Maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol] is the third and second most important cereal crop of India, respectively. Maize–wheat system is the third dominant cropping system of India covering 1.8 mha with 2.3% contribution in food grain production (Jat et al., 2013).
Interactions between nutrients in plants occur when the supply of one nutrient affects the absorption, distribution and functions of another nutrient. Generally P and Zn interact negatively, which depends upon a number of physico-chemical properties of soil. Antagonistic P×Zn interaction has been subject of intensive research in several countries and has been thoroughly reviewed. Although some positive interactions of P and Zn are also reported (Shivay, 2013).
The maximum available P and Zn content in the soil was recorded with super-optimal dose (150% NPK) and optimal dose (100% NPK) along with Zn, respectively (Verma et al., 2012). Zinc and P application has antagonistic effect on each other with respect to their concentration and absorption by wheat and maize (Verma and Minhas, 1987). The three Bacillus aryabhattai strains (MDSR7, MDSR11 and MDSR14) were consistent in enhancement of root and shoot dry weight and zinc uptake in wheat (Ramesh et al., 2014).
Management of P×Zn interaction is a challenging task in the era of sustainable food and nutritional security. Use of efficient varieties and application of inorganic P and Zn fertilizer in conjunction with bio-inoculants can increase the crop yield and efficiency of added fertilizers to save precious input.
Site Specific nutrient Management for Precision Agriculture - Anjali Patel (I...Rahul Raj Tandon
Dr. V. N. Mishra is the course teacher and Anjali Patel is the speaker. The presentation discusses site specific nutrient management (SSNM), which aims to optimize nutrient supply according to differences in soil-plant systems for a particular crop in a given season. SSNM involves assessing indigenous nutrient supply from soil and crop residues, determining crop demand based on yield goals, and applying fertilizers based on those factors. Precision tools like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and variable-rate technology help implement SSNM.
Fertilizer use efficiency depends on many factors related to the soil, climate, crop, and fertilizer characteristics. Only a fraction of the nutrients in fertilizer may be absorbed by crops, with the rest lost through leaching, volatilization, immobilization, or interactions between fertilizers. Maximum efficiency is obtained when the minimum amount of fertilizer needed is applied based on soil testing. Efficiency varies depending on soil properties like texture, pH, temperature, and moisture as well as the fertilizer type and application method used.
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
This document discusses ways to improve fertilizer use efficiency. It explains that fertilizer recommendations are based on soil tests to determine nutrient needs. Efficiency is maximized by selecting the right fertilizer type, applying at the right time and rate based on soil and crop factors. Key losses include leaching, gaseous losses through processes like denitrification, and immobilization through chemical reactions or microbial activity. The document provides strategies to minimize each loss type such as fertilizer placement, addition of nitrification inhibitors, and selecting fertilizers suited to the soil properties.
SSNM is an approach to optimize soil nutrient supply over space and time to match crop requirements. It involves applying fertilizers at optimal rates based on the nutrient needs of crops and indigenous nutrient sources. SSNM aims to increase crop productivity and fertilizer efficiency while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Studies show SSNM can increase grain yields by 7-27% and total profits by 12% compared to standard farmer practices through balanced nutrition and reduced disease and insect damage. Tools like sensors, soil sampling, and GPS help implement SSNM site-specifically.
The document discusses the effect of chemical composition of plant residues on nitrogen mineralization in soil. It presents findings from several case studies and research papers. The chemical composition of different plant residues like lignin, polyphenols and C:N ratio affects their decomposition rate and impacts nitrogen mineralization. Plant residues high in nitrogen and low in lignin and polyphenols decompose faster, releasing nitrogen for plant uptake. The studies show crop residues and tree leaves with higher lignin and polyphenol content immobilize soil nitrogen during decomposition.
The document discusses various organic manures and sewage sludge. It describes concentrated organic manures such as oil cakes which are byproducts of oil extraction containing nutrients. It also discusses sewage sludge and its composition, production, and heavy metal content. Sewage can be used for irrigation after treatment but may contaminate soils. Sludge treatment methods include composting to reduce pathogens and heavy metals.
potassium fixation in different clay mineralsBharathM64
This document discusses potassium fixation in different clay minerals. It explains that potassium fixation was first reported in 1887 and involves potassium penetrating between clay layers and becoming tightly held. The degree of potassium fixation varies between clay types, with vermiculite showing the highest fixation due to its high charge density and large interlayer space, followed by illite, montmorillonite, and kaolinite. Factors like charge density, interlayer space size, solution concentration, and presence of other cations can influence how much potassium is fixed within clay minerals. The practical implication is that fixed potassium contributes to long-term potassium availability in soils.
Site Specific nutrient Management for Precision Agriculture - Anjali Patel (I...Rahul Raj Tandon
Dr. V. N. Mishra is the course teacher and Anjali Patel is the speaker. The presentation discusses site specific nutrient management (SSNM), which aims to optimize nutrient supply according to differences in soil-plant systems for a particular crop in a given season. SSNM involves assessing indigenous nutrient supply from soil and crop residues, determining crop demand based on yield goals, and applying fertilizers based on those factors. Precision tools like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and variable-rate technology help implement SSNM.
Fertilizer use efficiency depends on many factors related to the soil, climate, crop, and fertilizer characteristics. Only a fraction of the nutrients in fertilizer may be absorbed by crops, with the rest lost through leaching, volatilization, immobilization, or interactions between fertilizers. Maximum efficiency is obtained when the minimum amount of fertilizer needed is applied based on soil testing. Efficiency varies depending on soil properties like texture, pH, temperature, and moisture as well as the fertilizer type and application method used.
Potassium- Forms,Equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance ,mech...Vaishali Sharma
The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
This document discusses ways to improve fertilizer use efficiency. It explains that fertilizer recommendations are based on soil tests to determine nutrient needs. Efficiency is maximized by selecting the right fertilizer type, applying at the right time and rate based on soil and crop factors. Key losses include leaching, gaseous losses through processes like denitrification, and immobilization through chemical reactions or microbial activity. The document provides strategies to minimize each loss type such as fertilizer placement, addition of nitrification inhibitors, and selecting fertilizers suited to the soil properties.
SSNM is an approach to optimize soil nutrient supply over space and time to match crop requirements. It involves applying fertilizers at optimal rates based on the nutrient needs of crops and indigenous nutrient sources. SSNM aims to increase crop productivity and fertilizer efficiency while mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Studies show SSNM can increase grain yields by 7-27% and total profits by 12% compared to standard farmer practices through balanced nutrition and reduced disease and insect damage. Tools like sensors, soil sampling, and GPS help implement SSNM site-specifically.
The document discusses the effect of chemical composition of plant residues on nitrogen mineralization in soil. It presents findings from several case studies and research papers. The chemical composition of different plant residues like lignin, polyphenols and C:N ratio affects their decomposition rate and impacts nitrogen mineralization. Plant residues high in nitrogen and low in lignin and polyphenols decompose faster, releasing nitrogen for plant uptake. The studies show crop residues and tree leaves with higher lignin and polyphenol content immobilize soil nitrogen during decomposition.
The document discusses various organic manures and sewage sludge. It describes concentrated organic manures such as oil cakes which are byproducts of oil extraction containing nutrients. It also discusses sewage sludge and its composition, production, and heavy metal content. Sewage can be used for irrigation after treatment but may contaminate soils. Sludge treatment methods include composting to reduce pathogens and heavy metals.
potassium fixation in different clay mineralsBharathM64
This document discusses potassium fixation in different clay minerals. It explains that potassium fixation was first reported in 1887 and involves potassium penetrating between clay layers and becoming tightly held. The degree of potassium fixation varies between clay types, with vermiculite showing the highest fixation due to its high charge density and large interlayer space, followed by illite, montmorillonite, and kaolinite. Factors like charge density, interlayer space size, solution concentration, and presence of other cations can influence how much potassium is fixed within clay minerals. The practical implication is that fixed potassium contributes to long-term potassium availability in soils.
This document discusses potassium (K) in soils. It covers the following key points:
- K exists in soils in various forms including solution, exchangeable, fixed, and structural/mineral forms. Exchangeable K is the most plant-available.
- K is essential for plant growth and plays important roles in processes like photosynthesis and enzyme activation. Deficiency causes burn symptoms on older leaves and reduced yields.
- Common fertilizers containing K include potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, and potassium magnesium sulfate. Fertilizer K can increase various forms of K in soils.
- Factors like clay content, soil pH, wetting/drying, and freezing/thawing can influence K
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
This document summarizes the key impacts and management of waterlogged soils. It notes that waterlogging can lead to oxygen depletion, increased bulk density, lowered redox potential, and nutrient toxicity issues like iron and manganese. Crop yields are reduced due to waterlogging, with losses ranging from 40-77% depending on the crop. Management strategies include land leveling, controlled irrigation, use of tolerant crop varieties, raised bed planting, drainage systems, and establishing deep-rooted plants for bioremediation. Rice cultivation can help reclaim waterlogged soils due to its extensive root system and ability to dilute soil salinity.
Zinc is an essential micronutrient for plant growth. It plays important roles in carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, and membrane integrity. Zinc deficiency can lead to chlorosis, necrosis, reduced growth and yield losses. Factors like high soil pH, phosphorus application, and liming can reduce zinc availability. Deficiency symptoms vary by crop but include interveinal chlorosis, small leaves, and premature leaf drop. Soil and foliar zinc application can increase dry matter production, grain yield, harvest index and zinc content of crops.
The document discusses phosphorus and phosphatic fertilizers. It begins with an introduction to phosphorus as a macronutrient for plants and describes how it exists in different forms in soils, including inorganic and organic phosphorus. It then discusses the production processes for common phosphatic fertilizers like single super phosphate (SSP), triple super phosphate (TSP), and ammonium phosphates (MAP and DAP). The document outlines the chemical reactions involved in the manufacture of these fertilizers. It also addresses phosphorus transformations in soil, including mineralization, immobilization, adsorption, and the factors that influence phosphorus availability.
This document summarizes the key points about crop residue management. It begins with definitions of crop residue and discusses the importance of crop residues as a source of organic matter and plant nutrients. It then discusses different types of crop residues including field residues and process residues. The potential uses of crop residues are outlined, including as animal feed, household purposes, composting, biofuels, and improving soil properties. Methods of recycling crop residues like surface mulching, in-situ incorporation, and composting are described. Tables show the effects of different crop residue management practices on soil physical, chemical and biological properties.
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
customized and value added fertilizers.pptxPragyaNaithani
Customized fertilizer are defined as multi nutrient carrier designed to contain macro and / or micro nutrient forms, both from inorganic and/or organic sources, manufactured through a systematic process of granulation, satisfying the crop’s nutritional needs, specific to site, soil and stage, validated by a scientific crop model capability developed by an accredited fertilizer manufacturing/marketing company.
The objectives –
• To provide site specific nutrient management
• To achieve maximum fertilizer use efficiency for the applied nutrients
• To attain cost effective fertilizer application
• A fertilizer composition with additional nutrients as compared to conventional fertilizers, from additional sources such as humic acids, amino acids, treated biochar and proteoglycans etc., which when applied increase yields with reduced fertilizer use.
• The deficiency of secondary and micronutrients can thus be overcome easily by fortification of the presently manufactured N/P/NP/NPK fertilizers
• Value-added fertilizers can increase crop yields by 14 to 17 percent compared with same amount of traditional fertilizers.
CF & FF:- holistic nutrition solution
• In north western India, secondary nutrients (S) and micronutrients (Zn, B, Fe, Mn) deficiencies are reported, which can be tackled with the use of value added fertilizers
• Although, K is sufficiently available, K response was found better after application of customized fertilizers
• The soil survey of India reported in many areas soils and ground water were affected by nitrate pollution (Handa 1986; Kakar 2008; Rawat and Singh 2010). Thus, it is quite essential to avoid overuse and go for usage of fertilizers as per the demand of crop.
1) Integrated nutrient management (INM) refers to the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, accompanied by good agricultural practices, to properly supply nutrients to crops.
2) INM is needed in dryland agriculture due to low soil organic matter, moisture, and nutrient circulation. It allows farmers to supplement limited organic inputs with affordable inorganic fertilizers.
3) INM strategies focus on entire cropping and farming systems rather than individual crops or fields. They maintain soil fertility through balanced nutrient supply while sustaining crop productivity.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
The document discusses humic substances, their formation, nature, and properties. It describes humic substances as highly colloidal and amorphous natural organic matter with a large surface area and adsorptive capacity. Humic substances improve soil properties like structure, water retention and buffering capacity. Their formation is a complex biochemical process carried out by soil microorganisms. Different theories are presented to explain humus formation from plant and animal residues. Clay-humus complexes are also discussed, along with the processes of mineralization and immobilization of nitrogen in soil.
This document discusses nitrogen use efficiency in crops. It begins by noting that nitrogen is a limiting nutrient for crop production but is often lost from soils through processes like leaching, denitrification, volatilization, erosion and runoff. Common nitrogen use efficiencies are 30-50%. The document then examines factors influencing nitrogen use efficiency like management practices, environmental conditions and crop characteristics. It concludes by outlining techniques to improve efficiency such as the 4R nutrient stewardship approach of using the right source, right rate, right time and right place of application as well as enhanced efficiency fertilizers.
Reactions of Phosphorus in Acid and Alkaline Soil, Factors affecting Phosphor...MohanSahu35
This document provides information about a course assignment on phosphorus reactions in acid and alkaline soils. The assignment covers topics such as problems of phosphorus availability in acid and alkaline soils, reactions of phosphorus in soils including adsorption and precipitation, types of phosphorus fixation, behavior of phosphatic fertilizers in soils, and management of phosphorus under field conditions. The document outlines the contents to be covered in the assignment and provides details on various phosphorus reactions and processes in different soil types.
slow release fertilizer in crop productionirfan mohammad
Slow release chemical fertilizers release nutrients at a gradual rate that matches plant uptake, improving fertilizer use efficiency. They include fertilizers coated with polymers, resins or sulfur to delay solubility. Others contain organic compounds of nitrogen that break down slowly. Coatings and compounds can prolong nutrient release from weeks to months. Research shows slow release fertilizers reduce losses from leaching and gas emissions, requiring less frequent application than soluble fertilizers.
The document discusses sulfur as a plant nutrient, including its sources, forms in soil, and factors affecting its availability. Sulfur exists in both inorganic and organic forms in soil, and is taken up by plants primarily as sulfate ions. Its availability is influenced by soil properties like texture, pH, organic matter, and redox conditions. Sulfur deficiency can limit plant growth, so fertilization may be needed to maintain sufficient levels for crop production.
Biochar is produced from biomass through pyrolysis and can improve soil properties when used as a soil amendment. It increases soil carbon storage, cation exchange capacity, nutrient retention, and water holding capacity while decreasing bulk density. Case studies show biochar improving soil pH, organic matter, available nutrients, and crop yields. The quality and effects of biochar depend on feedstock and production temperature. Combining biochar with other organic amendments or reduced inorganic fertilizer provides the best results for soil amelioration and sustainable agriculture.
CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT IN Major cropping system.pptxUAS, Dharwad
Crop residue management practices can provide benefits over burning residues. For major cropping systems like rice-wheat, retaining crop residues as mulch and incorporating them into soil can increase soil organic matter, nutrients, and water retention compared to burning. Alternatives like using crop residues for compost or conservation agriculture can also improve yields. Research on rice-wheat systems in India found greater wheat yields and soil quality with zero-tillage and retaining rice straw as mulch compared to conventional tillage with residue removal.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
This document discusses potassium (K) in soils. It covers the following key points:
- K exists in soils in various forms including solution, exchangeable, fixed, and structural/mineral forms. Exchangeable K is the most plant-available.
- K is essential for plant growth and plays important roles in processes like photosynthesis and enzyme activation. Deficiency causes burn symptoms on older leaves and reduced yields.
- Common fertilizers containing K include potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, and potassium magnesium sulfate. Fertilizer K can increase various forms of K in soils.
- Factors like clay content, soil pH, wetting/drying, and freezing/thawing can influence K
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
This document summarizes the key impacts and management of waterlogged soils. It notes that waterlogging can lead to oxygen depletion, increased bulk density, lowered redox potential, and nutrient toxicity issues like iron and manganese. Crop yields are reduced due to waterlogging, with losses ranging from 40-77% depending on the crop. Management strategies include land leveling, controlled irrigation, use of tolerant crop varieties, raised bed planting, drainage systems, and establishing deep-rooted plants for bioremediation. Rice cultivation can help reclaim waterlogged soils due to its extensive root system and ability to dilute soil salinity.
Zinc is an essential micronutrient for plant growth. It plays important roles in carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, and membrane integrity. Zinc deficiency can lead to chlorosis, necrosis, reduced growth and yield losses. Factors like high soil pH, phosphorus application, and liming can reduce zinc availability. Deficiency symptoms vary by crop but include interveinal chlorosis, small leaves, and premature leaf drop. Soil and foliar zinc application can increase dry matter production, grain yield, harvest index and zinc content of crops.
The document discusses phosphorus and phosphatic fertilizers. It begins with an introduction to phosphorus as a macronutrient for plants and describes how it exists in different forms in soils, including inorganic and organic phosphorus. It then discusses the production processes for common phosphatic fertilizers like single super phosphate (SSP), triple super phosphate (TSP), and ammonium phosphates (MAP and DAP). The document outlines the chemical reactions involved in the manufacture of these fertilizers. It also addresses phosphorus transformations in soil, including mineralization, immobilization, adsorption, and the factors that influence phosphorus availability.
This document summarizes the key points about crop residue management. It begins with definitions of crop residue and discusses the importance of crop residues as a source of organic matter and plant nutrients. It then discusses different types of crop residues including field residues and process residues. The potential uses of crop residues are outlined, including as animal feed, household purposes, composting, biofuels, and improving soil properties. Methods of recycling crop residues like surface mulching, in-situ incorporation, and composting are described. Tables show the effects of different crop residue management practices on soil physical, chemical and biological properties.
First lab managers’ meeting of the South-East Asia Laboratory NETwork (SEALNET 2.0) - Quality improvement in Asian soil laboratories: towards standardization and harmonization of soil analyses and their interpretation, Bogor, Indonesia, 20 - 24 November 2017.
customized and value added fertilizers.pptxPragyaNaithani
Customized fertilizer are defined as multi nutrient carrier designed to contain macro and / or micro nutrient forms, both from inorganic and/or organic sources, manufactured through a systematic process of granulation, satisfying the crop’s nutritional needs, specific to site, soil and stage, validated by a scientific crop model capability developed by an accredited fertilizer manufacturing/marketing company.
The objectives –
• To provide site specific nutrient management
• To achieve maximum fertilizer use efficiency for the applied nutrients
• To attain cost effective fertilizer application
• A fertilizer composition with additional nutrients as compared to conventional fertilizers, from additional sources such as humic acids, amino acids, treated biochar and proteoglycans etc., which when applied increase yields with reduced fertilizer use.
• The deficiency of secondary and micronutrients can thus be overcome easily by fortification of the presently manufactured N/P/NP/NPK fertilizers
• Value-added fertilizers can increase crop yields by 14 to 17 percent compared with same amount of traditional fertilizers.
CF & FF:- holistic nutrition solution
• In north western India, secondary nutrients (S) and micronutrients (Zn, B, Fe, Mn) deficiencies are reported, which can be tackled with the use of value added fertilizers
• Although, K is sufficiently available, K response was found better after application of customized fertilizers
• The soil survey of India reported in many areas soils and ground water were affected by nitrate pollution (Handa 1986; Kakar 2008; Rawat and Singh 2010). Thus, it is quite essential to avoid overuse and go for usage of fertilizers as per the demand of crop.
1) Integrated nutrient management (INM) refers to the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, accompanied by good agricultural practices, to properly supply nutrients to crops.
2) INM is needed in dryland agriculture due to low soil organic matter, moisture, and nutrient circulation. It allows farmers to supplement limited organic inputs with affordable inorganic fertilizers.
3) INM strategies focus on entire cropping and farming systems rather than individual crops or fields. They maintain soil fertility through balanced nutrient supply while sustaining crop productivity.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
The document discusses humic substances, their formation, nature, and properties. It describes humic substances as highly colloidal and amorphous natural organic matter with a large surface area and adsorptive capacity. Humic substances improve soil properties like structure, water retention and buffering capacity. Their formation is a complex biochemical process carried out by soil microorganisms. Different theories are presented to explain humus formation from plant and animal residues. Clay-humus complexes are also discussed, along with the processes of mineralization and immobilization of nitrogen in soil.
This document discusses nitrogen use efficiency in crops. It begins by noting that nitrogen is a limiting nutrient for crop production but is often lost from soils through processes like leaching, denitrification, volatilization, erosion and runoff. Common nitrogen use efficiencies are 30-50%. The document then examines factors influencing nitrogen use efficiency like management practices, environmental conditions and crop characteristics. It concludes by outlining techniques to improve efficiency such as the 4R nutrient stewardship approach of using the right source, right rate, right time and right place of application as well as enhanced efficiency fertilizers.
Reactions of Phosphorus in Acid and Alkaline Soil, Factors affecting Phosphor...MohanSahu35
This document provides information about a course assignment on phosphorus reactions in acid and alkaline soils. The assignment covers topics such as problems of phosphorus availability in acid and alkaline soils, reactions of phosphorus in soils including adsorption and precipitation, types of phosphorus fixation, behavior of phosphatic fertilizers in soils, and management of phosphorus under field conditions. The document outlines the contents to be covered in the assignment and provides details on various phosphorus reactions and processes in different soil types.
slow release fertilizer in crop productionirfan mohammad
Slow release chemical fertilizers release nutrients at a gradual rate that matches plant uptake, improving fertilizer use efficiency. They include fertilizers coated with polymers, resins or sulfur to delay solubility. Others contain organic compounds of nitrogen that break down slowly. Coatings and compounds can prolong nutrient release from weeks to months. Research shows slow release fertilizers reduce losses from leaching and gas emissions, requiring less frequent application than soluble fertilizers.
The document discusses sulfur as a plant nutrient, including its sources, forms in soil, and factors affecting its availability. Sulfur exists in both inorganic and organic forms in soil, and is taken up by plants primarily as sulfate ions. Its availability is influenced by soil properties like texture, pH, organic matter, and redox conditions. Sulfur deficiency can limit plant growth, so fertilization may be needed to maintain sufficient levels for crop production.
Biochar is produced from biomass through pyrolysis and can improve soil properties when used as a soil amendment. It increases soil carbon storage, cation exchange capacity, nutrient retention, and water holding capacity while decreasing bulk density. Case studies show biochar improving soil pH, organic matter, available nutrients, and crop yields. The quality and effects of biochar depend on feedstock and production temperature. Combining biochar with other organic amendments or reduced inorganic fertilizer provides the best results for soil amelioration and sustainable agriculture.
CROP RESIDUE MANAGEMENT IN Major cropping system.pptxUAS, Dharwad
Crop residue management practices can provide benefits over burning residues. For major cropping systems like rice-wheat, retaining crop residues as mulch and incorporating them into soil can increase soil organic matter, nutrients, and water retention compared to burning. Alternatives like using crop residues for compost or conservation agriculture can also improve yields. Research on rice-wheat systems in India found greater wheat yields and soil quality with zero-tillage and retaining rice straw as mulch compared to conventional tillage with residue removal.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
This study investigated the effects of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation, and yield of two soybean varieties in Nigeria. Phosphorus application significantly affected growth, nodulation, yield, and some yield components, with 60 kg P2O5/ha giving the highest growth and yield. Phosphorus also increased nodulation, with 30 kg P2O5/ha providing the highest nodulation. Zinc application did not significantly affect most growth characters or nodulation, except for reducing plant height. Phosphorus increased soybean yield significantly to 1.9 t/ha compared to the control of 1.7 t/ha. Protein and oil contents were not significantly affected by phosphorus but were by zinc
Agriculture met the challenge of feeding the world’s poor by the Green Revolution with the help of high yielding varieties (HYV), high fertilizer application. This high fertilizer application increased the world food grain production as well as micro nutrient deficiencies in the soil decade to decade. in 1950 only Nitrogen is deficient in soil but due to green revolution, higher fertilizer application leads to micro nutrient deficiencies in soil (Fig.1). Iron, zinc and Vitamin A deficiencies in human nutrition are widespread in developing countries. About 2 billion people suffer globally from anaemia due to Fe deficiency, more than one-third of the world’s population suffers from Zn deficiency and estimated to be responsible for approximately 4% of the worldwide burden of morbidity and mortality in under 5-year children.
Bio-fortification entails the development of micronutrient-dense food crops (Nestel et al., 2006). Plant breeding strategies hold great promise in this process because of its enormous potential to improve dietary quality. Well-known examples of bio-fortification for fighting micronutrient malnutrition are golden rice and breeding of low phytate legumes and grains (Beyer et al., 2006). Application of fertilizers to soil and/or foliar to improving grain nutrient concentration and the potential of nutrient containing fertilizers for increasing nutrient concentration of cereal grains. Increasing the Zn and Fe concentration of food crop plants, resulting in better crop production and improved human health is an important global challenge. Among micronutrients, Zn and Fe deficiency are occurring in both crops and humans. Zinc deficiency is currently listed as a major risk factor for human health and cause of death globally.
In view of globally widespread deficiencies of micronutrients in humans, bio-fortification of food crops with micronutrients through agricultural approaches is a sustainable widely applied strategy. Agronomic bio-fortification (e.g., fertilizer applications) and plant breeding (e.g., genetic bio-fortification and transgenic breeding) represent complementary and cost-effective solution to alleviate malnutrition. Bio-fortified varieties assume great significance to achieve nutritional security of the country.
Micronutrient malnutrition Causes….
• More severe illness
• More infant and maternal deaths
• Lower cognitive development
• Stunted growth
• Lower work productivity and ultimately - Lower GDP.
• Higher population growth rates.
Malnutrition Problem
• 800 million people go to bed hungry
• 250 million children are malnourished
• 400 million people have vitamin A deficiency
• 100 million young children suffer from vitamin A deficiency
• 3 million children die as a result of vitamin A deficiency
Soil health deterioration: cause and remediesSharad Sharma
This document discusses deteriorating soil health and potential remedies. It outlines several causes of deteriorating soil health, including intensive farming practices that deplete nutrients, imbalanced fertilizer use, pesticide and herbicide use, deforestation, and acid rain. Potential remedies discussed include integrated nutrient management combining organic and inorganic fertilizers, conservation agriculture practices like mulching and reduced tillage, and site-specific nutrient management. Examples are given showing how these remedies can improve soil properties like organic carbon and water retention capacity, as well as increase crop yields.
The document summarizes the results of several studies on the effects of organic manures and integrated nutrient management on crop yields. Key findings from tables in the document include:
- Application of farmyard manure or vermicompost along with reduced chemical fertilizers increased yields of crops like groundnut, wheat, soybean, garlic, maize, cabbage, and sweet orange compared to chemical fertilizers alone.
- Maximum yields were often obtained at treatments combining farmyard manure or other organic manures with 50-75% of the recommended chemical fertilizer dose.
Urea-supergranules and phosphorus application increases irrigated rice yields...INNS PUBNET
Nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies are some of the main factors restricting irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity in Burkina Faso. Urea supergranules (USG) have been proven to increase rice yield but this increased productivity is likely to be constrained because P is becoming limiting in irrigated rice systems. Field experiments were carried out with rice variety Nerica 62N in Sourou valley in the wet season of 2012 and in the dry season of 2013. The effect of two sizes (1.8 and 2.7 g) of USG and five levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kg P ha-1) were studied in a split plot design on rice yields. The use of USG 2.7 g did not significantly increase rice yields compare with USG 1.8 g in both seasons. P application significantly increased rice yields. The 1.8 g USG significantly increased the agronomic efficiency (AE) by 48.9% over the USG 2.7 g in the 2012 wet season while the increase in AE was 24.4% in the 2013 dry season. The best AE 42 kg kg-1 in 2012 and 25 kg kg-1 in 2013 were obtained with 50P and 30P. This study suggests that USG can be used by farmers in small rate (USG 1.8 g) to improve nitrogen use efficiency and the application of 30 kg P kg-1 seems to be adequate to increase yield in irrigated rice cropping system.
This document summarizes a study on the biochemical changes in nutrients in rice plants grown in sodic soil. The soil had low levels of several nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, zinc and manganese. The study found that applying nutrients based on soil test recommendations increased the uptake of all nutrients by rice plants, with the highest uptake occurring when all nutrients were applied. The sequential addition of nutrients also led to increased nutrient uptake. Applying all recommended nutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc and manganese - produced the highest dry matter yields of 87.60 and 90.60 quintals per hectare in the two years studied.
Influence of sokoto phosphate rock on some soil properties and the growth and...Alexander Decker
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Phosphorus zinc interaction
1. Phosphorus-zinc interaction and its
management in maize-wheat cropping system
Ramesh Kumar Singh
10260
Division of Agronomy
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi – 110 012
1
2. Outline
Introduction
Maize-wheat system
P and Zn status
Significance of P and Zn in plant nutrition
P x Zn interaction
Management strategies
Research findings
Conclusion
2
3. Introduction
Maize–wheat: Third
dominant cropping
system of India covering
1.8 mha with 2.3%
contribution in national
foodgrain production
(Jat et al., 2013)
Maize and wheat is third
and second most
important cereal crop of
India, respectively
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Area (mh) production (mt) Yield (q/ha)
Maize (2011-12) DMR, 2012-13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Area (mh) production (mt) Yield (q/ha)
Wheat (2012-13)
http://www.indiastat.com/dacnet 3
4. Phosphorus in Indian soils
Soil sample analysed- 3,650,004
(Motsara, 2002)
80% deficient soil sample (Tewatia,
2012)
Category wise deficient sample
(Motsara, 2002)
Low- 42%
Medium- 38%
High- 20%
Low- 98% of districts (Tiwari, 2001)
Low-Maharashtra (86%), Haryana
(81%), Punjab (29%)
Medium- Punjab (49%), Karnataka
(48%), Tamil Nadu (41%)
High- Kerala (53%), West Bengal
(39%),Tamil Nadu (35%)
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Source: http://www.rainfedfarming.org/documents/ETD_2011_7_12_17%20india's%20soil%20crisis.pdf4
5. High & very high available
P: most part of farm
Low level available P:
Todapur block
Build up of P due to
continuous application
Use P solubilizer/mobilizer
to exploit the reserve
Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, IARI, New Delhi
Phosphorus in IARI farm
5
6. Zinc deficiency map of world soil
50% analysed soil
sample deficient in
Zn (Alloway, 2008)
Wide spread
deficiency: cereal
production areas
Average total Zn
conc. cultivated soils
is around 65 mg/kg
(Alloway, 2009)
Most deficient: Iraq,
Turkey, China,
Pakistan, India,
Korea, Syria and Italy
6
Alloway (2008) Micronutrient Deficiencies in Global Crop Production
7. Soil samples analysed-251660
(Singh, 2001)
49% deficient soil sample
86% Maharashtra
72.8% Karnataka
20% Delhi
8% Puducherry
According to Rattan (1999) in
Indian soil total Zn is 55 mg/kg
and available Zn is 0.54 mg/kg
Gupta et al. (2007)
Zinc in Indian soils
7
8. Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, IARI, New Delhi
Zinc in IARI farm
Farm adequate in
available Zn
Marginal deficiency:
WTC , some part of
NBPGR and Todapur
farm
High reserve of Zn
due to continuous
application
Use of Zn solubilizer
to exploit the reserve
8
9. Role of phosphorus in plants
Energy storage and transfer
Photosynthesis
Transformation of sugars and starches
Increases water use efficiency- reduces water
stress
Helps in seed formation
Promotes early root formation and growth
Early crop maturity
Transfer of genetic characteristics
9
10. Plants take up P as:
HPO4
= (pH > 7.0)H2PO4
- (pH < 7.0)
equal at pH 7.2
P deficiency in maize
P deficiency in wheat
10
11. Causes of low availability of phosphorus
Causes of low
availability of P
Nature and
amount of
soil minerals
Soil pH
Ionic effects
Extent of P
saturation
Organic
matter
Temperature
Agricultural
management
11
12. Role of zinc in plants
Diverse enzymatic activity
Protein synthesis
Structural and functional integrity of cell membranes
Detoxification of reactive oxygen species(ROS)
Carbohydrate metabolism
Synthesis and protection of IAA
Reduces heavy metal accumulation
12
13. Plants take up Zn as:
Zn2+
Zn deficiency in maize
Zn deficiency in wheat
13
14. Causes of low availability of zinc
Causes of
low
availability
of Zn
Soil pH
Soil with
restricted
root zones
Low zinc
content in
soil
Low
organic
matter
Water
logging/
flooding of
soils
Zinc
interaction
with other
nutrients
High P
fertilization
Cool soil
temperature
14
16. P-Zn Antagonism
Cellular level
imbalance
Increased -ve
surface charge
on soil
High P induced
less
mycorrhizal
root infection
Slower
translocation of
Zn in plants
P-Zn
interaction in
soil
Dilution effect
P-Zn interaction hypotheses
This study first started by Barnette et al. (1936) in corn
16
17. Increased negative charge
i. Increased –ve surface charge on soil
Due to high P fertilization (Shivay, 2013)
Negatively charged phosphate ion attract by Al, Fe and Ca
ions (Morris et al., 1977)
17
18. ii. P-Zn interaction in soil (Ghanem
& Mikkelsen, 1988)
<5 pH hydrated Fe and Al-oxides
Calcareous soil: formation of
Zn3(PO4)2.4H2O, adsorption of Zn
to clay or CaCO3, sparingly
soluble Zn(OH)2 or ZnCO3
(Trehan and Sekhon, 1977)
Adapted from Kalendova , 1972
Solubility of Zn3(PO4)2 is depend on the pH value of
aqueous H2SO4 solution
pH Solubility (ppm)
6.7 66
6.3 89
4.7 398
4.2 797
iii. Simple dilution effect (Loneragan
et al., 1979; Neilsen and Hogue,
1986)
P enhanced growth
BiomassincreasedduetoP
Insolubility and dilution
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40
Zn concentration
18
19. iv. Slower rate of Zn translocation
(Terman et al., 1972)
P reduces the Zn absorption by
roots (Safaya, 1976)
The high P increased the amount
of ethanol soluble and pectate
fractions of Zn in the root cell wall
(Youngdahl et al., 1977)
Complexed by low-molecular
weight organic solutes (Kochian,
1991)
Translocation
19
20. v. Cellular level nutrients imbalance
(Webb and Loneragan , 1988)
P toxicity is resembles as Zn
deficiency
vi. High P fertilization inhibit
mycorrhizal growth (Singh et al.,
1986)
Reduced the Zn absorption
In wheat, reduce root colonization
with AM by 33 to 75% (Ryan et al.,
2008)
Cellular level imbalance & Reduced uptake
20
22. 1. Soil pH correction
Gypsum
Lime
Organics
2. Balance fertilization
4R Principles
right source
at right ratio
at right time
at right place
22
23. 3. Crop rotation
Inclusion of legumes in rotation
More efficient in absorption divalent cations
Legumes roots secretes acid phosphatase enzyme
(Yadav and Tarafdar, 2001)
4. Organics source of nutrients
Manures: FYM
Compost: Vermicompost,
NADEP
Residue recycling
Green manuring
23
24. Pseudomonas, Bacillus and
Enterobacter along with Penicillium
and Aspergillus fungi are the most
powerful P solubilizers (Whitelaw,
2000)
Root colonization with AMF can
enhance the uptake of P & Zn by plant
roots (Shenoy and Kalagudi, 2005)
Dosages:
Soil application formulation: 25-30
kg per acre
Liquid formulations: Apply 3-4 mL
per litre of water as foliar application
5. Bio-fertilizer
Solid formulation
Liquid formulation
24
25. Mechanism of PSB
Source: http://www.springerplus.com/content/download/figures/2193-1801-2-587-2.pdf
25
26. Zn-solubilizer- Bacillus sp.
(ZSB-O-1), Pseudomonas sp.
(ZSBS-2 and ZSB-S-4)
(Saravanan et al., 2003)
Dosages:
Soil application formulation:
Approximately 5 kg per acre
Liquid formulation: Apply 3-4
mL per litre of water as foliar
application
Solid formulation
Liquid formulation
26
27. Use of efficient varieties
Genotype
of Maize
Shoot
dry
wt.
(g/pot)
P conc.
In shoot
(mg/pot)
Root
length
(cm)
P uptake
in shoot
(mg/pot)
Short growth duration
Kuwari 15.23 0.11 156 13.7
Agati-76 19.45 0.12 186 19.5
Vikram 22.50 0.11 192 24.8
Normal growth duration
Pragati 25.48 0.11 234 30.6
HQPM 1 16.87 0.12 182 18.9
MRM3845 16.87 0.11 194 25.1
MRM3842 22.15 0.11 194 24.3
MRM3838 22.46 0.11 194 24.7
Parewa et al. (2010)
The P uptake efficiency of
the varieties of wheat:
PBW 343 (26.25 kg/ha)
WH 711 (24.10 kg/ ha)
HD 2329 (23.06 kg/ha)
Hindi 62 (21.74 kg/ha)
WH 147 (19.31 kg/ha)
(Gill et al. (2004)
6. Other agronomic management
27
28. Sowing/planting method
Bed planting and FIRBS
Zero till sowing
Ridge sowing
Dibbling
Application method
Band placement
Starter or seed treatment-leads early
stimulation of crop growth is often termed
“pop-up effect”
Foliar application
Fertigation
Better Crops 83 (1), 1999
28
29. Integrated nutrient management (INM):
Applying 0, 4, 8 and 16 t FYM /ha in conjunction of 100, 50, 25
and 0 % of zinc requirements were found optimum for soybean–
wheat, rice-wheat, maize- wheat and other cropping systems
(Singh, 2004)
Water management
Under reduced condition Zn precipitate as franklinite
(ZnFe2O4) and ZnS (Sajwan and Lindsay, 1986)
7. Physiological management
Spray of hormone: auxin, cytokinin (kinetin)
Zn deficiency caused by the oxidative degradation of the auxin
growth hormone (Cakmak, 2000)
Cytokinin-induced nutrient mobilization (Taiz and Zeiger, 2003)
29
31. Effect of different planting methods on yield and P
contents of maize
Planting
methods
Grain
yield
(t/ha)
Biological
yield
(t/ha)
P content
(%) in
roots
P content
(%) in
leaves
P content
(%) in
grains
Flat
sowing
5.77 28.92 0.09 0.71 0.12
Ridge
sowing
7.01 36.05 0.13 0.91 0.23
Bed
planting
5.86 31.76 0.10 0.78 0.22
LSD
(P=0.05)
0.18 2.85 0.02 0.03 0.03
Khan et al. (2012) The J. of An. & Pl. Scs., 22(2): 309-317 31
32. Effect of balanced fertilization on yields of maize
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
100% NPK 100% NPKS 100% NPKSZn
Grain yield (t/ha) Stover yield (t/ha)
Sharma and Jain (2014) Indian Journal of Agronomy 59 (1): 26-33 32
33. Effect of methods of Zn application on yield and Zn
concentration in grains of wheat varieties
Source: www.zinccrops2011.org/presentations/2011_zinccrops2011_dhar.pdf
Shiva Dhar et al. (2011)
Treatments
Grain yield
(t/ha)
Straw yield
(t/ha)
Zn conc. in
grain
(mg/kg)
Varieties
PBW 175 4.16 7.11 43.74
HD 2687 4.31 7.50 48.32
HD 2733 3.85 6.95 43.95
LSD (P=0.05) 0.096 0.23 -
Zn application
Control 3.94 6.66 41.09
Soil applied 25 kg ZnSO4 /ha 3.99 6.85 43.78
Soil applied 50 kg ZnSO4 /ha 4.09 7.13 44.50
Foliar 2.0 kg ZnSO4/ha at boot and after anthesis
4.08 7.20 47.27
Soil applied 25 kg ZnSO4 /ha + 2 foliar spray at boot and
other after anthesis @ 2.0 kg ZnSO4/ha each 4.21 7.55 47.54
2 foliar spray at boot and after anthesis @ 0.2 % ZnSO4
each until all leaves are totally wet 4.32 7.74 47.83
LSD (P=0.05) 0.06 0.19 -
33
34. Zn, P & lime interaction effect on wheat-maize system
Wheat grain yield (t/ha)
LSD (0.05) Lime = 0.044; Zn = 0.066; P = 0.066; Lime x Zn = 0.132; Lime x P = 0.132; Zn x P = 0.198
Verma & Minhas (1987) Fertilizer Research 13:77-86
Zn (kg/ha) No lime Lime @ 5 t /ha
P (kg/ha) P (kg/ha)
0 60 120 Mean 0 60 120 Mean
0 4.06 4.24 4.51 4.27 4.50 5.52 5.75 5.26
20 4.33 4.56 4.75 4.55 4.80 5.70 5.94 5.48
40 4.37 4.58 4.51 4.49 5.21 5.96 5.93 5.70
Mean 4.25 4.46 4.59 4.84 5.73 5.87
Maize grain yield (t/ha)
LSD (0.05) Lime = 0.066; Zn = 0.110; P = 0.110; Lime × Zn = 0.220; Lime × P = 0.220; Zn x P = 0.328
Zn (kg/ha) No lime Lime @ 5 t /ha
P (kg/ha) P (kg/ha)
0 60 120 Mean 0 60 120 Mean
0 1.02 1.95 2.23 1.73 1.19 2.05 2.65 1.96
20 1.03 1.98 2.31 1.78 1.35 2.23 2.80 2.13
40 0.85 1.86 2.21 1.64 1.36 2.29 2.99 2.22
Mean 0.97 1.93 2.25 1.30 2.19 2.82
34
35. LSD (0.05) Lime = 1.40; Zn = 2.10; P = 2.10; Lime x Zn = 4.20; Lime x P = 4.20; Zn x P = 6.40
Zn (kg
/ha)
No lime Lime @ 5 t /ha
P (kg/ha) P (kg/ha)
0 60 120 Mean 0 60 120 Mean
0 41.2 32.0 26.5 33.2 36.1 30.7 22.4 29.7
20 52.5 46.1 38.4 45.6 47.5 39.8 31.3 39.5
40 62.2 56.3 49.6 56.0 55.2 48.2 41.0 48.1
Mean 52.0 44.8 38.2 46.2 39.5 31.5
LSD (0.05) Lime = 1.66; Zn = 2.50; P = 2.50; Lime x Zn = 5.00; Lime x P = 5.00; Zn x P=7.10
Zn conc. in maize grain (ppm)
Zn conc. in wheat grain (ppm)
Zn, P & lime interaction effect on wheat-maize system
Zn (kg
/ha)
No lime Lime @ 5 t /ha
P (kg/ha) P (kg/ha)
0 60 120 Mean 0 60 120 Mean
0 30.4 24.5 19.2 24.7 25.0 19.12 14.3 19.5
20 42.2 35.4 28.4 35.3 35.4 28.2 21.5 28.4
40 58.0 50.3 43.1 50.5 51.1 44.0 35.4 43.5
Mean 43.5 36.7 30.2 37.2 30.4 23.7
Verma & Minhas (1987) Fertilizer Research 13:77-86 35
36. 36
Zn (kg /ha) No lime Lime @ 5 t /ha
P (kg/ha) P levels (kg/ha)
0 60 120 Mean 0 60 120 Mean
0 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.41 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.44
20 0.37 0.40 0.41 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.42
40 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.41 0.39
Mean 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.44
Zn (kg /ha) No lime Lime @ 5 t /ha
P (kg/ha) P levels (kg/ha)
0 60 120 Mean 0 60 120 Mean
0 0.44 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.46 0.49 0.53 0.49
20 0.42 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.49 0.46
40 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.41
Mean 0.41 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.48
LSD (0.05) Lime = 0.012; Zn = 0,018; P = 0,018; Limex Zn = 0,036; Lime x P = 0.036; Zn x P = 0,054
P conc. in wheat grain (ppm)
P conc. in maize grain (ppm)
Zn, P & lime interaction effect on wheat-maize system
LSD (0.05) Lime = 0.010; Zn = 0.015; P = 0,015; Lime × Zn = 0.030; Lime × P = 0.030; Zn x P = 0.045
Verma & Minhas (1987) Fertilizer Research 13:77-86
37. Effect of application methods P on P uptake, PUE, AEP
and grain yield of wheat
Fertilizer
application
P rate
(kg/ha)
Time
Grain
yield
(kg/ha)
P uptake
(kg/ha)
PUE
(%)
AEP
(kg/ha)
Source
Control - - 3966d 13.88c - -
DAP 44
1st
irrigation
4882ab
19.78a 13.41 20.82
DAP 44 Basal 4516bc 17.05b 7.20 12.50
DAP 33
1st
irrigation
4443c 17.38b 10.60 14.45
SSP 44
1st
irrigation
5249a
19.70a 13.23 29.15
SSP 44 Basal 4665bc 19.00ab 11.64 15.88
SSP 33
1st
irrigation
4854abc 18.99ab
15.48 26.91
Iqbal et al. (2003) Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 25(6) : 697-702 37
38. Plant part Yield (t/ha)
P extraction
(kg/ha)
Zn extraction
(g/ha)
Traditional cultivars
Grain yield 1.0 25 23
Stover 1.5 15 40
Total 2.5 40 63
Improved cultivars
Grain yield 4.0 63 93
Stover 4.0 37 108
Total 8.0 100 201
Hybrids
Grain yield 7.0 128 163
Stover 7.0 72 189
Total 14.0 200 352
Comparison of different type of cultivars of maize
Jat et al. (2013) Indian J. Fert. 9(4): 80-94
Shift in cultivars
development took
place
The nutrient removal
increased 5 times with
hybrid compared to
local varieties
Residue recycling may
infuse 72 kg P and 189
g Zn/ha
38
39. Effects of different long-term fertilizer treatments on available P and
DTPA extractable Zn in soil under maize-wheat system (1972-2008)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Available P (kg/ha) DTPA extractable Zn (mg/kg)
AvailableP(kg/ha)
DTPAextractableZn(mg/kg)
Verma et al. (2012) Plant Soil Environ. 58(12): 529–533 39
40. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
Maize yield (t/ha) Wheat yield (t/ha)
T0: Control T7: N @ 120 kg/ha + PSB
T1: N @120 kg/ha T8: N @ 120 kg/ha + VAM
T2: N @ 120 kg/ha, SSP @ 60 kg/ha T9: N @ 120 kg/ha, SSP @ 30 kg P2O5/ha + PSB
T3: SSP @ 60 kg P2O5/ha T10: N @ 120 kg/ha, SSP @ 30 kg P2O5/ha + VAM
T4: RP @ 60 kg P2O5/ha T11: N @ 120 kg/ha, RP @ 30 kg P2O5/ha + PSB
T5: PSB T12: N @ 120 kg/ha,RP @ 30 kg P2O5/ha + VAM
T6:VAM
Grain yield of maize and wheat as influenced by
inorganic and bio-fertilizers in sequence
Singhal et al. (2012) Indian J. Agric. Res. 46(2) :167-172 40
42. Conclusion
Zinc and P application has antagonistic effect on each other
with respect to their concentration and absorption by wheat
and maize
Modification of soil reaction, crop rotation and use of efficient
varieties will increase the concentration and uptake of
nutrients
Right source of nutrients, at right ratio, at right time and at
right place is expected to increase nutrient use efficiency and
productivity of crops
The application of inorganic P and Zn fertilizer in conjunction
with bio-inoculants can increase the crop yield and efficiency
of added fertilizers to save precious input
42
Maize in India, contributes nearly 9 % in the national food basket and more than Rs. 100 billion to the agricultural GDP at current prices apart from the generating employment to over 100 million man-days at the farm and downstream agricultural and industrial sectors. In addition to staple food for human being and quality feed for animals, maize serves as a basic raw material as an ingredient to thousands of industrial products that includes starch, oil, protein, alcoholic beverages, food sweeteners, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, film, textile, gum, package and paper industries etc.
Primary orthophosphate ion secondry orthophosphate ion and both equally present at neutral pH
concentration of P decreased with the application of Zn and increased with the application of P in grain wheat and maize both under limed and unlimed conditions
the concentration of Zn, the P concentration in grain and straw of wheat and maize was higher under limed condition than under unlimed condition
From the preceding results, it can be inferred that Zn and P have an antagonistic relationship with respect to the growth of wheat plant and the concentration of Zn and P
Similarly, residual Zn-P antagonism was also quite evident in the growth and the concentration of Zn and P in maize plant. The increase in P concentration was much higher in the absence of added Zn, compared with 40 kg per ha added Zn
There is mainly due to substantial build-up of available P content