The document summarizes economically important plant parasitic nematodes found in India, including their distribution and impact. It discusses nematodes that affect crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fibers, banana, citrus, grapes, spices and tubers. For each crop, it identifies key nematodes and estimates yield losses. Maps show the distribution of nematodes infecting different crops across India. The document is an overview of major nematode issues faced by Indian agriculture.

1. PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE
AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
MAJOR PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES OF INDIA THEIR
DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT
Presented by
n.Ramya sri
Rad/ 17-12

2.  Introduction
 History
 Morphology and anatomy
 Classification
 Economically important Nematodes distribution and loss
caused by them
 Management
 Conclusion
CONTENTS

3. SCIENCE OF NEMATOLOGY
Overlooked
Gaining importance
Demand for Nematologists

4. NEMATODE OUTBREAKS IN INDIA
• The recent outbreaks of M. graminicola in the
Mandya district of Karnataka, West Bengal
Orissa and Assam.
• floral malady (Aphelenchoides besseyi) in tuberose
in West Bengal and Orissa.
• Kalahasty malady (Tylenchorhynchus brevilinea-
tus) in groundnut in Andhra Pradesh (AP).
• Meloidogyne indica in kagzi lime and Bt cotton in
Gujarat.
• M. incognita in pomegranate in Maharashtra
Karnataka, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.
• Pratylenchus thornei in wheat, maize, chickpea and
soybean.

5.  Nematodes – eel worms, nemas and round worms.
 Nematology is a branch of Science dealing with nematodes of any nature.
 Plant parasitic nematodes – Phytonematology
Order: Tylenchida and Dorylaimida.
 Animal parasites - Helminthology.
 The term Nematode is derived from Nema= thread eiodes= form
 Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical, multicellular, unsegmented,
microscopic worms that are pseudocoelomates
 .Nematodes constitute about 80-90 % of all multicellular organisms.
 Nematode density in soil vary from 1.8 – 120 millions/ sq.metre.
INTRODUCTION

6. • Nematodes account for 14% of the global loss amounting $ 100 billion
dollars annually ( Chitwood 2003)
• National loss because of nematodes is Rs 21,068.73 millions anually
(M.R.Khan,2010)

7. Proportion of different groups of Nematodes
Marine nematodes
Animal nematodes
Free living nematodes
PPNs
50%
15%
25%
10%

8. HISTORY
1743- Needham- Wheat gall nematode Anguina tritici
1859-1932- N.A.Cobb- coin Nema and describe more than 100 nematodes.
“ Father of American Nematology”
1871- Kuhn- CS2 for control of Sugar beet cyst nematode
1889- Neal- RKN in USA
1892- Atkinson- Association of RKN with Fusarium in vascular wilt
1945- Christie- Nematological properties of EDB

9. 1901- Barber- RKN association with Tea
1906- Butler- RKN on black pepper in kerala
1917- Hutchinson- first report of Tundu disease of wheat, Anguina tritici
 1966- Nair, Das and Menon- first report of Radopholus similis on
banana in kerala
 Research could be initiated only in 1958 with identification of Molya
disease of wheat and barley in Rajasthan
INDIA

10. Morphology and anatomy
• Microscopic, Triploblastic, Bilaterally symmetrical,
unsegmented, Pseudocoelomatic, Vermiform animals, Live
saprophytically in water or soil, Obligate Parasites of plants and
animals.
• Plant parasitic nematodes possess
a hollow stylet
Stomato stylet
Odonto stylet

11. PARTS OF MALE & FEMALE NEMATODE

12. A) pyroform female root-knot nematode B) vermiform male root-knot
nematode

13. Generalized life cycle of a typical nematode

14. Nematoda
Tylenchida Dorylaimida
Tylenchina Aphelenchina
Dorylaimina
Dorylaimoidea
Belandiroidea
Diphtheropho-
roidea
Aphelenchoidea
TylenchoideaHeteroderoideaCirconematoidea
order
sub order
Super Family
Super Family
sub order
Super Family

15. Classification of Nematodes based on Feeding habits
(Parasitism)
Nematodes may feed on plant tissues from outside or inside
Ectoparasites
 Sedentary- Paratrylenchus sp pin nematode
 Migratory- Trichodorus sp stubby root nematode
Endoparasites
 Sedentary- Meloidogyne sp. root knot nematode
 Migratory- Radopholus sp burrowing nematode
Semi endoparasites
 Sedentary- Rotylenchulus sp reniform nematode
 Migratory- Rotylenchus sp spiral nematode

16. Ecto parasite
Semi endo parasite
Endo parasite

17. How Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Damage Plants
Direct damage
 Mechanically injuring or destroying plant cells and tissues.
 Secreting enzymes and toxins
Indirect damage
 Synergism
 Creating nutrient rich medium for other pathogens
 Act as vectors - grape fan leaf virus

18. ABOVE GROUND SYMPTOMS
1. Abnormalities to buds, flower, seed
a. dead buds or terminal damaged flower primordia
b. seed galls
2. Foliage and stem symptoms
a. necrosis , discoloration, twisting, yellowing of
foliage
b. spots, lesions, bloating of leaf and stem tissue,
distorted shoot
c. leaf and stem galls
3. Reduced growth, premature wilting
SYMPTOMS OF NEMATODE DAMAGE

19. 1. Root galls / knots
2. Root rot
3. Surface necrosis
4. Root Lesions
5. Excessive root branching/increased lateral roots.
6. Injured root tips- stubby root, absence of side
rootlets, curly tips of roots.
7. Cessation of root elongation and retardation of
root growth ,swollen root tip.
SYMPTOMS OF NEMATODE DAMAGE
BELOW GROUND PARTS

20. Root lesionsCysts on roots

21. Root-knot Nematode Meloidogyne
Reniform Nematode Rotylenchulus reniformis
Cyst Nematodes Heterodera
Golden cyst nematode Globodera
Burrowing Nematode Radopholus similis
Wheat seed gall nematode Anguina tritici
Lesion nematodes Pratylenchus
Citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans
Rice root nematode Hirschmanniella spp
Stunt nematode Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus
Ufra nematode Ditylenchus angustus
White tip nematode Aphelenchoides besseyi
NEMATODES OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE

22. Economically Important Nematodes Associated With Rice in India
• White tip nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi)
• Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola)
• Ufra nematode (Ditylenchus angustus)
• Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus indicus)
• Rice root nematode (Hirschmanniella oryzae/H. gracilis/H. mucronata)
• Rice cyst nematode (Heterodera oryzicola)
• Economic losses
• Rice 10.54% (A. besseyi, M. graminicola, D. angustus and H. oryzicola)
White tip disease symptoms M. graminicola on rice Rice root nematode
symptom

23. • Distribution of plant parasitic nematods infecting rice crop in India

24. Economically Important Nematodes Associated with Wheat and Barley in
India
• Cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae)
• Wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici)
• Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei)
• Economic losses
• Wheat 32.4-66.6% (Heterodera avenae)
• Barley 70.2% (Heterodera avenae)
Ear-cockle or seed gall.Cysts of Heterodera on roots

25. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting wheat and barley crops in India

26. Economically Important Nematodes Associated With Maize in India
• Maize cyst nematode (Heterodera zeae)
• Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus zeae)
• Economic losses
• Maize 17-29% (Heterodera zeae)
Damage caused by Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus zeae)

27. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting Maize crop in India

28. Economically Important Nematodes Associated With Pulse Crops in
India
• Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)
• Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)
• Pigeonpea cyst nematode (Heterodera cajani)
• Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus thornei)
• Economic losses
• Mungbean and Urdbean 8.90% (Meloidogyne incognita)
• Pigeonpea 12.62% (Heterodera cajani)
• Cowpea 27.30% (Rotylenehulus reniformis and Meloidogyne incognita)
• Chickpea 18.30% (Rotylenehulus reniformis, Meloidogyne incognita, M.
javanica, Pratylenchus thornei)
Root damage symptoms of pearly root of
pigeon pea
RKN damage on roots of
frenchbean

29. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major pulse crops in India

30. Economically important nematodes associated with oilseed crops in India
• Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.)
• Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)
• Cyst nematode (Heterodera cajani)
• Economic losses
• Groundnut 21.60% (Meloidogyne arenaria and M. javanica)
• Castor 13.93% (Rotylenchulus reniformis) Sesame 4.40% (Heterodera cajani)
RKN infesting groundnut Damage symptom of pod scab caused by
Tylenchorynchus breveliniatus

31. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major oilseed crops in India

32. Economically Important Nematodes Associated With Vegetable Crops in
India
 Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica)
 Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)
• Economic losses
 Tomato 27.20% (Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica)
 Brinjal 16.62% (Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica)
 Okra 14.10% (Meloidogyne incognita/M. javanica)
 Chilli 12.85% (Meloidogyne incognita/M. javanica)
 Cucurbits 18.20% (Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica)
 Carrot 18.20% (Meloidogyne incognita/ M. javanica)
RKN DAMAGE IN CUCUMBER

33. RKN infected okra and tomato
Galls on roots of carrot infected
with Meloidogyne hapla

34. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting major vegetable crops in India
15

35. Economically Important Nematodes Associated With Fibre crops in India
• Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)
• Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica)
• Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)
• Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.)
• Stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus spp.)
• Spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus spp.)
Economic losses
Jute 12.0-54.4% (Meloidogyne
incognita)
Cotton 18-32% (Rotylenchulus
reniformis)
12.3-20.8% (Meloidogyne
incognita)

36. Root knot nematode infesting, CD) jute and EF) bt-cotton

37. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting fibre crops in India

38. • Economically important nematodes associated with banana
• Burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis)
• Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) Reniform nematode
(Rotylenchulus reniformis) Spiral nematode (Helicotylenchus multicinctus)
Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.)
• Cyst nematode (Heterodera oryzicola)
• Economic losses
• Meloidogyne incognita 7.9-34.6%
• Radopholus similis 12.02-21.8%
Burrowing nematode feeding destroys anchor roots
and makes plants susceptible to toppling
RKN Damage ro banana roots

39. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting banana crop in India

40. Economically Important Nematodes associated with Citrus
• Citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans)
• Stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus brevilineatus)
• Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)
• Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne indica) [prevalent in Gujarat]
• Economic losses
• Tylenchulus semipenetrans 6.8-17.5%
RKN damage in citrus

41. Cross section of citrus root
infected with a female citrus
nematode
Citrus trees exhibiting symptoms
of citrus decline

42. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting citrus crop in India

43. Economically Important Nematodes Associated with Grapevine
• Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica)
• Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)
• Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)
• Economic losses
• Root-knot nematodes 11-28%

44. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting grapevine in India

45. Economically Important Nematodes Associated with Spices
•Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)
•Burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis)
•Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)
•Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus coffeae)
•Economic losses
•Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne incognita 38.5-64.6%
knobby and knotty roots of
black pepper
Burrowing nematode damage

46. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting spices crops in India

47. Economically Important Nematodes Associated with Tuber crops
• Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)
• Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica)
• Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis)
• Lesion nematode (Pratylenchus spp.)
• Lesion nematode (Scutellonema bradys)
R. reniformis damage to sweetpotato

48. Distribution of plant parasitic nematodes infecting tuber crops in India

49. Plant parasitic nematodes reported from different districts of Telanagana
District Nematode Crop Source
Hyderabad Hoplolaimus seinhorsti Cauliflower Luc, 1957
Hyderabad Pratylenchus thornei Maize Singh and Khan 1981
Hyderabad Heteroderara. sp. Bulb grass
(Cyperusbulbo
sus)
Basnet and
Jayaprakash, 1984.
Karimnagar
Khammam
Warangal
Tylenchulus semipenetrans,
Rotylenchulus reniformis,
Tylenchorhynchus spp.,
Citrus Mani, 1994
Hyderabad Aphelenchoides besseyi Rice Savitri et al., 1998
Rangareddy Meloidogyne incognita race 2 Tomato, Chilli
and Brinjal
Kiran babu et al.,
2011
Khammam Rotylenchulus reniformis,
Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus pratensis,
Haplolaimus spp., Tylenchorhychu sspp.,
Xiphenema spp., Pratylenchus spp.
Cotton Murali and Vanita
Das, (2014).

50. District Nematode Crop Source
Warangal Rotylenchus reniformis Cotton
Vindhyarani&
Raghuramulu, 2011
Warangal Heteroderasp.,
Helicotylenchus sp.
Maize
Warangal Meloidogne incognita,
Xiphinemasp.,
Helicotylenchussp.,
Tylenchorhychussp.,
Pratylenchussp
Okra
Warangal Meloidogne incognita,
Helicotylenchussp.,
Helicotylenchussp.,
Tylenchorhychussp.,
Pratylenchus sp.
Tomato
Warangal Rotylenchusreniformis Chilli
Warangal Meloidogne incognita,
Pratylenchussp.,
Hoplolaimussp
Brinjal

51. District Nematode Crop Source
Mahaboobnagar Rotylenchulus reniformis,
Helicotylenchus dihystera,
Meloidogynei ncognita, Pratylenchus
delattrei, Hoplolaimu ssp., Xiphinema
sp., Tylenchorhynchus sp.,
Helicotylenchus incises, Tylenchus sp
Tomato, Brinjal, Okra,
Chilli, Onion,
Cabbage, Ridge gourd,
Bitter gourd, Snake
gourd,
Prasad
Rao et al.,
2007
Rangareddy Rotylenchulus Helicotylenchus
Meloidogyne incognita, Pratylenchus
Hoplolaimu ssp., Xiphinema sp
Tomato,brinjal Kavitha et
al.,2016
Nalgonda Heteroderara sps, Helicotylenchus
sps, Aphelenchoides besseyi,
Pratylenchus sps, Meloidogynei
sps,Hirshmanilla sps.
Rice Swetha et
al.,2014
Rangareddy Meloidogyne enterolobii Guava Sunanda et
al .,2017

52. MANAGEMENT
 Deep summer ploughing in states having hot and dry summers help in
reducing infestation of root-knot and cereal cyst nematodes.
 Nursery bed treatment with carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m2 followed by field
application 40 days after transplanting for management of root-knot
nematode and rice root nematode.
 Hot water treatment of rice seeds for 10 min at 500 to 550C followed by foliar
spray with carbosulfan (25 EC) @ 0.1% 40 days after transplanting reduce the
infestation of white-tip nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi).
 Soil solarization of nursery beds for 15 days during summer and application
of carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m2 before sowing followed by root dip treatment of
transplantable seedlings of vegetable crops against root-knot nematode
disease.

53. MANAGEMENT
 Nursery bed treatment with carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m2 followed by field
application of carbofuran @ 1 kg a.i./ha 40 days after transplanting in
endemic spots at farmers’ field has been recommended for management
of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola) and rice root nematode
(Hirschmanniella oryzae) in rice.
 Hot water treatment of rice seeds for 10 min at 500 to 550C followed by foliar
spray with carbosulfan (25 EC) @ 0.1% 40 days after transplanting reduced
the infestation of white-tip nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi).
 Soil solarization of nursery beds by a transparent polythene sheet (25-50 m)
for 15 days during summer and application of carbofuran @ 0.3 g a.i./m2
before sowing followed by root dip treatment of transplantable seedlings of
vegetable crops with carbosulfan (25 EC) @ 500 ppm before transplanting in
the main field has been recommended and adopted by the farmers against
root-knot nematode disease of tomato, brinjal and chillies.
 Deep summer ploughing in states having hot and dry summers help in
reducing infestation of root-knot and cereal cyst nematodes.

54. Table: Effect of solarisation on population of Meloidogyne sp and Rhizoctonia sp.
Treatment Weed count
(Number)
Population of
Meloidogyne sp/
259 cc soil
Population of
Rhizoctonia cfu/g
soil × 103
Solarised 1.541 59.56 1.56
Unsolarized 75.41 494.33 9.21
Initial population 0 658.4 7.34
Soil Solarization for Control of Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne
incognita Complex and Weeds in Tomato
(Vidyasagar et al., 2012)

55.  Solarization of nematode-infested field + seed dressing of direct-seeded
crops with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. (w/w) in mungbean, cowpea,
blackgram, okra, cucurbits etc. reduced the attack of root-knot, reniform and
lesion nematodes.
 Use of bioagents, viz. Pseudomonas fluorescens/Trichoderma viride @ 10
g/kg seed has been found effective against root- knot nematodes and
pigeonpea cyst nematode (Heterodera cajani) infecting pulse crops.
 Seed treatment of chickpea with neem-seed kernel powder or Trichoderma
viride @ 10 g/kg seed has been recommended for the effective management
of Pratylenchus thornei.
 Use of organic amendments including neem and castor cakes @ 1 tonne/ha
has been found to reduce root-knot nematode damage in vegetables and
groundnut.
 Their combinations with seed treatment of carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i.
(w/w) further improved efficacy in reducing the nematode population and
enhancing the yield significantly.

56.  Solarization of nematode-infested field + seed dressing of direct-seeded
crops with carbosulfan (25 DS) @ 3% a.i. (w/w) in mungbean, cowpea,
blackgram, okra, cucurbits etc. reduced the attack of root-knot, reniform and
lesion nematodes.
.

57.  Use of bioagents, viz. Pseudomonas fluorescens/Trichoderma viride @ 10
g/kg seed has been found effective against root- knot nematodes and
pigeonpea cyst nematode (Heterodera cajani) infecting pulse crops.
.

58.  Seed treatment of chickpea with neem-seed kernel powder or Trichoderma
viride @ 10 g/kg seed has been recommended for the effective management
of Pratylenchus thornei.
 Use of organic amendments including neem and castor cakes @ 1 tonne/ha
has been found to reduce root-knot nematode damage in vegetables and
groundnut.

59. Efficacy of Vermicompost against Root Knot Nematode in Flue Cured
Virginia (FCV) Tobacco
Treatments Total healthy
transplants count
(at 60 DAS)
Total healthy
transplants count
(at 80 DAS)
RKI at
45 DAS
RKI at 60
DAS
Vermicompost @ 1
Kg/m2
473 550 1.72 2.00
Vermicompost @ 2
Kg/m2
480 582 1.67 1.75
FYM @ 1 Kg/m2 450 510 2.67 2.82
Carbofuran
@10g/m2
492 590 1.52 1.67
Control 420 452 2.85 3.20
(Ramakrishnan and Mahadeva swamy , 2012)

60. Treatments Initial
population
(250ccsoil)
Pre-treatment
nematode
population at
3rd
MAP
pre-treatment
nematode
population at 6th
MAP
Root
lesion
index(1-
5) scale
Final nematode
population at harvest
soil Root soil Root soil Root
Banana+marigold (vertical
row)
225 135 110 105 85 2.0 65 35
Banana+marigold(horizontal
row)
220 140 95 115 90 1.8 45 30
Banana+marigold(entire area
of field)
230 125 90 100 70 1.6 35 25
Banana+ neem cake 215 130 125 110 115 3.5 85 80
Banana + monochrotophops
dip
185 110 130 145 140 4.5 180 145
Banana + monochrotophops
dip followed by furadon at 3
and 6 MAP
195 125 120 90 75 1.2 30 20
Banana alone 210 265 145 290 160 5.0 315 224
Influence of marigold ,neem cake and chemical pesticides in the root- lesion index
and population build up of Pratylechus coffeae on banana.
(Sundararaju, 2005)

61. Root Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii in Guava (Psidium guajava)
A New Record from India
Posterior Cuticular Pattern (PCP)
of M.enterolobii
Wilted guava plants infested with
root knot nematode, M.enterolobii
Roots of guava infested with root knot
nematode, M.enterolobii showing
galls and rotting
Poornima et al.,2016

62.  Farmers of South Saurashtra region of Gujarat have been advised to
sow groundnut with castor as an intercrop (row ratio 2:1) along with soil
application of carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha to reduce the population of root-
knot nematodes infecting groundnut.
· Seed-dressing treatment with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
(PGPR) (Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus strain 35 to 47) along with soil
application of carbofuran @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha has been found effective against
root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) infecting cotton.
 Paring and hot water treatment of banana suckers at 550C for 20 min
combined with application of neem-cake @ 1 kg/plant and carbofuran @
16.6 g/plant in the pit before planting was effective against nematode disease
complex of banana.

63. Efficacy of fungal bio agents against nematodes at two different doses as
soil application on soybean
Reniform nematode
(Gurjar et al., 2012)
Root knot Nematode
(Garvita Joshi et al., 2012)
Treatment No. of
female/plant
No. of
egg
masses/
plant
Total
population
No. of
female/
plant
No. of
egg
masses/
plant
Total
populatio
n
Pochonia chlamydosporia
1g/Kg soil
18.3 7.6 1699 40.0 29.0 5657
P. chlamydosporia 2g/Kg
soil
13.6 5.6 1012 36.3 25.3 4260
Paecilomyces lilacinus
1g/Kg soil
16.0 7.3 1443 22.6 28.3 5357
P. lilacinus 2g/Kg soil 10.3 3.6 789 28.3 21.0 3241
Trichoderma harzianum
1g/Kg soil
19.6 8.3 1999 42.0 31.0 6412
T.harzianum 2g/Kg soil 15.3 6.3 1279 38.0 27.0 4897
Chemical check 3.6 1.3 342 8.00 18.0 2185
Untreated check 25.6 13.6 4702 58.00 35.33 11020

64. CONCLUSION
Nematode damage should not be overlooked
there is a need to consider them as an
important component of integrated pest
management, and nematode damage can be
tackled with intelligent planning of nematode
suppressive crop sequences, summer
ploughing, organic manuring, clean
cultivation, adjusting sowing time, irrigation
management and sensible use of nematicides.

65. REFERENCES
• Chitwood, D.J. (2003). Research on plant-parasitic nematode biology .
Pest management science. 59:748–753.
• Gravita,J., Bhargava.S., Sharma.,k.(2012). Management of Root-knot
Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infecting tomato by using fungal
bio-agents. Indian journal of nematology 42:129-131
• Khan, M.R. (2010). White tip nematode infestation in rice. The national
academy of sciences. 325 : 140–170.
• Ramakrishnan,S.,Madhava swamy.,M.(2012). Efficacy of Vermicompost
Against Root-Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. in Flue Cured Virginia
(FCV) Tobacco. Indian journal of nematology. 42:143-145.
• Vidya sagar,B.,Krishna rao,V.,Vara Prasad,K.S.,Reddy,D.R.R. (2012). Soil
Solarization for Control of Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne
incognita Complex and weeds in tomato. Indian journal of nematology.
42 :146-149.

66. THANK YOU