phytoalexins) that the
plant produces to defend against pathogens.
52
53. More damage by root knot
nematodes.
Accumulation of ureids in leaves
(leaf tip necrosis)
Mouse ear disease (little leaf
disease) reported by Marz in 1918.
Deficiency symptoms of nickel
Ni-D Ni-S
53 (wood et al 2004)
54. 54
Zn Aqueous solution of 2.0 kg Zinc sulphate/ha/crop should be sprayed over the leaves of deficient
plants.
Mn Aqueous solution of 1.0 kg Manganese Sulphate/ha/crop should be sprayed over the leaves of
deficient plants.
Fe Aqueous solution of 1kg Ferrous Sulphate/ha/crop should be sprayed over the leaves of infected
plants
Cu Aqueous solution of 1.0 kg Copper Sulphate/ha/crop should be sprayed over the leaves of
deficient plants.
B Aqueous solution of 1.0 kg Boric acid/ha/crop should be sprayed over the leaves of deficient
plants.
Recommendations for micro nutrients enrichment in
Mulberry Plantation ( Rathore et al 2011)
55. Importance of foliar sprays to Mulberry
Mulberry as a foliage crop responds well to foliar sprays (S. M.Qadri 2011)
Timely and immediate application of specific nutrient (Kannan1990)
Foliar spray of Zn as (ZnSO4) increases the moisture content in mulberry leaves ( Lokanath
1981).
The moisture content determines the nutritive quality of leaves and plays an important role in
the production of quality cocoons ( Dandin and Kumar 1989).
Foliar spray of Zinc helps in retaining the leaf freshness for longer periods.
Fe as Fe2SO4 ( 0.5% Ferrous Sulphate solution sprayed 20 – 25 days after pruning
to the mulberry garden under irrigated conditions augments leaf yield of mulberry by
12 - 15 %.
55
56. Effect of foliar micro nutrient sprays on the biochemical
parameters of mulberry leaves
56
Treatments Moisture
content
(%)
Moisture
retention
capacity (%)
Chl. a (mg g-1 ) Chl. b (mg g-1 ) Crude
protein (%)
Caroteinoid
(mg g-1 )
Zinc sulphate
(0.5%)
72.68 78.44 1.52 0.30 18.63 0.36
Ferrous
sulphate (1.0%)
+ citric acid
(0.1%)
70.57 77.76 1.56 0.35 19.09 0.29
Boric acid
(0.2%)
72.22 77.43 1.50 0.30 17.40 0.34
Manganese
sulphate (0.5%)
71.38 77.50 1.51 0.29 17.16 0.32
Sodium
molybdate
(0.01%)
76.01 80.41 1.54 0.34 16.91 0.31
Control 69.36 77.33 1.35 0.27 15.78 0.30
(Richards et al 2011)
57. Use of VAM and Vermicomposting
By inoculation of VA mycorrhiza containing
mixed culture of G.mosseae and G.
fasciculatum results in better growth of the
plants.
Curtails phosphate fertilizer requirement by
50% besides the availability of micronutrients
is increased.
Mulberry needs a lot of organic matter in the
form of FYM to maintain desirable level of
carbon and other micronutrients in the soil. To
overcome the problem of availability of FYM
and help a sericulture farmer to produce FYM
at their own, the vermicomposting technology
was introduced by CSRTI, Mysore during the
year 1995.
57
58. Micronutrient content in organic manures (ppm)
58
Manure Zn Cu Mn Fe
Cow dung 210 61 150
Goat dung 2570 1925 6420
Poultry manure 70 82 191 1280
Rice straw 20 340 280
Book-History of sericulture
59. Use of green manuring Posan and Seriboost
Green manuring
Raising of green manure crops(cowpea, grams
@20kg/ha/year and its incorporation in soil
before flowering, increases leaf yield 10-12
times besides increases the availability of
micronutrients to the soil
Posan
Multinutrient formulation for foliar spray. The
mulberry leaf yield increases upto 20%. (1Lt.
Of Posan:140Lt. Water)
Seriboost
Multinutrient formulation used as foliar spray.
Seriboost is sprayed at 0.25 % in two sprays
per crop after pruning.
59
(B.Bindroo et al 2014)
60. Conclusions
Micronutrients play an important role in crop production. They are
equally important like macronutrients so their application is necessary.
There is very narrow difference between deficiency and toxicity levels,
so micronutrients should be applied carefully only when crop needs
them and after soil test.
There is need for application of mixed and complex fertilizers
containing micronutrients.
Application of organic manure also helps in eradicating micronutrient
deficiency in long term.
60