This document discusses zinc as an essential micronutrient for plant nutrition. It begins with an introduction to zinc and its importance. It then covers the various roles of zinc in plant systems, including its involvement in protein metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, and more. The document also examines the different forms of zinc in soil, factors that affect its availability to plants, and its interactions with other nutrients. Furthermore, it addresses zinc deficiency symptoms, causes, and management approaches like soil and foliar application of zinc fertilizers. The document provides examples of zinc's effects on crop growth and yield from studies on rice and maize.
Modern agriculture has been largely successful in meeting the food needs for ever increasing population in developing countries. On the contrary, malnutrition, especially Fe and Zn continue to pose a very serious constraint not only to human health as well economic development of nation that might formerly have got unnoticed. Besides, the micronutrient deficiencies are becoming increasingly common in agriculture as a result of higher levels of removal by ever-more-productive crops combined with breeding for higher yields, at the expense of micronutrient acquisition efficiency (Havlinet al., 2014).Therefore, agriculture must now focus on a new paradigm that will not only produce more food, but deliver better quality food as well.
Modern agriculture has been largely successful in meeting the food needs for ever increasing population in developing countries. On the contrary, malnutrition, especially Fe and Zn continue to pose a very serious constraint not only to human health as well economic development of nation that might formerly have got unnoticed. Besides, the micronutrient deficiencies are becoming increasingly common in agriculture as a result of higher levels of removal by ever-more-productive crops combined with breeding for higher yields, at the expense of micronutrient acquisition efficiency (Havlinet al., 2014).Therefore, agriculture must now focus on a new paradigm that will not only produce more food, but deliver better quality food as well.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
Maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] is the third and second most important cereal crop of India, respectively. Maize–wheat system is the third dominant cropping system of India covering 1.8 mha with 2.3% contribution in food grain production (Jat et al., 2013).
Interactions between nutrients in plants occur when the supply of one nutrient affects the absorption, distribution and functions of another nutrient. Generally P and Zn interact negatively, which depends upon a number of physico-chemical properties of soil. Antagonistic P×Zn interaction has been subject of intensive research in several countries and has been thoroughly reviewed. Although some positive interactions of P and Zn are also reported (Shivay, 2013).
The maximum available P and Zn content in the soil was recorded with super-optimal dose (150% NPK) and optimal dose (100% NPK) along with Zn, respectively (Verma et al., 2012). Zinc and P application has antagonistic effect on each other with respect to their concentration and absorption by wheat and maize (Verma and Minhas, 1987). The three Bacillus aryabhattai strains (MDSR7, MDSR11 and MDSR14) were consistent in enhancement of root and shoot dry weight and zinc uptake in wheat (Ramesh et al., 2014).
Management of P×Zn interaction is a challenging task in the era of sustainable food and nutritional security. Use of efficient varieties and application of inorganic P and Zn fertilizer in conjunction with bio-inoculants can increase the crop yield and efficiency of added fertilizers to save precious input.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
Maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] is the third and second most important cereal crop of India, respectively. Maize–wheat system is the third dominant cropping system of India covering 1.8 mha with 2.3% contribution in food grain production (Jat et al., 2013).
Interactions between nutrients in plants occur when the supply of one nutrient affects the absorption, distribution and functions of another nutrient. Generally P and Zn interact negatively, which depends upon a number of physico-chemical properties of soil. Antagonistic P×Zn interaction has been subject of intensive research in several countries and has been thoroughly reviewed. Although some positive interactions of P and Zn are also reported (Shivay, 2013).
The maximum available P and Zn content in the soil was recorded with super-optimal dose (150% NPK) and optimal dose (100% NPK) along with Zn, respectively (Verma et al., 2012). Zinc and P application has antagonistic effect on each other with respect to their concentration and absorption by wheat and maize (Verma and Minhas, 1987). The three Bacillus aryabhattai strains (MDSR7, MDSR11 and MDSR14) were consistent in enhancement of root and shoot dry weight and zinc uptake in wheat (Ramesh et al., 2014).
Management of P×Zn interaction is a challenging task in the era of sustainable food and nutritional security. Use of efficient varieties and application of inorganic P and Zn fertilizer in conjunction with bio-inoculants can increase the crop yield and efficiency of added fertilizers to save precious input.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
The Role of Micronutrients in Crop GrowthNualgi.org
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There are 7 essential plant nutrient elements defined as micronutrients [boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine (Cl)] NIckel (Ni
Mechanism of Zinc solubilization by Zinc Solubilizing bacteriasJaison M
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Role of micro nutrients and their deficiency symptoms in Mulberrymohd younus wani
Exponential growth in population has created unpredictable pressure on our agricultural land. On one had excessive cropping to cater to the food needs have assumed importance and on other hand no collective effort is being put to replenish our soils with the nutrients which we take out of it in the shape of agricultural produce. This state of affairs sequesters our soils and renders it deficient in various macro and micro nutrients. If this state of affairs continues, time is not for off when people will die of malnutrition and hunger. In order to restore the health of our soils and enrichment with nutrients is of vital importance irrespective of the crop which is being grown. Mulberry is one such economically important crop which is cultivated for the purpose of leaf which is fed to silkworms for cocoon production thereby revenue generation for the sizable number of population for their sustained livelihood. Micronutrients play a significant role in plant growth, photosynthesis, chlorophyll formation, cell wall development, water absorption, and xylem permeability, resistance to plant diseases and enzymatic reactions and important for activities of soil microorganisms. Increase in cocoon weight when Ni and Zn fortified leaves fed to silkworms. The modulatory effect of zinc chloride enriched mulberry leaves on various aspects of silkworm such as, Proteins in various tissues like silk gland, haemolymph and in muscles of the 5th instar silk worm larvae and also on the economic parameters of the cocoon. A model needs to be framed for maintaining continuous supply of micro nutrients to obtain desired quantity and quality of mulberry leaf for successful silkworm cocoon crop and increasing overall silk productivity.
Zinc availability to forage crops in soils of the pampas region, Argentina.Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Perez-Carrera A, Fernández-Cirelli A. 2012. Zinc availability to forage crops in soils of the pampas region, Argentina. In: Trace Elements: Environmental Sources, Geochemistry and Human Health. Editores: D. A. De Leon y P.R. Aragon, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is major staple food in the world (especially in South and South East Asian countries).
Important staple foods for more than half of the world’s population (IRRI, 2006)
Source of livelihoods and economies of several billion people.
On a global basis, rice varieties provide 21% and 15% per capita of dietary energy and protein, respectively.
About 50% world’s populations depends on rice as their main source of nutrition.
However, rice is a poor source of micronutrients.
Micronutrients deficiency is a global problem contributing to world’s malnutrition and a major public health problem in many countries, especially in regions where people rely on monotonous diets of cereal-based food, as the Zn level or content in the grains of staple crops, such as cereals and legumes, is generally low.
Increasing the Zn content in the grains of these crops is considered a sustainable way to alleviate human Zn deficiency.
Zn deficiency being an important nutrient constraint, any approach to improve Zn uptake and its transport to grains has significant practical relevance.
The concentration and bioavailability of Zn in rice is very low and its consumption alone cannot meet the recommended daily allowance.
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2. 2
A seminar on
Zinc: An Indispensable Micronutrient for Plant
Nutrition
AMLAN NATH
ROLL NO. 21249
M.SC. 1ST YEAR
Division of Agronomy
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi 110 012
4. Why Zinc ?
An indispensable element for plants, animals and
humans.
An essential mineral vis-à-vis essence to life having
“exceptional biological and public health importance”.
“Life saving commodity” (United Nations).
Could play pertinent role in mitigating COVID-19.
Zinc inhibits Coronavirus and Arterivirus RNA Polymerase
activity in vitro (Aartjan J. et al., 2010).
Zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in
cell culture (Aartjan J. et al., 2010).
DIVISIONOFAGRONOMY,ICAR-IARI
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5. Zinc (Zn)
DIVISIONOFAGRONOMY,ICAR-IARI
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23rd most abundant element on earth.
Transitional metal of atomic no. 30 & molecular wt. 65
Major form of uptake- Zn2+
Essentiality by- A.L. Sommer and C.P. Lipman (1926).
Average total Zn concentration in cultivated soils ~65 mg
kg-1 (Alloway, 2009).
Zinc is partially mobile in plants.
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1. Low Molecular Weight Complexes of Zinc: In plant leaves,
soluble zinc occurs as an anionic compound, associated
with amino acids.
2. Protein Metabolism: Co-factor of a large no. of enzymes
involved in protein synthesis & also involved in stability and
functioning of genetic material.
3. Carbohydrate Metabolism:
a. Photosynthesis- Constituent of Carbonic anhydrase
(CA) enzyme, which have role in CO2 fixation. CA
contains a single Zn atom which catalyses the
hydration of CO2.
b. Sucrose and Starch Formation- Component of aldolase
which involved in sucrose formation coupled with
important role in starch metabolism.
Continued…
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4. Detoxification of superoxide radicals: Zn involved in the
enzyme Cu-Zn-SOD (most abundant SOD in plant).
5.Anaerobic root respiration: Carbonic anhydrase is involved in
root respiration & Zn is a part of it.
6. Membrane Integrity: Structural orientation of
macromolecules and maintenance of ion transport systems.
7. Auxin Metabolism: Required for synthesis of Auxin, while
lack of Zn reduces the level of auxins in plants.
8. Uptake and Stress: Water uptake and transport in plants,
and alleviate short periods of heat and salt stress.
9. Zn imparts disease resistance in plant.
Continued…
9. 9
5 Pools
2.Water soluble
4.Exchangeable 3.Organically bound
5.Sorbed and
insoluble
metallic oxides
1.Primary minerals
DIVISIONOFAGRONOMY,ICAR-IARI
Forms of Zinc in Soil
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1. Soil pH and liming
Availability ( ) with ( ) pH.
Solubility is pH dependent.
Each unit ( ) in pH= 100 fold ( ) in solubility.
Deficiency usually occurs on soil pH 6.0 or above.
pH < 7.7= Zn2+ , pH >7.7= Zn(OH)+, pH > 9.1= Zn(OH)2
Lime causes more fixation than that caused by P fertilizers.
Factors affecting zinc availability
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2. Soils of Low Zinc Content
Sandy soils, Peats & mucks
(Histosols),High rainfall areas
3. Restricted Root Zones
Hardpans, high water tables &
soil compaction by tractor
Continued…
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4. Calcareous Soils
pH is generally 7.4 or higher.
Deficiency most prevalent .
Directly sorbed into carbonates.
Forms insoluble calcium zincate.
Effects of CaCO3 on Zn availability is 3
fold.
5. Low Organic Matter
Incorporation of rapidly decomposable
organic matter.
Root exudates can chelate Zn.
Alkaline soil- Zn is strongly adsorbed by
insoluble organic matter.
Some micro organisms release zinc from
insoluble sources.
Continued…
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6. Cool Soil Temperatures &
Reduced Microbial activity
Temporary Zn deficiency.
Root system are not well
established.
Reduced microbial activity.
7. Plant Species and Varieties
Plants differ widely in their ability
to obtain zinc from soils.
Availability differs among the
varieties .
Continued…
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8. High Levels of Phosphorus
High level of available P induces
Zn deficiency.
Application of superphosphate
with zinc fertilizer reduced the
effectiveness of the zinc.
9. Effect of Stress
Plants are more susceptible to low
Zn supply when exposed to heat
and drought stress.
Continued…
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Nutrient Interactions
Antagonistic reaction.
High soil P= Zn deficiency.
Application of P fertilizers accompanied by liming- increases
risk of P induced Zn deficiency.
P inhibits the translocation of zinc from roots to shoots.
High soil P may reduce AM development and infection on
roots that may decrease Zn absorption and utilization.
Zn-P Interaction
Zn-N Interaction
Zn x N= Positive interaction
Application of N without applying Zn leads to Zn deficiency
through dilution effect.
Nitrogen fertilisers such as ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4)
acidifies the soil and enhances the Zn availability contrasting
to high soil pH.
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High Ca, Mg inhibits the absorption & translocation in plants.
Zn x Cu = Competitive inhibition of absorption.
Zn x Fe = Negative interaction.
Zinc def. = increased Fe conc. in the shoots (acidification of the
rhizosphere & release of reductants and phytosiderophores).
Zn interaction with other nutrients
Continued…
Zn-K interaction
Zn x K= Positive interaction.
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Zn deficiency status: World Scenario
“One of the widest ranging abiotic stresses in world agriculture arises from low
zinc availability in calcareous soils, particularly in cereals.”- Singh et al., 2005
Alloway, 2008
20. Zinc conc. in different soil ordersDIVISIONOFAGRONOMY,ICAR-IARI
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Soil Order Total Zn
(mg/kg)
Entisol 47
Inceptisol 60
Aridisol 61
Vertisol 63
Alfisol 44
Ultisol 43
Mollisol 30
Oxisol 72
Katyal and Sharma, 1991
>90% Zn- insoluble in soil.
Soluble Zn conc. in soil solution- 4 x 10−10 to 4 x 10−6 M
Conc. of exchangeable Zn- 0.1-2 mg/kg of soil.
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Causes of Zinc Deficiency in Crops
Zinc-deficient
crop
(reduced yield
/impaired
quality)
Low total zinc
content in soils
(i.e.sandy soils) High soil pH
(e.g. calcareous
soils, heavily
limed soils)
High phosphate
applications
High salt
concentrations
(salinity)
Waterlogging /
flooding of soil
(e.g. rice paddy)
High soil organic
matter content
(e.g. histosols)
Zinc
inefficient
crop varieties
Low manure
applications
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Zn Deficiency
Soils in which Zn deficiency may occur
Alkaline soils, Calcareous soils, Leached acidic coarse textured
sandy soils, Peat or Muck Soils (Organic Soils), Red/ Laterite soils.
Farming practices that may cause Zn deficiency
Application of High does of
phosphatic fertilizer
over liming of acid soils
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Zinc deficiency symptoms
Zn def. symptoms are found in both new & older leaves.
The most characteristic visible symptoms-resetting and little
leaf (in dicotyledonous).
Interveinal chlorosis.
Acute deficiency- necrosis and dead spots in younger leaves.
Premature leaves drop.
Bud fall off.
Lesser seed formation.
Deformed fruits associated with yield reduction.
Zinc deficiency symptoms in different crops
Khaira disease in Rice
White bud of maize
Little leaf of cotton
Mottled leaf of citrus or frenching of citrus
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Khaira Disease
First reported Zn deficiency in India.
By Y.L Nene in 1966 in paddy soil at Pantnagar.
Also known as Akagare type II (Japan), Taya-Taya and
Apulapaya (Philippines) and Hadda (Pakistan), suffocating
disease in Taiwan.
Fig: Khaira Disease of Rice
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Relative sensitivity of crops to Zn deficiency
High Medium Low
Bean Barley Alfaalfa
Citrus Cotton Asparagus
Flax Lettuce Carrot
Fruit Trees Potato Clover
Grapes Soybean Grass
Hops Sudan Grass Oat
Maize Sugarbeet Pea
Onions Table Beet Rye
Pecan nuts Tomato Wheat
Rice
Sorghum
Sweetcorn
Martens and Westerman, 1991
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Management of Zn deficiency
A. Soil application of Zinc fertilizer
Broadcasting or Band placement.
Band placement is superior over
broadcasting.
Efficiency increases when applied
with physiological acidic
fertilizers (Ammonium Sulphate)
and placed in band.
Most common recommendation-
soil appl. of 10-25 kg/ha of
ZnSO4
Zincated Urea- Urea fertilizer
granule coated with ZnSO4
(42%N, 1-2% Zn). It is used in
India & some other places in rice.
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Continued…
Feeding plants by directly
applying liquid fertilizer to the
plant.
Rates lower than soil application.
Uniform distribution.
Almost immediate response.
ZnSO4 or Zn-EDTA (0.1 to 1.5 %).
General recommendation- 0.5%
sol. of ZnSO4 mixed with a small
amt. of lime.
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
Zn
B. Foliar Feeding
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Types of Zinc Fertiliser
Include ZnO, ZnCO3, ZnSO4,
Zn(NO3)2 and ZnCl2.
ZnO: nearly insoluble in water
but soluble in acids.
ZnSO4·xH2O: heptahydrate
form most commonly used.
A. Inorganic Compounds
Chelating agent (EDTA/DTPA) +metal ion.
Lesser chances of retention by soil colloids, higher
transportation from soil to roots.
Na2Zn-EDTA-most commonly used.
Suitable for mixing with conc. fertilizer solutions for soil,
fertigation & hydroponic application.
B. Synthetic Chelates
C. Natural organic complexes
Zn salts +
citrates/lignosulphonates/
phenols /polyflavonoids.
Cheaper and environment
friendly.
Less effective.
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Agronomic Bio-fortification
Application of fertilizers to seeds, soil and/or foliage.
Cheaper, Faster & Safer.
Can be applied to a number of crops
Ferti-fortification: Agronomic bio-fortification through Zn
fertilization (Prasad, 2009)
Seed plus foliar application is most appropriate for
agronomic bio-fortification (Cakmak, 2007).
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Affect of Soil & Foliar Zn application on
Shoot & Root Growth of Rice Seedlings
Journal Of Plant Nutrition Phuphong et al., 2020
Shoot and root characteristics of rice seedlings grown in different soil Zn treatments by supplying of 0,
0.02, 0.1, 0.5 and 5.0 mg Zn kg-1 soil in form of ZnSO4 .7H2O with and without foliar Zn application at the
rate of 0.5% ZnSO4 7H2O in deionized water.
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Affect of Soil & Foliar Zn application on
Shoot & Root Growth of Rice Seedlings
Journal Of Plant Nutrition Phuphong et al., 2020
Soil Zn treatment (mg kg-1 soil)
ShootDryWeight(gpot-1)
Soil Zn treatment (mg kg-1 soil)
RootDryWeight(gpot-1)
Dry weight of shoots (A) and roots (B) of rice seedlings grown in different soil Zn treatments with and
without foliar zinc fertilizer at 0.5% ZnSO4. P<0.05
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Effects of zinc fertilizer on maize yield and water-
use efficiency under different soil water conditions
Zhang et al., 2020Field Crops Research
Water Zn Treatment
(Kg 𝐡𝐚−𝟏)
Grain Yield
(Mg 𝐡𝐚−𝟏)
WUE
(kg 𝐡𝐚−𝟏 𝒎𝒎−𝟏)
2017 2018 2017 2018
Draught
Situation
0 5.98 3.88 30.14 26.81
20 6.72 4.08 33.76 27.95
50 6.87 4.21 34.76 28.61
80 6.37 4.12 32.41 27.94
Water
Condition
0 15.13 13.16 31.83 44.73
20 16.28 14.21 34.48 47.90
50 15.29 12.88 32.23 43.44
80 15.33 11.71 32.20 39.91
P < 0.001
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Impact of Zn fertilization on water
productivity and grain yield of Basmati Rice
Zinc Fertilization Total water productivity
(kg ha−1 mm−1)
Grain yield
(t ha−1)
2015 2016 2015 2016
Control 1.75 2.58 3.68 3.71
5 kg Zn as SA 1.97 2.93 4.15 4.21
2.5 kg Zn as SA + 1 aFA
at flowering
2.03 3.01 4.26 4.32
aFA of Zn at AT +
flowering + GF
2.31 3.42 4.85 4.91
aFA of Zn at 20, 40, 60
and 80 DAT
2.37 3.51 4.98 5.04
SEm± 0.006 0.029 0.012 0.042
LSD (P = 0.05) 0.017 0.086 0.035 0.123
a0.5% solution of chelated Zn-EDTA @ 500 L ha–1, SA – Soil Application, AT- Active Tillering, FA–Foliar Application,
DAT- Days After Transplanting
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis Yadav et al., 2019
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Effects of foliar application of zinc sulphate
and zinc nanoparticles in coffee plants
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Rossi et al., 2019
Fresh and dry weight of root, stem and leaves of Coffee foliar fertilized with ZnSO4 and ZnO NPs.
Root FW Stem FW Leaves FW
Root DW Stem DW Leaves DW
P< 0.05
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FS: Foliar spray; SA: soil application; V: varieties; MT: maximum tillering; BS: booting stage.
Influence of varieties and Zn fertilization on
Grain and straw yield of wheat
Ghasal et al., 2017ARCHIVES OFAGRONOMY AND SOIL SCIENCE
P = 0.05
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Effect of Green Manuring and Zinc Fertilization on
Quality Parameters of Basmati Rice
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis Pooniya et al., 2015
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Effect of Zn treatments on Zn & Fe concentrations
in aromatic rice
Indian Journal of Agricultural Science Shivay et al., 2015
Treatments Zn concentrations
(mg kg-1 )
Fe concentrations
(mg kg-1)
Rice
kernel
Rice
husk
Rice straw Rice kernel Rice
husk
Rice
straw
Check 20.0 125.0 91.0 8.2 12.3 42.0
5 kg Zn ha-1 (soil) 21.3 130.0 100.0 9.0 13.4 48.0
1 kg Zn ha-1 (foliar) 22.0 147.0 102.0 8.4 12.8 45.0
5 kg Zn ha-1 (soil) + 1 kg Zn ha-1
(foliar)
25.0 175.0 107.0 9.3 14.1 55.0
2.83 kg Zn ha-1 through Zn-
coated urea (soil)
23.8 170.0 105.0 9.1 13.8 56.0
SEm± 0.30 1.46 0.98 0.15 0.39 0.58
LSD (p = 0.05) 0.86 4.13 2.78 0.44 1.10 1.66
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Conclusion
Zn-an important element to accelerate crop yield.
Widespread deficiency arises as a major threat to crop
production vis-à-vis nutrition.
Zn availability suffers a major set back in the populations
mainly dependent on cereal grains for their major food
requirements.
It is important that farmers, agronomists and extension
workers should ensure that the zinc status of their soils and
crops are adequate to satisfy both the yield and quality
criteria.
Increased use of Zn fertilizers to crop is a sustainable way of
addressing Zn deficiency in soil, crops, animals & human in
continuum.