Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Use of Autochthonous Organic Inputs for Amelioration of Fluoride Toxicity and...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of autochthonous organic inputs viz. vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Brassica campestris L. cv.B9 was selected as a test species. Experiments were carried out in two consecutive years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 designed as experiment I and experiment II. One unique thing was observed that mustard which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) and was above the control set. Moreover, autochthonous organic inputs were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride content within the different plant parts of mustard. Maximum amount of fluoride was accumulated within the leaves and minimum quantity of fluoride was accumulated within the seed but within the permissible range (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO). Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Therefore, combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia acted upon reduction of fluoride level in the crop field of mustard.
Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soilijtsrd
In-vivo experiment was conducted for toxicity evaluation of Imidacloprid on soil enzyme activities arylsulphatase, acid-phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the treated soil under control condition for 60 days at different application rate 3.97µg mL FR , 7.94µg mL 2FR and 39.7µg mL 10FR . Imidacloprid has significant toxic at 2FR and 10FR doses but not on the recommended field rate FR . Acid phosphatase activity was stimulated at FR rate, whereas at higher dose 10FR inhibited the activity. A significant drop of dehydrogenase activity was observed irrespective of doses at 30 days of application and after that the enzymatic activity slowly increased. Application of Imidacloprid at FR to agriculture soil of Tripura is not likely to show any detrimental effects on soil acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities but at higher elevated doses there appear some harmful effects which was also very much transient. Aloke Purkait | Dipak Kumar Hazra | Pabitra Kumar Biswas | Ashim Chowdhury "Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21406.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/21406/studies-the-effects-of-imidacloprid-on-enzymatic-activities-in-clay-loam-soil/aloke-purkait
Use of Autochthonous Organic Inputs for Amelioration of Fluoride Toxicity and...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of autochthonous organic inputs viz. vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Brassica campestris L. cv.B9 was selected as a test species. Experiments were carried out in two consecutive years 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 designed as experiment I and experiment II. One unique thing was observed that mustard which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) and was above the control set. Moreover, autochthonous organic inputs were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride content within the different plant parts of mustard. Maximum amount of fluoride was accumulated within the leaves and minimum quantity of fluoride was accumulated within the seed but within the permissible range (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO). Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Therefore, combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia acted upon reduction of fluoride level in the crop field of mustard.
Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soilijtsrd
In-vivo experiment was conducted for toxicity evaluation of Imidacloprid on soil enzyme activities arylsulphatase, acid-phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the treated soil under control condition for 60 days at different application rate 3.97µg mL FR , 7.94µg mL 2FR and 39.7µg mL 10FR . Imidacloprid has significant toxic at 2FR and 10FR doses but not on the recommended field rate FR . Acid phosphatase activity was stimulated at FR rate, whereas at higher dose 10FR inhibited the activity. A significant drop of dehydrogenase activity was observed irrespective of doses at 30 days of application and after that the enzymatic activity slowly increased. Application of Imidacloprid at FR to agriculture soil of Tripura is not likely to show any detrimental effects on soil acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities but at higher elevated doses there appear some harmful effects which was also very much transient. Aloke Purkait | Dipak Kumar Hazra | Pabitra Kumar Biswas | Ashim Chowdhury "Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21406.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/21406/studies-the-effects-of-imidacloprid-on-enzymatic-activities-in-clay-loam-soil/aloke-purkait
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
Fly ash – a as the problematic solid waste all over the world. Every year coal combustion residue of thermal power plants has been regarded Indian thermal power plants produce more than 100 million tones of Fly ash ,which is expected to reach 175 million tonnes in near future and their disposal is a major problem all over the world due to limited use and possible toxic outcomes. Fly ash is one of the waste obtained from thermal power industries during the process coal ash manufacturing. Cogenerated fly Ash’ which poses a significant environmental problem. Use of fly ash in agriculture provides a fesible alternative for its safe disposal & to replace the chemical fertilizers , improve the soil environment and enhance the crop productivity.
Fly ash as a management would remain a great concern with the century. Practical value of fly ash in agriculture especially in wheat can be established after repeated field experiments. Bakri et al. (2012) reported 1.85% K2O in fly ash. Fly ash also a good source of potassium as it contains 3.01% K2O. Anguissola et al., (1999). Fly ash is although rich in majority of micro and macro nutrient such as Fe, Mn , Zn , Cu , Ca , and N ,P ,K, Mg, etc.
Potassium is one of the essential major plant nutrient after nitrogen and phosphorus. Its management is more important since large amount of native k is mined by crops if it is not supplied externally. Role of potassium in increasing the yield of crops and improving the quality of produces has been in the agenda of soil scientists. It is seventh most common element in the lithosphere which contains on average 2.6% potassium.
The total potassium content of indian soils varies from 0.5 to 3.0%.Total potassium present in soils, more than 98% occurs in primary and secondary minerals.
Siderophores are compounds from ancient Greek words, sidero ‘iron’ and phore ‘carriers’ meaning ‘iron carriers’. These are low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds, produced by ‘rhizospheric bacteria’ under iron-limited conditions. They are small, high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi etc. Siderophore usually form a stable hexahendate, octahedral complex with Fe3+.
The effect of rhizosphere growth promoter bacteria on enzymes activities of H...Innspub Net
Soils and accumulated materials are resources of heavy metals, which are available for absorbance by plants. One
of the potential methods for eliminating heavy metals from polluted places includes usage of resistance creature
to metals which are able to accumulate and absorb high amount of material. Present study was carried out in a
greenhouse format in completely accidental plots with 4 times repetition and 2 plants of Hordeum vulgare and Brassica napus. This experiment was done in 2011 in Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch. Variance analysis results showed significant effect of pb levels, growth promoters bacteria and interaction effects of them on capabilities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes (P<0.01). Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-10-may-2014/
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and
the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been
greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of
sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS
-
PAGE in 10
rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different
concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control.
Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass
showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated
through SDS
-
PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The
morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress
provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response
in plants.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS-PAGE in 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control. Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated through SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response in plants.
Article Citation:
John De Britto R, Mary Sujin R, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Dharmar K.
Toxic effect of arsenic on ten rice varieties.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1(1): 011-016.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0003.pdf
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...Innspub Net
A field study was conducted at the college of Agriculture, Baghdad University- Jadiriyah to investigate the effect of adding potassium fertilizer and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) on the population density of two sucking pests of cucumber, cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci during the spring season/2016. Results indicated that potassium sulphate (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and organic nutrient (0.8 and 1.6ml/l) reduced both the population density of B. tabaci and T. tabaci nymphs depending on the fertilizer level of the user, the treatment 150 kg/ha for the potassium fertilizer and 1.6 ml/L for organic nutrient was the highest among others when minimized density of nymphs by 1.62 nymphs of B. tabaci/disk leaf and 0.38 nymph of T. tabaci / disk leaf. suggesting a possible increase in cucumber resistance to this pest as a result of the treatments, and the result showed the infestation with B. tabaci was higher in the second half of May, the average number of nymph were 5.35 nymph/ disk leaf, while the highest number of T. tabaci was observed in the first half of May, the average number reached to 2.73 nymph/ disk leaf. The result showed the interaction treatment K150A1.6 was significant superior of percentage of K and increased of content in leaves of Fe, Cu and Zn.
A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...Innspub Net
Carrots were first used for medical purposes and gradually used as food. It is also a good source of magnesium and manganese. Cadmium is a nonessential element that adversely affects plant growth and development. It is considered as one of the significant pollutants due to its high toxicity and more solubility in water. Experiment was conducted in Old Botanical Garden of University of Agriculture Faisalabad to check the response of carrot genotypes grown under Cadmium Chloride stress (0µM, 10µM, 15µM and 20µM). Variety of carrot (gajar) used was Red Gold. Seeds were sown in 12 pots, which were filled with sand, in 2nd week of November. Germination observed after one week of sowing. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Seeds of carrot (red gold) were purchased from Ayyub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad and sown directly in the plastic pot. 8 seeds per pot were distributed. Hogland solution was also applied to replicates and then I applied Cadmium Chloride stress to the plants to start my experiment. Cadmium stress decreased the uptake and distribution of essential elements in plant. Studies had revealed that heavy metals cause adverse effects on plant growth, which further lead to decrease plant yield and inhibition of enzymatic activities.In the present study, plant growth characteristics, root length and shoot length decreased under Cd stress. In fact, salt stress decreased all attributes in carrot when the concentrations of Cadmium chloride increased higher and higher.
Biochar impact on physiological and biochemical attributes of spinachGJESM Publication
Disastrous effect of nickel on spinach was discussed by number of authors but the effect of amendments like biochar with nickel on Spinacea oleraceaL. is not still discussed by any author of the world because biochar was used as soil amendments which play a vital role in reducing mobilization and uptake of nickel by spinach plants. As nickel contaminated plants are very harmful for the consumption by living organisms. Nickel can be gathered in agronomic soils by anthropogenic actions such as Ni-Cd batteries. In this study, the growth, physiological, photosynthetic and biochemical responses of Spinacia oleracea grown in Ni-spiked soil (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/Kg soil) at three levels of cotton-sticks-derived biochar “CSB” (0, 3 and 5 %) were evaluated. The results exposed significant decrease in growth, photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical traits of S. oleracea when grown in Ni-polluted soil. However, this decrease was less pronounced in CSB amended soil. A steady rise in the MDA (0.66 µg/g to 2.08 µg g-1), ascorbic acid (1.24 mg/g to 1.57 mg/g)and sugar concentrations (1.73 mg/g to 2.16 mg/g)was observed with increased concentration of Ni. The increasing percentages of CSB from 3 % to 5 % decreased Ni concentrations in root and shoot of experimental plant. Higher production of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein with CSB amendment looked like alleviation in Ni toxicity. Therefore, it is concluded that, Ni toxicity and availability to the plants can be reduced by CSB amendments.
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
Fly ash – a as the problematic solid waste all over the world. Every year coal combustion residue of thermal power plants has been regarded Indian thermal power plants produce more than 100 million tones of Fly ash ,which is expected to reach 175 million tonnes in near future and their disposal is a major problem all over the world due to limited use and possible toxic outcomes. Fly ash is one of the waste obtained from thermal power industries during the process coal ash manufacturing. Cogenerated fly Ash’ which poses a significant environmental problem. Use of fly ash in agriculture provides a fesible alternative for its safe disposal & to replace the chemical fertilizers , improve the soil environment and enhance the crop productivity.
Fly ash as a management would remain a great concern with the century. Practical value of fly ash in agriculture especially in wheat can be established after repeated field experiments. Bakri et al. (2012) reported 1.85% K2O in fly ash. Fly ash also a good source of potassium as it contains 3.01% K2O. Anguissola et al., (1999). Fly ash is although rich in majority of micro and macro nutrient such as Fe, Mn , Zn , Cu , Ca , and N ,P ,K, Mg, etc.
Potassium is one of the essential major plant nutrient after nitrogen and phosphorus. Its management is more important since large amount of native k is mined by crops if it is not supplied externally. Role of potassium in increasing the yield of crops and improving the quality of produces has been in the agenda of soil scientists. It is seventh most common element in the lithosphere which contains on average 2.6% potassium.
The total potassium content of indian soils varies from 0.5 to 3.0%.Total potassium present in soils, more than 98% occurs in primary and secondary minerals.
Siderophores are compounds from ancient Greek words, sidero ‘iron’ and phore ‘carriers’ meaning ‘iron carriers’. These are low-molecular-weight iron-chelating compounds, produced by ‘rhizospheric bacteria’ under iron-limited conditions. They are small, high affinity iron chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi etc. Siderophore usually form a stable hexahendate, octahedral complex with Fe3+.
The effect of rhizosphere growth promoter bacteria on enzymes activities of H...Innspub Net
Soils and accumulated materials are resources of heavy metals, which are available for absorbance by plants. One
of the potential methods for eliminating heavy metals from polluted places includes usage of resistance creature
to metals which are able to accumulate and absorb high amount of material. Present study was carried out in a
greenhouse format in completely accidental plots with 4 times repetition and 2 plants of Hordeum vulgare and Brassica napus. This experiment was done in 2011 in Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch. Variance analysis results showed significant effect of pb levels, growth promoters bacteria and interaction effects of them on capabilities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes (P<0.01). Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-10-may-2014/
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective soil
treatment option for metal reclamation. The use of plants to
remove heavy metals from soil is the phytoremediation. Heavy
metals are among the most dangerous substances in the
environment because of their high level of persistence and
harmfulness to living organisms. The present study in the field
deals with phytoremediation of heavy metals from contaminated
soil around Steel industry at Boisar Industrial area, using Indian
mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plant. The impact of addition of
chelating agents like EDTA (Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)
and Citric acid on the bioaccumulation efficiency of the plant
were investigated. Mustard plants were grown in soil around
steel industry. The results indicated significant reduction of
metals in the soil and increased accumulation in biomass. EDTA
proved better than citric acid in extraction of metals from the
soil. Order of percentage phytoextraction by plant was Fe+2 >Cd
>Al > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and
the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been
greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of
sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS
-
PAGE in 10
rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different
concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control.
Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass
showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated
through SDS
-
PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The
morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress
provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response
in plants.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS-PAGE in 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control. Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated through SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response in plants.
Article Citation:
John De Britto R, Mary Sujin R, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Dharmar K.
Toxic effect of arsenic on ten rice varieties.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1(1): 011-016.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0003.pdf
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...Innspub Net
A field study was conducted at the college of Agriculture, Baghdad University- Jadiriyah to investigate the effect of adding potassium fertilizer and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) on the population density of two sucking pests of cucumber, cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci during the spring season/2016. Results indicated that potassium sulphate (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and organic nutrient (0.8 and 1.6ml/l) reduced both the population density of B. tabaci and T. tabaci nymphs depending on the fertilizer level of the user, the treatment 150 kg/ha for the potassium fertilizer and 1.6 ml/L for organic nutrient was the highest among others when minimized density of nymphs by 1.62 nymphs of B. tabaci/disk leaf and 0.38 nymph of T. tabaci / disk leaf. suggesting a possible increase in cucumber resistance to this pest as a result of the treatments, and the result showed the infestation with B. tabaci was higher in the second half of May, the average number of nymph were 5.35 nymph/ disk leaf, while the highest number of T. tabaci was observed in the first half of May, the average number reached to 2.73 nymph/ disk leaf. The result showed the interaction treatment K150A1.6 was significant superior of percentage of K and increased of content in leaves of Fe, Cu and Zn.
A study on physiological, anatomical characterization of selected carrot plan...Innspub Net
Carrots were first used for medical purposes and gradually used as food. It is also a good source of magnesium and manganese. Cadmium is a nonessential element that adversely affects plant growth and development. It is considered as one of the significant pollutants due to its high toxicity and more solubility in water. Experiment was conducted in Old Botanical Garden of University of Agriculture Faisalabad to check the response of carrot genotypes grown under Cadmium Chloride stress (0µM, 10µM, 15µM and 20µM). Variety of carrot (gajar) used was Red Gold. Seeds were sown in 12 pots, which were filled with sand, in 2nd week of November. Germination observed after one week of sowing. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Seeds of carrot (red gold) were purchased from Ayyub Agriculture Research Institute (AARI) Faisalabad and sown directly in the plastic pot. 8 seeds per pot were distributed. Hogland solution was also applied to replicates and then I applied Cadmium Chloride stress to the plants to start my experiment. Cadmium stress decreased the uptake and distribution of essential elements in plant. Studies had revealed that heavy metals cause adverse effects on plant growth, which further lead to decrease plant yield and inhibition of enzymatic activities.In the present study, plant growth characteristics, root length and shoot length decreased under Cd stress. In fact, salt stress decreased all attributes in carrot when the concentrations of Cadmium chloride increased higher and higher.
Biochar impact on physiological and biochemical attributes of spinachGJESM Publication
Disastrous effect of nickel on spinach was discussed by number of authors but the effect of amendments like biochar with nickel on Spinacea oleraceaL. is not still discussed by any author of the world because biochar was used as soil amendments which play a vital role in reducing mobilization and uptake of nickel by spinach plants. As nickel contaminated plants are very harmful for the consumption by living organisms. Nickel can be gathered in agronomic soils by anthropogenic actions such as Ni-Cd batteries. In this study, the growth, physiological, photosynthetic and biochemical responses of Spinacia oleracea grown in Ni-spiked soil (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/Kg soil) at three levels of cotton-sticks-derived biochar “CSB” (0, 3 and 5 %) were evaluated. The results exposed significant decrease in growth, photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical traits of S. oleracea when grown in Ni-polluted soil. However, this decrease was less pronounced in CSB amended soil. A steady rise in the MDA (0.66 µg/g to 2.08 µg g-1), ascorbic acid (1.24 mg/g to 1.57 mg/g)and sugar concentrations (1.73 mg/g to 2.16 mg/g)was observed with increased concentration of Ni. The increasing percentages of CSB from 3 % to 5 % decreased Ni concentrations in root and shoot of experimental plant. Higher production of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein with CSB amendment looked like alleviation in Ni toxicity. Therefore, it is concluded that, Ni toxicity and availability to the plants can be reduced by CSB amendments.
Abstract— The content of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) which is excessive in the soil could affects on the soil and plants health. The aim of this descriptive study was to investigate the ability of selected indigenous plants in stabilizing Cd. The study was conducted at an agricultural production center in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. There were two stages of this study, namely: (1) analysis of nutrient and heavy metal contamination, and (2) phytoremediation experiment by using five types of indigenous plants. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Once the plants were harvested, the plant materials then were analyzed the heavy metal content remaining in the soil and absorbed by the plants. The heavy metal content analysis used AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry). Subsequently, the analysis result data were calculated for the bio-concentration factor (BCF) and heavy metal reduction. The initial content of heavy metal Cd in the soil prior phytoremediation had passed the threshold value (2.26 mg kg-1). The five indigenous plants tested on the contaminated soil showed a good growth pattern, especially in the fourth week after planting. The average ability of this selected plant to reduce heavy metals Cd was up to 71.2%. The reductions of heavy metals Cd obtained by each plant were Vetiveria zizanioides (71.2%), Eleusine indica, L. (58.9%), Ageratum conyzoides L. (52.2%), Euphorbia hirta (51.8%) and Chromolaena odorata (22.1%).
Acceleration of Lead Phytostabilization by Maize (Zea mays) in Association wi...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Soil where shooting practices are conducted is extremely contaminated with heavy metals, exclusively by Pb, due to the bullets and bullet fragments. These extreme concentrations of Pb, generate an unfavourable surroundings for agriculture and human health through phytoaccumulation. This study was conducted to assess the possibility of particular bio-amendment, phytostabilization on the reduction of bioavailable Pb in such contaminated soil. Biomass (BM) produced from Gliricidiasepium was used to see its ability to be used in soil remediation together with Maize (Zea mays) as phytostabilizer. A pot experiment was conducted with Maizeby adding BM at three different percentages, 1, 2.5 and 5% (w/w). Soil without amendments served as the control and arranged in a complete randomized design. By maize, translocation rate of heavy metals into crop were determined. After sixth week, grown maize were harvested and analyzed followed by digestion with con.HNO3. The most significant immobilization (p<0.05)>TF in maize. For the treatment 5% BM, PF and TF for Pb are 1.22 and 0.15 respectively. Thereby maize can be considered as a potential phytostabilizer. At the same time efficiency of phytostabilizing nature of maizecan increase together with the application of soil amendment – BM.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (Glomus fasciculatum) on tropical gum tree (Sterculia setigera Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non-AMF inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg-1) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non-inoculated. Copper concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the inoculated and non-inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels. However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non-inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Article Citation:
Malick Ndiaye, Cavalli Eric, Diouf Adama, Diop Tahir Abdoulaye.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setigera (Del.) under Copper-contamined soil.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 022-028.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0012.pdf
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
Copper Accumulation in Leucaena leucocephala by Mycorrhizae Glomus Sp. Zac–19...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Jose Antonio Alzate dam is the main man-made reservoir along the Lerma River in central Mexico. The water in this dam is heavily contaminated with organic and inorganic residues including copper and other heavy metals. For many years, people living in the vicinity of the dam use sediments as fertilizers, resulting in heavy soil contamination. This study focuses on the use of native Leucadena leucocephala, a small, fast-growing mimosid tree cultivated under greenhouse conditions in an attempt to reduce the levels of copper. The plant was inoculated with a fungus of the Glomus sp. Zac-19 species that in a symbiotic manner increases the decontaminating properties of L. leucocephala. The study was carried out in three stages, starting with sequential extractions to assess the geochemical distribution of copper. Next, L. leucocephala was grown under controlled conditions using a factorial statistical model adding two known doses of Cu2+ and a third plantlet grown under normal conditions to be used as control. The plant growth was followed at random during 30, 60, 90 and 180 days to assess the level of copper bioaccumulation in leaves, stem and in the whole plant. The bioaccumulation index was evaluated using the initial six fractions, with fraction five revealing a direct relationship between the levels of copper in plant and sediment. Due to the relation of fraction V with humic material, it was finally considered for the calculation of the bioaccumulation index. Copper accumulation in stems was greater than in leaves and the metal concentration decreased with time. The percentage of arbuscules, vesicles and complete colonization was affected by high doses of Cu2+,inhibiting the growth of stem and leaves of L. leucocephala. These results suggest that the plant can be useful for the biological removal of copper in contaminated sediments or soils.
4 ijhaf feb-2018-2-effects of cd on microbial propertiesAI Publications
Plants have mechanisms for accumulation, tolerance or alleviation of high levels of heavy metals in contaminated soil. Some contaminants can be absorbed by the plants and are then broken down by plant enzymes. The objective of this particular study was measure the potential activities of three enzymes (dehydrogenase, protease and phosphatase) in the alfalfa rhizospheres under the stress at different concentrations of cadmium salts, and inoculated different biofertilizers strains of S. meliloti and coinoculated with Trichoderma strains. As well as pH, NaCl, CaCO3 tolerance and antibiotic resistance were investigated. The results show that the growth rate of sinorhizobial strains decreased with increasing of NaCl and CaCO3 concentration. Sinorhizobial strains grew in environments of pH ranged between5.5-7.5. There was variable response to antibiotic of all sinorhizobial strains. As well it was clearly showed that Cdso4 reduced the activity of phosphatase. Trichoderma harzianum stimulate the enzyme activity more than Trichoderma viride.
Phosphorus mineralization of bioslurry and other manures in soil Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to see the phosphorus (P) mineralization pattern of bioslurry under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Two bioslurry (cowdung bioslurry and poultry manure bioslurry) and their original manure (cowdung and poultry manure) at 3, 5, 10 and 20 t ha-1, respectively were thoroughly mixed with soil and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic moisture condition for 12 weeks. Among the four different types of manure, P release from poultry manure slurry was the highest. Poultry manure and cowdung slurry recorded very closer amount of available P. Both cowdung slurry and poultry manure slurry released higher amount of P compared to their original state (cowdung and poultry manure). P mineralization reaches in peak within 4-6 weeks of incubation. Under anaerobic condition the P mineralization was found higher compared to aerobic condition. The P mineralization data fitted strongly to the first order kinetic model. The bioslurries had lower rate of mineralization but had higher potentiality to release P in the soil compared to their original state.
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
About 20 topsoil samples collected from different locations of Gazipur industrial area were analyzed
to specify the elements by XRF. Soil pH, moisture content, organic carbon, organic matter, elements were
investigated by following proper procedure to find out the actual scenario of the soil status. Most soil samples
pH is tend to neutral which is most favorable for up taking nutrients. Moisture Content, Organic Carbon and
Organic Matter are enriched in the soil for plant growth. Speciation analysis are showing concentration trend
as Al>Fe>K>Mg>Ca>Rb>Mn>Si>P. Most of the elements are used as fertilizer for soil nutrient supplement
and also used as raw material in process industries. Though they are required for improving soil quality excess
amount is also harmful for soil biota. Soil chemical reaction with the surroundingis largely controlled by the
components present in soil matrix. Multivariate statistical analysis e.g: hierarchical cluster analysis showing 2
main clusters in the soil matrix which components are similar in characteristics or source.Group 1 and 2
formed by following different factors like common sources, attraction of the elements, similarity in
characteristics. Correlation matrix is exhibiting significant positive relationship among the components.
Different components have distinct positive relation with distinct components which differ from each other.
Principal component analysis denotes 3 principal components for composing soil matrix significantly.
Green waste compost with wood ash additive improves physico-chemical and biol...AI Publications
A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the potential of green waste wood ash compost on a tropical acid soil. Four types of compost (prepared with 0, 5, 10 and 15% of wood ash prior composting) were used to amend an Oxisol from the centre region of Cameroon. The different composts were mixed with the soil in 1/4 proportions (w/w); the experimental design was a completely randomized block with three replicates per treatment. The different treatments were planted with soybean (Glycine max L.) for three month growing period. Compost amendment increased the soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. Bacterial and fungal biomass together with cellulase and protease activities also increased in amended soil. Following soil chemical, physical and chemical parameters, plant growth and yield also improved in compost treated sols. However, compost prepared with 15% wood ash additive showed trends of inhibition of the soil microbiota. It can be concluded that green waste wood ash compost could be used as a suitable soil fertilizer for tropical acid soils, although precautions are to be taken when using these composts prepared with addition of wood ash ≥ 15%.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 69
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and
growth attributes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
M. Iranpour a1
, A. Lakzian2
, M. Zarenia3
1,2
Department of Soil Science, Ferdowsi University, Iran
Email: mohseniranpour@hotmail.com, alakzian@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Soil Science, Shahrekord University, Iran.
E-mail: Corresponding author: Zarenia.milad@yahoo.com
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic
matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean
nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five
cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a
completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused
higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly
at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high
concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in
common bean.
Keywords— cadmium, common bean, cow manure, nitrogen, nodulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of five cultivated species from the genus Phaseolus and it is the most important
grain legume for direct human consumption (Broughton et al. 2003). This crop constitutes a traditional food for many people
in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. It is high in protein, essential vitamins and minerals, carbohydrates, fiber, and it is a low
fat food (Messina 1999). P. vulgaris has a unique property of symbiotically associating with Rhizobium leguminosarum and
convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form to the plants.
Rhizobium is the most well-known species of a group of bacteria that acts as the primary symbiotic fixer of nitrogen. These
bacteria can infect the roots of leguminous plants, leading to the formation of lumps or nodules where the nitrogen fixation
takes place. The symbiosis between Rhizobium and legumes are a cheaper and usually more effective agronomic practice for
ensuring an adequate supply of N for legume-based crop and pasture production than the application of fertilizer-N (Zahran
1999). The symbiotic relationship between rhizobium bacteria and legume contribute at least 70 million tons of N per year
(Brockwell et al. 1995). Typical environmental stresses faced by the legume nodules and their symbiotic partner (Rhizobium)
may include photosynthate deprivation, water stress, salinity, soil nitrate, temperature, heavy metals, and biocides (Walsh
1995).
Early studies of the effects of heavy metal on nitrogen fixation by legumes found little evidence that symbiotic N2-fixation
was sensitive to heavy metal toxicity (Obbard and jones 1993; Obbard et al. 1993; Vigue et al. 1981). Cadmium toxicity is 2
to 20 times greater than any other heavy metals (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias 2001), and the limit of cadmium concentration
in soil associated to biomass reduction for the majority of agricultural plants is reported to be between 5 and 15 mg Cd Kg-1
of soil (Simon 1998). The main sources of cadmium in the agricultural sector include sewage sludge, deposition from base-
metal smelter emissions and uncontrolled application of Cd-rich phosphatic fertilizers (Robinson et al. 1998; Nicholson et al.
2003). Apart from the source of cadmium, the bioavailability of Cd in soils is a function of its solubility (Ernst 1996) with
pH and organic matter content being the main controlling factors (Grey et al. 1998).
The toxic effects of cadmium on biological systems were reported by various authors (Mukherjee et al. 1984; Sharma et al.
1985). Presence of Cd in growth media reduces nodule formation and impairs nodule functioning in Phaseolus vulgaris
(Vigue et al. 1981).There is also evidence that suggests that reduction in plant growth, nodule size and nitrogenase activity in
white clover was due to Cd, Pb and Zn, when plants were grown in soils highly contaminated with these metals (Rother et al.
1983).
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 70
One of the ways to recover and maintain the soil’s productivity has been shown to be the addition of organic wastes as
organic amendment (Baran et al. 2001). However the use of organic wastes can lead to problems pertaining to their heavy
metal content and their successive application result in heavy metal accumulation in soil. Basta et al. (2005) reported that the
presence of significant quantities of humic substances in organic amendments adsorbed toxic metals temporarily, by
formation of chelates (Adriano 2001) or other more complexes, which sorb them for longer periods of time (tordoff et al.
2000). However, Narwal and Singh (1998) suggested that the efficiency of the organic material in reducing Cd uptake was
generally small. On the contrary, Hanc et al. (2008) found that addition of manure increased cadmium uptake by plants. The
amount and type of organic matter present in the soil can also affect the metal solubility by complexation and chelation with
metals. In Iran, application of cow manure is one of the most common practices used for cultivating plants. In addition,
development of industrial manufactories and use of industrial waste leads to contamination of soil with heavy metals in
important zones under cultivation of bean in Iran (Bahmani et al. 2012). Hence, the purposes of this experiment were to study
the effects of cow manure and cadmium and their interactions on nodulation and growth Attributes of common bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under greenhouse conditions.
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
The experiment was carried out at the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University during the 2011/2012
cropping season, in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement consisting of five levels of cadmium 0, 2, 5,
10 and 20 (mg Cd Kg-1 soil) and four levels of organic matter (cow manure) 0 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1, 30 t ha-1 and 60 t ha-1 with
three replications. Some characteristics of the cow manure are shown in Table 1. Soil was collected from the field situated in
the farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University (latitude 36”14’ N, longitude 59”40’ E). For laboratory analysis, soil
samples were air dried and passed through a 2-mm sieve and stored. The initial properties of the soil were: pH 7.85 in a 5:1
soil-water ratio, electrical conductivity in a 5:1 soil-water ratio, loam texture with clay 20%, silt 47% and sand 33% (Gee and
Bauder 1986), organic carbon 0.5% (Nelson and Sommers 1996), total N 0.057% (Bremner and Mulvaney 1982), Olsen-P 12
(Olsen et al. 1954), DTPA extractable Cd 0.03 mg Kg-1 (Lindsay and Norvell 1978) and available K 305 mg Kg-1 (Helmek
and Sparks 1996), respectively.
TABLE 1
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE COW MANURE (CM) USED IN THE EXPERIMENT
Cd
(mg/kg)
Pt
(%)
Nt
(%)
C/N
O.C
(%)
ECa
(ds/m)
pHa
0.090.721.7622.740118.1
a
5:1 extract
Nt: total nitrogen
Pt: total Phosphorus
For the present study, local cultivar of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) was selected to study the effect of cow manure
and cadmium. For treatments, cow manure and cadmium sulfate [CdSO4.8H2O] were used. Soil, cow manure and cadmium
were mixed completely. Then, with the purpose of creating a balance between the cow manure and cadmium in the soil, an
incubation period of one month was spent in the greenhouse condition and during this period, the moisture of the pots was
kept at about (%70±10) field capacity.
After preparing the pots and disinfecting the seeds, four common bean seeds were planted in the depth of 2 cm evenly spaced
in each pot (including 2000 g of soil) and after 2 weeks thinned to 3 plants per pot. The experiment was carried out in a
greenhouse at 26° C during the days with natural light, and 19° C during the nights.
Plants were harvested 10 weeks after sowing and data on the following parameters were collected: shoot and root fresh and
dry weights and number and dry weight of nodules. The plant organs were oven-dried at 60°C for 48 h weighed and ground
into a fine powder (0.85 mm) for the analysis of micro nutrients. The shoot and root were dried in oven at 65°C for 48 h and
analyzed for cadmium (Isaac and Johnson 1975) and nitrogen content was measured by the kjeldahl procedure (Page et al.
1982). Analysis of the data was carried out through SAS software, the comparison between the means was done via
Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) at the level of %5, and the diagrams were drawn by Excel.
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 71
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 The effect of cadmium, cow manure and their interaction on number of nodulation of common bean Phaseolus
vulgaris L.)
The study found that different Cd levels significantly reduced number of nodule. Fig. 1 show that number of nodule was
firstly increased slightly at 2 mg Cd Kg-1, but decreased significantly once the Cd concentration was above 2 mg Kg-1 soil.
Similar results had been reported by Yang et al. (2005) who found that the addition of 2 or 5 mg Cd Kg-1 soil could stimulate
the microbial activity in soil, while inhibitory influences induced at high Cd level of 10 or 20 mg Kg-1 soil.
The addition of low Cd pollutant increased microbial activity in rhizosphere due to the increased secretion of carbohydrate
and organic acids in root exudation, which increase the carbon allocation in rhizosphere soil. Whereas a decline of the
enhancement in rhizosphere was observed in high Cd treatments owing to critical inhibition on root growth and metal
activation in rhizosphere, which strengthen the toxic impact of metal pollutants on soil microbes (Dong et al. 2007). The
application of cow manure at 15 and 30 t ha-1 nonsignificantly affected number of nodulation in common bean, but
application of cow manure at 60 t ha-1 caused a significant decrease in number of nodulation of green been in comparison to
control.
FIGURE 1. THE EFFECT OF CADMIUM AND COW MANURE ON NUMBER OF NODULES, NODULES FRESH WEIGHT,
CD UPTAKE IN ROOTS AND N CONTENT IN SHOOTS OF COMMON BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.)
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 72
The interaction effect of Cd and CM levels are shown in Table 2. On application of 0, 2 and 5 mg Cd Kg-1 soil, the addition
of all the levels of cow manure did not significantly affected number of nodulation of green been. In general, at 10 and 20
mg Cd Kg-1 soil all the levels of CM caused a decrease in number of nodulation of common bean, Moreover, at 10 and 20
mg Cd Kg-1 soil, the addition of 60 t ha-1 CM caused a decreased the number of nodulation of common bean, significantly
in comparison to control. This might possibly be due to the effect of CM application on the availability of cadmium to the
plants.
TABLE 2
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF CADMIUM AND COW MANURE ON N CONTENT, NODULATION AND CD
CONCENTRATION OF COMMON BEAN.
Treatment N content of Shoot
(mg per pot)
Number of nodules nodule fresh weight
(g per pot)
Cd uptake in Root
(mg per pot)
Cd0
CM0 69.56 a
129.67 a
1.25 a
0/003 g
CM1 72.98 a
132.00 a
1.12 b
0/003 g
CM2 74.81 a
130.00 a
0.98 cd
0/003 g
CM3 75.08 a
125.00 a
0.96 cd
0/004 g
Cd1
CM0 68.80 ab
135.00 a
1.05 cd
0/027 f
CM1 73.11 a
137.00 a
1.03 c
0/027 f
CM2 74.20 a
133.33 a
0.91 d
0/027 f
CM3 74.74 a
130.33 a
0.89 d
0/028 f
Cd2
CM0 61.47 c
95.00 b
0.64 e
0/061 e
CM1 61.80 bc
96.00 b
0.65 e
0/061 e
CM2 62.18 bc
95.00 b
0.64 e
0/062 e
CM3 62.29 bc
94.33 b
0.61 e
0/062 e
Cd3
CM0 46.52 d
74.67 c
0.36 f
0/101 d
CM1 45.63 de
71.67 cd
0.32 fg
0/101 d
CM2 41.02 de
65.67 cd
0.29 fg
0/104 d
CM3 39.33 e
59.67 d
0.26 g
0/106 d
Cd4
CM0 31.29 f
31.67 e
0.09 h
0/133 c
CM1 30.87 f
29.33 e
0.09 h
0/131 c
CM2 26.11 f
20.33 ef
0.08 h
0/141 b
CM3 16.86 g
12.67 f
0.05 h
0/150 a
Each value is a mean of three replicates where each replicates constituted three plants/pot.
Mean values followed by different letters in the same column are different at P<0.05 according to Duncan's test.
3.2 The effect of cadmium, cow manure and their interaction on Nodule fresh weights of common bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.)
The application of cadmium did significantly decrease Nodule fresh weights, with the decrease being greatest (93%) with
Cd4 and least (10%) with Cd1 in comparison to control. The possible reason for this might be the deleterious effects of Cd
contamination on roots, and hence inhibiting the growth of roots. The interaction of Rhizobium in the nodules of chickpea
was found to be very sensitive to heavy metals resulting in a decrease in dry mass of chickpea and green gram (Woolhouse
1983; Rana and Ahmad 2002). On application of cow manure, with the exception of 15 t ha-1, did significantly decrease
Nodule fresh weights in common been, with the decrease being greatest (18%) with CM3 and least (13%) with CM2 in
comparison to control.
The interaction effect of Cd and CM levels were shown in Table 2. On application of 2, 5 and 20 mg Cd Kg-1 soil, the
addition of all the levels of cow manure did not significantly affected number of nodulation of common. In general, at 0 mg
Cd Kg-1 soil all the levels of CM caused a significant decrease in Nodule fresh weights of common been in comparison to
control, Moreover, at 10 mg Cd Kg-1 soil, the addition of 60 t ha-1 CM caused a decrease in the Nodule fresh weights of
common been, significantly in comparison to control.
3.3 The effect of cadmium, cow manure and their interaction on total N content in the shoots of common bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
On application of cadmium, with the exception of 2 mg Cd Kg-1 soil, did significantly decrease total N content in the shoots,
with the decrease being greatest (64%) with Cd4 and least (15%) with Cd2 in comparison to control. Sheirdil et al. (2012)
found that growth; nodulation and N2 fixation of soybean was adversely affected with increased in Cd concentration.
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-2, Issue-10, October- 2016]
Page | 73
The application of all the levels of cow manure nonsignificantly affected total N content in the shoots of common bean. On
application of 0, 2 and 5 mg Cd Kg-1 soil, the addition of all the levels of cow manure did not significantly affected total N
content in the shoots of P. vulgaris, however, at 10 mg and 20 Cd Kg-1 soil, the addition of 60 t ha-1 CM caused a decrease
in total N content of shoots, significantly in comparison to control.
3.4 The effect of cadmium, cow manure and their interaction on cadmium uptake in the roots of P. vulgaris.
The study found that all the levels of cadmium significantly increased cadmium uptake in the roots. Chen and et al. (2003)
found that Cd content in the plant increased as the Cd concentration in the soils increased, whereas it decreased slightly at the
high Cd concentration (20 mg Kg-1 soil) and the possible reason for this might be the deleterious effects of Cd contamination
on roots, and hence inhibiting the growth of roots.
The application of cow manure at 60 t ha-1 significantly increased cadmium uptake in the roots. On application of 0, 2, 5 and
10 mg Cd Kg-1 soil, the addition of all the levels of cow manure did not significantly affected cadmium uptake in the roots
of common bean, however, at 20 mg Cd Kg-1 soil, the addition of 30 and 60 t ha-1 cow manure significantly increased
cadmium uptake in comparison to control.
As mentioned in the previous section, organic matter in soil strongly influences the bio availability of Cd. However, the
source of organic matter was a determining factor for Cd distribution in the soil and for Cd uptake by plants. The results
show that addition of cow manure at 60 t ha-1 soil significantly increased cadmium uptake by plants. The results also imply
that, the interaction effect of Cd at 20 mg Cd Kg-1 soil and CM at 30 and 60 t ha-1 significantly increased cadmium uptake
of common been in comparison to control. The increase in cadmium uptake with the application of cow manure could be
attributed to the complexing properties of cow manure, which might have increased the bio-availability of Cd. Similar results
were obtained by Hanc et al. (2008) who found that addition of manure increased cadmium uptake by plants. Also, Manure
application has also been linked to increasing Cd solubility in soil (Bolan et al. 2004). Again, Li et al. (2010) found that pig,
dairy cow and chicken manures contained high Cd due to presence of Cd in their feeds.
In the present study, the presence of cadmium significantly affected the Rhizobium-legume symbioses in soil. The results
indicate that the number of nodulation of P. vulgaris, Nodule fresh weights and total N content in the shoots might be
negatively influenced by Cd uptake, and hence resulting in the reduction of N2-fixation. The presence of Cd decreased
nodulation and nitrogenase activity in Phaseolus vulgaris (Dewdy and Ham 1997; Vigue et al. 1981).
The result also indicate that number of nodule was stimulated to some extent at the low level of added Cd, but decreased
sharply with further increase of Cd concentrations. Further research is needed in order to study the effects of Cd pollution on
nodulation, N2-fixation capabilities of root nodule, and common bean growth.
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