whitefly as vector,whitefly species, biotypes of whitefly, types of virus, virus-vector relationship,insect act as vector, major crop disease, transmission of virus by whitefly and management of whitefly.
Here I would like to share my doctoral credit seminar on thrips as insect vectors for plant pathogens.I hope it would enhance your understanding...............
Here I would like to share my doctoral credit seminar on thrips as insect vectors for plant pathogens.I hope it would enhance your understanding...............
biological control of mealy bugs by australian lady bird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.
The adult as well as the larval cryptolaemus feed on all stages of mealy bugs.
FUNGICIDES COMPATIABILITY WITH AGRO-CHEMICALSsubhashB10
In this presentation you will come to learn (or) you will learn about the different types of fungicides and its application towards plants in the Sevier infestation of the plant diseases in an particular crop. and also you will come to learn about the different AGRO-CHEMICALS used for eradication of the particular plant diseases. and also you will come to know about the different FUNGICIDES mixtures & AGRO-CHEMICAL mixtures used for curing an particular plant disease or an diseases as a whole.
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
Here is the brief description of guava wilt and cotton wilt. This presentatation was presented by Bipin karki,BIjendra pradhan, Bivek Gyawali and Dorna Giri at IAAS Paklihawa.
The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
Here I would like to inform you in host selection process by the parasitiods.I hope It would increase your understanding on the steps involved n the host selection process.............................
Describe about different agents in causing the plant diseases with simple example so that it will be easy to understand for under graduate students especially
biological control of mealy bugs by australian lady bird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri.
The adult as well as the larval cryptolaemus feed on all stages of mealy bugs.
FUNGICIDES COMPATIABILITY WITH AGRO-CHEMICALSsubhashB10
In this presentation you will come to learn (or) you will learn about the different types of fungicides and its application towards plants in the Sevier infestation of the plant diseases in an particular crop. and also you will come to learn about the different AGRO-CHEMICALS used for eradication of the particular plant diseases. and also you will come to know about the different FUNGICIDES mixtures & AGRO-CHEMICAL mixtures used for curing an particular plant disease or an diseases as a whole.
In this PPT slides you will come to know about the different kinds of pest which is infesting in WHEAT plant. And also you will come to know about their management practices and also you will have an knowledge about some common chemicals which is being uses to eradicate the pests/diseases infesting in wheat plant.
Here is the brief description of guava wilt and cotton wilt. This presentatation was presented by Bipin karki,BIjendra pradhan, Bivek Gyawali and Dorna Giri at IAAS Paklihawa.
The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
Here I would like to inform you in host selection process by the parasitiods.I hope It would increase your understanding on the steps involved n the host selection process.............................
Describe about different agents in causing the plant diseases with simple example so that it will be easy to understand for under graduate students especially
How to deal with complex virus disease problems Senthil Natesan
Group of emerging plant viruses causing economically significant damage to a broad range of field crops, vegetables, ornamentals, fruits, etc.
Viruses can not move by themselves
and they need a “safe” vehicle to spread from plant to plant one such is thrips -Naidu A. Rayapati, Presentation at CPMB, TNAU 19th,August 2009
2017 Oregon Wine Sympoisum| Dr. Vaughn Walton and Rick Hilton- Red Blotch Dis...Oregon Wine Board
As red blotch continues to encroach upon more and more Oregon vineyards, knowledge of the latest research and trends has never been more critical. Scientists from UC Davis, ARS and Oregon State University will share their latest research on detection, vectors and the spread of grapevine red blotch associated virus. From ARS, Mysore Sudarshana will share his research on detection, from UC Davis, Frank Zalom will share his research on the vectors and spread of red blotch in California. Vaughn Walton and Rick Hilton will share their latest research on the vectors and spread in Oregon. Attendees will also hear from a Southern Oregon grower about his personal trials and tribulations at controlling the virus.
FACEBOOK/Agriculture Delhi
www.facebook.com/AgricultureDelhi
Somesh Jha, M.Sc.(Agri.) Plant Pathology is a Delhi based Freelance Agroconsultant who has been active in the sector of Agro, Retail and Agri Business consultancy for more than 17 years and has also served companies like Vishal Retail, Reliance Retail, Aadhaar Retailing(Future Group),Godrej Agrovet Ltd., Pragya (NGO) at various managerial levels. Carried out Capacity Building training programs for a reputed agri input company. Skills training of sales team in paddy and wheat belt such as Sangrur, Bathinda, Hanumangarh, Jaipur and Jodhpur. Carried out Behavioral Training program as a Freelance Trainer with a NSDC partner company, for one of the reputed hybrid seed company. Skills training of sales team in cotton belt of Punjab and Haryana regions
SEE ME IN DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, MNS. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, MULTAN PAKISTAN PROSPECTUS 2016-17 PICTURE
A brief outline of the antiviral strategies using RNA silencing pathways with special emphasis on artificial miRNA for broad spectrum virus resistance in plants
CHAPTER 15Smith, T. M., & Smith, R. L. (2015). Elements of Ecolo.docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 15
Smith, T. M., & Smith, R. L. (2015). Elements of Ecology (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
15.1 Parasites Draw Resources from Host Organisms
Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between organisms of different species. One species—the parasite—benefits from a prolonged, close association with the other species—the host—which is harmed. Parasites increase their fitness by exploiting host organisms for food, habitat, and dispersal. Although they draw nourishment from the tissues of the host organism, parasites typically do not kill their hosts as predators do. However, the host may die from secondary infection or suffer reduced fitness as a result of stunted growth, emaciation, modification of behavior, or sterility. In general, parasites are much smaller than their hosts, are highly specialized for their mode of life, and reproduce more quickly and in greater numbers than their hosts.
The definition of parasitism just presented may appear unambiguous. But as with predation the term parasitism is often used in a more general sense to describe a much broader range of interactions (see Section 14.1). Interactions between species frequently satisfy some, but not all, parts of this definition because in many cases it is hard to demonstrate that the host is harmed. In other cases, there may be no apparent specialization by the parasite or the interaction between the organisms may be short-lived. For example, because of the episodic nature of their feeding habits, mosquitoes and hematophagic (blood-feeding) bats are typically not considered parasitic. Parasitism can also be used to describe a form of feeding in which one animal appropriates food gathered by another (the host), which is a behavior termed cleptoparasitism (literally meaning “parasitism by theft”). An example is the brood parasitism practiced by many species of cuckoo (Cuculidae). Many cuckoos use other bird species as “babysitters”; they deposit their eggs in the nest of the host species, which raise the cuckoo young as one of their own (see Chapter 12 opening photograph). In the following discussion, we use the narrower definition of parasite as given in the previous paragraph, which includes a wide range of organisms—viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and an array of invertebrates, among them arthropods. A heavy load of parasites is termed an infection, and the outcome of an infection is a disease.
Parasites are distinguished by size. Ecologically, parasites may be classified as microparasites and macroparasites. Microparasites include viruses, bacteria, and protists. They are characterized by small size and a short generation time. They develop and multiply rapidly within the host and are the class of parasites that we typically associate with the term disease. The infection generally lasts a short time relative to the host’s expected life span. Transmission from host to host is most often direct, although other species may serve as carriers.
Macroparasite ...
Introduction Parasitology. Parasites in the human body.zizwanijmtambo
Introduction to parasitology in biomedical sciences include definition of parasitology, course overview, examples and summarized explanations on topics in parasitology. The types of parasites and their effect on the human body and it's systems
Insects are beautiful creature in nature and found in every environment on Earth. Many insects are considered to be pests by humans. However, some insects are crucial components of many ecosystems, performing many important functions such as pollination, decomposition and some insects produce useful substances, such as honey, wax, lac, silk, some insects act as food and medicine but some insects like mosquitoes, especially female ones act as vector for many bacterial and viral diseases because female mosquitoes needs nutrition contained in blood to help develop their eggs. Viruses take advantage of this biological requirement of mosquitoes to move from host to host. The mosquitoes spread pathogens by sucking our blood cause over half a million deaths each year and hundreds of millions of cases of severe illness. But there is no scientific evidence to suggest mosquitoes are transmitting SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Presented by
Bharat S Borude
M.Sc(Agri)Entomology
PG15-ENT1587
Seminar Incharge
Dr. D. B. Undirwade
Head
Department of Entomology
Dr. P.D.K.V. Akola
Chairman : Dr. S.K. Bhalkare
Assistant professor
Department of Entomology
Dr.PDKV Akola
3. Whitefly
The whitefly was first reported in Greece
125 years ago.
It became a major pest on cotton in India only after 1984.
Whitefly feeds on more than 500 plant species and transmits a
range of viral diseases in plants.
Taxonomic position
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Arthropoda
Class : Insecta
Order : Hemiptera
Family : Aleyrodidae
Genus : Bemisia
Species : tabaci
1550 species recorded
Source : Wikipedia
4. Insect vectors of plant viruses are found in 7 orders of the
class Insecta.
The majority of vectors are found in the two orders of
insects with pierce-sucking mouthparts (number of species
in parenthesis): Hemiptera (300) and Thysanoptera (6).
Other vector species are found in five orders of chewing
insects: Coleoptera (30), Orthoptera (10), Lepidoptera (4),
Diptera (2) and Dermaptera (1).
Over 1300 whitefly species in over 120 genera have been
described with only the Bemisia and Trialeurodes genera
being virus vectors.
There are 3 important species. About 114 viruses are
transmitted by these 3 spp.
Bemisia tabaci -108 viruses
Trialeurodes vaporariorum -3 viruses
Trialeurodes abutilonea -3 viruses
(Mound and Halsey, 1978)and )(Fereres and Raccah, 2015)
5. 1) Greenhouse whitefly -
Trialeurodes vaporariorum
2) Sweet potato whitefly -
Bemisia tabaci
3) Bandedwing whitefly -
Trialeurodes abutilonea
Common whitefly species
Source : Wikipedia
7. Biotypes of B. tabaci. host associations, and virus
transmission
UYV, = lettuce infectious yellows virus; AGMV, Asystasia golden mosaic virus; TYLCV·Ye, tomato
yellowleaf curl virus, Yemen; JMV, Jatropha mosaic virus; ACMV, African cassava mosaic virus.
Brown et.al.1995.
8. LIFE CYCLE OF WHITEFLY
yellowish white
Source : Wikipedia
9. Under surface of the leaves
Both nymphs and adults
Needle like mouthparts - vascular tissue / phloem
Suck the plant sap.
Excreting honey dew on which sooty mould grows.
NATURE OF DAMAGE
Whitefly adults Whitefly nymphs
10. •During 2015-16 an epidemic of whitefly incidence
was noticed during August in the cotton growing
areas of Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan.
•In 2015-16, Punjab had 4.50 lakh hectares under
cotton crop. The drop in acreage is a massive
43.11% in just one year with wary farmers shifting
to other crops.
•The crop loss due to this is estimated at 40-50 per
cent of the total or 1.5 to two million bales (a bale
is 170 kg).
(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/WhiteflyfearCottonacreagedrops-
to61yearlow/articleshowprint/53135445.cms?null)
ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO
WHITEFLIES
12. Vector
Definition: A vector is any agent (microorganism) that
carries and transmits an infectious pathogen into another
living organism.
FACTS of Transmission of Plant Viruses
Plant viruses do not penetrate the intact plant cuticle.
Not disseminated as such by wind or water, and even when they
are carried in plant sap or debris
Generally do not cause infections unless they come in contact
with the contents of wounded living cell
1. Mechanical contact
2. Grafting
3. Vegetative propagation
4. Botanical (sexual) seed
5. Pollen
Source: (Fereres and Raccah, 2015)
13. The Importance of Insect Vectors
Most plant viruses depend on vectors for their survival for two
principal reasons:
An impermeable cuticle coats the plant epidermis preventing
entry of virus particles (animal viruses enter readily through
natural openings). Most vectors are insects. Several plant viruses
may spread by contact or vegetative reproduction. Many insects
such as hemipterans are well adapted to their role as vectors by
their capacity to pierce the epidermis and delicately deposit the
virus in the cytoplasm without risking the integrity of the plant
cell. Recent findings propose that viruses have adapted to their
vectors modifying their behaviour to maximise their own spread.
Plants are rooted and lack independent mobility. Therefore, many
viruses depend on insects for transport among hosts (unlike
animals that, by their own mobility, transport the virus to new
niches).
Sorce: (Fereres and Raccah, 2015)
14. Types of viruses based upon the action of vector
Stylet-borne viruses(non-persistent)
The association occurs within the feeding apparatus of the insect, where
the virus can be rapidly adsorbed and then released into a different plant
cell. The feeding insect looses the virus rapidly when feeding on a non-
infected plant.
Cucumoviruses, carlaviruses and potyviruses
Circulative viruses(semi-persistent)
Circulate through the tissues of the vectors. Not transmitted immediately
after the acquisition but the vectors have to wait several hours
Maize chlorotic dwarf virus,rice tungro virus,potato leaf-roll virus.
Propagative viruses(persistent)
Viruses start multiplying within their vectors and establish a biological
relationship viruses possess an incubation period. Almost all leafhopper
transmitted viruses are propagative. Vector remain viruliferous throughout
their life.
Wheat streak mosaic virus. Source: (Whitfield and Rotenberg (2015)
15. Virus-Vector Relationship
Non-circulative viruses are retained in the insect stylet (A) or foregut (B).
Non-propagative circulative (yellow circles) viruses are generally phloem
limited and penetrate the insect body via the midgut or hindgut.
Circulative viruses use a hemolymph route to reach the salivary glands.
In contrast, circulative propagative viruses (red ovals) enter the insect at the
anterior region of the midgut and/or filter chamber region.
Propagative viruses may use a
hemolymph route and others such as
the Rhabdoviruses also use a
neurotropic route to reach the
salivary glands.
Propagative viruses replicate in the
midgut cells and other insect tissues.
Source: (Whitfield and Rotenberg (2015)
16. The salivary glands are the final destination for circulative transmission, and
viruses reach the salivary glands via the hemolymph or other routes such as the
nervous tissue (neurotropic route) or through connective tissues.
Reoviruses use tubules to move cell to cell in the midgut and another uses the
tubular structure to traverse the basal lamina (C).
Insets: Magnification of an insect stylet showing the proposed site of virion
attachment at the tip of the stylet in the common duct region (A).
Numbers designate the different strategies
for virion binding and retention in the
stylet: capsid strategy, direct binding of
capsid protein to the stylet (1), helper
component strategies for caulimoviruses,
two virus proteins serve as a “bridge”
between the virion and the stylet (2) and
potyviruses, one virus protein (HC-Pro)
binds to the aphid stylet and to the virus (3).
Source: (Whitfield and Rotenberg (2015)
17. Inset B: Magnification of the foregut retention site and proposed capsid binding strategy
used by Criniviruses. The minor capsid protein (CPm) is the viral attachment protein.
Inset C: The steps in the reovirus infection cycle and spread to adjacent cells modeled on
Rice dwarf virus. Rice dwarf virus enters cells using the endocytic pathway and after
virion release from the vesicle the replication cycle begins.
Progeny virions move cell-to-cell via tubule structures composed of virus nonstructural
protein. This enables virions to move directly from one cell to another without an
extracellular phase.
(Whitfield and
Rotenberg (2015)
27. Leaf Curl of Cotton
Leaves of infected cotton curl upward and bear leaf-like
enations on the underside along with vein thickening.
Leaves curl upwards and the plant vigour reduces.
Leaves become shiny with honeydew or darkened
by sooty mould growing on honeydew.
Lint contamination with honeydew and associated
fungi occur during heavy infestations
after boll opening.
Source: www.cicr.in
28. Yellow Vein Mosaic of okra
Yellowing of the entire network of veins in the leaf
blade is the characteristic symptom.
In severe infections the younger leaves turn yellow,
become reduced in size and the plant is highly stunted.
Infection may start at any
stage of plant growth.
Source: Wikipedia
29. The most common indicator of
the disease is the yellowing and
upward curling of the leaves,
which may also appear crumply.
Plant growth soon becomes
stunted and may even take on a
bush-like growth habit.
Flowers usually will not develop
and those that do simply drop
off. In addition, fruit production
will be significantly reduced.
TYLCV is transmitted exclusively by the
whitefly Bemisia tabaci.
Soruce: Castillo et.al.2011
30. Management of whitefly
Judicious application of N fertilizers
Grow inter crops and trap crops like BG, GG, soybean
cluster bean cowpea and groundnut with cotton and grow
castor and tomato as trap crops as border crops
Destroy the infested plants and weeds surrounding the field
Erect the yellow sticky traps 10-12/ha or keeping yellow
empty tins smeared with grease as trap. Wipe out trapped
whiteflies every day and apply grease again
Destroy the different stages of the insect by collecting the
infested leaves and affected parts of the plant by polythene
covers to avoid contact with other plants
Natural enemies like mirid bug and spiders
31. Seed treatment -Carbosulfan - 40 g/kg, Imidacloprid 70 WS - 5 g/kg and
Thiamethoxam 70 WS - 4 g/kg
Soil application- Carbofuran 3G 12 – 14 kg/ac or Phorate 10G 4 – 5 kg/ac
nearer to the base of seedlings when the soil is moist
Stem application-Monocrotophos or methyl demeton 1:4 with water
Imidacloprid 200 SL 1: 20 with water 20 – 25, 30 – 35 and
40 – 45 DAS
Foliar spray:
Azadirachtin 0.15% W/W 2.5l-5.0l
Azadirachtin 5% W/W 750 ml/ha
Difenthiauron 50SC 300gm/ha
Buprofezin 25% SC 1000ml/ha
Carbaryl 85% W.P. 1411 ml/ha
Dimethoate 30% EC 990 ml/ha
Monocrotophos 36% SL 375 ml/ha
Oxydemeton – methyl 25% EC 1000 ml
Phosphamidon 40% SL 625-750 ml/ha
Spiromesifen 22.9% SC 600ml/ha
Thiacloprid 21.7% SC 500-600 ml/ha
Imidacloprid 17.8% SL 100-125
Source: Applied Entomology
32. NBRI developed whitefly resistant
transgenic Cotton
The team of scientists isolated an anti-whitefly gene
named TMA12 from an edible fern Tectaria sp.. This fern
has been maintained in NBRI garden for the past 50 years.
One of the proteins was isolated from an edible fern
Tectaria sp, which is lethal to Whitefly and interferes in
its reproductive process.
This fern’s anti - whitefly protein was
introduced in cotton to translate the
potential of protein into a technology.
The selected transgenic cotton lines
shows remarkable control of whitefly
population through several generation. Pradhymna Singh with whitefly
resistant transgenic cotton plants.
Source: www.nbri.res.in
33. CONCLUSION
Whitefly is a polyphagous, migratory and highly
resistant pest. Synthetic organic pesticides caused
resurgence of the pest leading to the death of the farmers
recently occurred in Punjab and Haryana in India.
Considering the economic importance of the pest,
scientists and farmers have been taking profound practices
to manage the whitefly including cultural, host plant
resistance, biological and least importance to the older
molecules which already developed resistance to the
whitefly and including the newer molecules in a need based
application. NBRI developed white fly resistant transgenic
cotton. This gives farmers the hope that an overdose of
fertilisers and pesticides would save the plant. But there is a
need to develop transgenic crops which resist the sucking
pest complex of different crops.
34. Reference
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