The aim of this study is to determine the role of banks on agricultural development. Agricultural development is determined in respect of crops, purchase and installation of irrigation equipment, livestock, marketing of agricultural goods, fisheries, poverty alleviation and income generating activities. A total number of 50 respondents were interviewed through semi-structure interview schedule for obtaining primary data. Secondary data was collected from annual reports of Bangladesh Bank during period from 2010 to 2014. The disbursement of agricultural credit on crop production is increased up to Tk. 71.31 billion in 2014 from Tk.33.19 billion in 2010. Subsequently, the disbursement of agricultural credit on purchase and installation of irrigation equipment, crop production, marketing of agricultural goods, fisheries are changed significantly with time. The credit on poverty alleviation increased up to Tk. 18.64 billion in 2014 from Tk.13.61 billion in 2010. The result indicates that bank plays on a significant role on agricultural development in Bangladesh. Timely flow of agricultural credit can meet farmers demand to ensure agricultural productivity. The study will help governmental policy makers and NGOs to address and analyze the issues of agricultural sector to provide loan to the farmers for promoting actual development in this sector.
Financial inclusion is a buzzword now and has attracted the global attention in the recent past. As the approach of 12th five year plan (2012-2017) is faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth, the issue of financial inclusion is emerging as the new paradigm of economic growth. Financial inclusion plays a major role in driving a way the poverty from the country. The main focus of financial inclusion in India is to promote sustainable development and generating employment in rural areas for the rural population. C.Rangarajan Committee (2008) defined financial inclusion as, “The process of access to financial services, and timely and adequate credit needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost.” The purpose of financial inclusion is to provide equitable opportunities to every individual to avail the facility of formal financial channels for better life, better living and better income. It can be described as the provision of affordable financial services, viz., access to payments and remittance facilities, savings, loans and insurance services by the formal financial system to those who are excluded. Though there are few people who are enjoying all kinds of services from savings to net banking, but still in our country around 40% of people lack access to even basic financial services like savings, credit and insurance facilities. Financial inclusion is the road that India needs to travel towards becoming a global player. This paper attempts to study the overview of financial inclusion in India.
Financial inclusion is a buzzword now and has attracted the global attention in the recent past. As the approach of 12th five year plan (2012-2017) is faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth, the issue of financial inclusion is emerging as the new paradigm of economic growth. Financial inclusion plays a major role in driving a way the poverty from the country. The main focus of financial inclusion in India is to promote sustainable development and generating employment in rural areas for the rural population. C.Rangarajan Committee (2008) defined financial inclusion as, “The process of access to financial services, and timely and adequate credit needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost.” The purpose of financial inclusion is to provide equitable opportunities to every individual to avail the facility of formal financial channels for better life, better living and better income. It can be described as the provision of affordable financial services, viz., access to payments and remittance facilities, savings, loans and insurance services by the formal financial system to those who are excluded. Though there are few people who are enjoying all kinds of services from savings to net banking, but still in our country around 40% of people lack access to even basic financial services like savings, credit and insurance facilities. Financial inclusion is the road that India needs to travel towards becoming a global player. This paper attempts to study the overview of financial inclusion in India.
This article analyzes the impact of Microfinance in the different parts of the world including India, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives, Africa and others.
It gives u a brief details about what is micro finance, how it works, y there is need for such institutions, the NGO's involved and the different types of MFI involved. the steps taken by India for micro finance.
It's a current buzz in the banking sectors that the company like Reliance, Airtel , Aditya Birla & many more are going to make their banks soon........
Meaning, Features of RRBs, Objectives of Regional Rural Banks, Formation and Development of Regional Rural Banks, Reform process of RRBs, For Development/ Promotion/ & Effectiveness of RRBs., Working of RRBs, Functions of RRBs, Structure of Rural Credit
Chapter 3 private and multinational banksNayan Vaghela
Need for Privatization of Banks in India, Benefits of Bank Privatization, Guidelines for Private Sector Banks, Banking License Guidelines, Multinational Banks, Problems and Prospects of Overseas branches
This article analyzes the impact of Microfinance in the different parts of the world including India, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Maldives, Africa and others.
It gives u a brief details about what is micro finance, how it works, y there is need for such institutions, the NGO's involved and the different types of MFI involved. the steps taken by India for micro finance.
It's a current buzz in the banking sectors that the company like Reliance, Airtel , Aditya Birla & many more are going to make their banks soon........
Meaning, Features of RRBs, Objectives of Regional Rural Banks, Formation and Development of Regional Rural Banks, Reform process of RRBs, For Development/ Promotion/ & Effectiveness of RRBs., Working of RRBs, Functions of RRBs, Structure of Rural Credit
Chapter 3 private and multinational banksNayan Vaghela
Need for Privatization of Banks in India, Benefits of Bank Privatization, Guidelines for Private Sector Banks, Banking License Guidelines, Multinational Banks, Problems and Prospects of Overseas branches
Our research is intended to investigate the impact of institutional credit on agriculture production in Pakistan. It is a time series analysis. We took the data of ten years. It included the total bank lending during last ten years from 2003 to 2013. Agriculture production was estimated using three major crops named as wheat, rice and cotton. As these three crops majorly contribute to the production segment of agriculture so research findings tend to represent the actual population. Development segment included livestock, tube wells and tractors
Effective Utilization of Banking Credit: A bird’s eye viewRHIMRJ Journal
India is an agricultural country and it plays a significant role in the development of our economy. Approximately two
third of the Indian Population is depend on agriculture sector. According to the data released by National Sample Survey
(NSS) reflects that about 65 to 70 per cent of all agricultural holdings belonged to the smaller size groups of families. These
small and marginal farmers required credit facility. Agricultural credit appears to be an essential input to take the advantage
of modern technology in agriculture sector for enhancing productivity. That is the reason credit has been taking a crucial role
in designing strategies for the development of agriculture. This paper put emphasis on proper planning for effective utilization
of credit facilities.
Agriculture sector is playing a significant role in the
development of rural areas in our country. Agriculture is the
main occupation and still is a strong means of livelihood and
there is necessity for ensuring sustainability in these
livelihoods. Agriculture and allied sectors contribute nearly
22% of GDP of India and further 9.93% contribution in total
export of India.
Rural indebtedness, agricultural distress,
dependency on private money lenders, and farmers suicides
are common features surrounding Indian Agriculture. For
more than 100 years RBI and Central Government have been
making efforts to enhance institutional credit in rural areas
particularly to assist agricultural operations. But economic
survey (GOI) 2010 shows that out of 27 public sector banks,
only 14 sector banks achieved the agricultural credit target of
18% agricultural credit and in case of private sector banks
only 8 achieved the target of 18% for lending to agriculture
in 2009.
The Effect of Commercial Banks’ Credit on Agricultural Investment Development...AI Publications
This research intended at assessing the influence of commercial banks' credit on agricultural development in Kurdistan. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of commercial banks’ credit on agricultural development in Erbil. The questionnaire was divided into two sections, the first section consisted of demographic questions; starting with respondent‘s age and respondents ‘gender. The second part of questionnaire consisted of 16 questions regarding commercial bank’s credit and 16 questions regarding agricultural development in Kurdistan. A random sampling technique was used, where all employees had equal chances of being selected for the sample. The study was carried out in Erbil. The researchers distributed 180 questionnaires; however only 144 questionnaires were completed properly. According to the findings of the statistical computation, analyses and results of the test carried out, it demonstrates that: The joint action of commercial banks credit to the agricultural sector, agricultural credit guarantee loan by purpose, government financial allocation to agricultural sector and agricultural products prices are significant factors that can influence agricultural production in Kurdistan. The findings revealed that there is a positive and significant influence of commercial bank’s credit on Agricultural Development in Kurdistan. Government fund allocation to the agricultural sector has led to a significant positive growth in agricultural productivity. Prices of agricultural products have not made any significant positive impact on agricultural productivity.
Trend and Growth of Flow of Credit to Agriculture after 1991 in Indiaiosrjce
Agriculture in India is at a crossroads and major challenge of the policy makers is to reverse the
trend of deceleration in agricultural growth which is directly associated with the declining of public investment
in agricultural research and development, fragmentation of holdings, lack of infrastructure and structured
markets, outdated technology and inappropriate input pricing policies of the government. The crisis of
agricultural stagnation needs immediate attention and treatment on the part of planners and policy makers.
Recognizing the continuous deceleration of agricultural growth, the present study attempts to analysis the trend
and growth of flow of credit to agriculture after 1991in India. The study based on secondary sources of data
compile from several sources, revealed that structure of credit outlets has witnessed a significant change and
commercial banks have emerged as the major source of institutional credit to agriculture in recent years, but
the declining share of investmental credit in total credit may constrain the sustainable growth of agriculture in
India. The situation calls for concrete efforts to augment the flow of credit to agriculture, alongside to exploring
the new innovations in the farming practices, product design and methods of delivery through better use of
technology and related processes. Facilitating credit through processor, NGO’s and input dealers that are
vertically integrated with farmers for providing them critical inputs or processing their produce, could increase
the credit flow to agriculture significantly.
Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture ...ijtsrd
The study examined constraints to accessing micro-credit/loan scheme of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) among farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for extension service delivery. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used in selecting one hundred (100) respondents for the study. Data were collected using structured interview schedule/questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. The study revealed that micro-credit/ loan scheme (88.6%) were the most patronized among the rural farmers. Others such as ECOWAS, IFAD project and ATHP programme were not patronized at all, probably because the type of projects sponsored by these credit/loan scheme are not important to the respondents. The respondents (farmers) were highly constrained by late release of funds (M= 1.27), grace period too short (M= 1. 17), excessive bureaucracy (M= 1. 14), too short payback period (M= 1. 13), services not regular (M= 1. 13), among others. The Bank of Agriculture staff also noted that they were constrained by late release of approved funds by head quarters of the Bank of Agriculture (M= 1.43), loan diversion (M= 1.27), poor funding of field officers (M= 1.20), lack of awareness by borrowers (M= 1.10) and insufficient staff (M= 0.93). The study recommends that adequate awareness campaign on the availability of micro-credit/loan scheme by Bank of Agriculture should be created in order for the beneficiaries to be knowledgeable about it. It highlights the need for approval of more funds under the scheme and timely release of funds when needed especially during planting season in order to enable the farmers to make judicious use of it for optimum productivity. Mbah Evangeline N | Jiriko, R | Agada, M.O."Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture among Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for Extension Service Delivery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd89.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/89/constraints-to-accessing-micro-credit-and-loan-scheme-of-bank-of-agriculture-among-farmers-in-enugu-state-nigeria-implications-for-extension-service-delivery/mbah-evangeline-n
Impact of Credit on Agricultural Producitivity:A Case Study of Zarai Taraqiat...sanaullah noonari
Agricultural sector is the largest contribution to Pakistan’s GDP. Agricultural credit plays an important role in
enhancing the agricultural productivity in developing countries like Pakistan. The government of Pakistan
introduced several agricultural credit loans through ZTBL and other commercial banks and institutional sources.
This study estimated constrains faced by the farmers in acquisitioned source. This study also estimated the
impact of credit on agricultural productivity. Data were collected randomly from 30 loanee farmers to three
selected ZTBL branches and 30 non loanee farmers in the same villages. It found that the credit has a positive
impact on the agricultural productivity and loanee farmers have more gross margins than non loanee farmers.
Now the problem is to remove the constraints which small farmers are facing in this regard and then improve the
utilization of the credit amount as planned at the time of disbursement in agriculture production process
following findings were found. A major proportion i.e.40.8% of the farmers belonged to young age group (36-45
years). It was found that majority of the respondents had low level of education in the selected area. More than
51.7% of the respondents had 6-10 acres of the land holding. A huge majority 95% of the respondents had
knowledge about the agricultural credit scheme of the ZTBL Bank. More than 56.75 of the loanees’ farmers
avail credit facilities for the first time from the ZTBL bank. A large majority 63.3 of the farmers were not
satisfied with the interest rate charged by the banks. It was found that a large number of farmers mutualized the
credit amount. About 66.7% farmers got agricultural credit facility from bank without facing any problem.
Result indicates that average cultivated area in case of loanee farmers is higher than non-loanee farmers. It was
conclude that the loanee farmers had more cost of production as compare to non loanee farmers. Results of
regression analysis indicate that credit had very normal impact on agricultural productivity as limiting factors is
the proper utilization of loan mount in agricultural sector. The most common utilization of credit amount as
construction, repair and renovation of the houses by the loanee farmers.
This study aims to create a design model of Seaweed Bank. Seaweed banks are designed by combining the financing model of Cooperatives and Banking, but both the initial and subsequent deposits are not in cash, but in the form of commodities (dried seaweed).The study was conducted from 2017 to May 2018 (four seaweed seasons). The results showed that farmers’ revenue (with set aside 5 percent per Planting Season of total revenue) amounted to US$ 433 per year per farmer or US$ 107.161 from 300 farmers. During the famine season, farmers no longer borrow funds from patron but farmers can take it from Seaweed Bank. Farmers’ need of seed that can be provided as much as US$ 96.435 or as many as 296 ropes per farmer and still remaining balance of saving as much as US$ 199.239 in the village. At the normal price US$ 0,942 per kg of dried seaweed there is an addition to the total seaweed value as much as US$ 199.239, which will impact the expected year-end saving to be as much as US$ 18.430
MODELLING THE PREDICTION OF FARMERS' LOAN REPAYMENT IN PRIMARY AGRICUTURAL CO...IAEME Publication
Money, the vital element of economy, is indispensable to Agriculturists too. In India the farming community is subject to various vagaries to continue to be farmers and boost GDP of our Nation. In this Co-operative banks also play an important role despite the low percentage of repayment by farmers promptly coupled with high level of pressure for farmers for loan for continuing agricultural activities while the resource is requiring its cost to make it readily available at the time of all farming activities. There are many socio psychological factors. Affecting recovery of lending institutions resulting in a hard situation for credit societies and banks to continue lending. Here the study is on factors that could predict ways and means of recovery from farmers.
Factors influencing agricultural credit demand in northern ghanaHudu Zakaria
The greatest challenge to food security is low productivity emanating from slow growth in the agricultural sector and one of the reasons for this is little or no access to financial resources by producers. Credit is one of the empowerment tools that have the potential to boost the productivity, increase food security and change the life of farmers from a situation of abject poverty to a more dignified life in the long run. Using a household survey data from United State Agency for International Development's feed the future initiative; this study employed the logistic regression model to investigate the factors influencing households' demand for agricultural credit placing much emphasis on membership to organization. A total sample size of 2,330 farm households selected from Northern Ghana was used. The results of the logistic regression model revealed significant and positive variables such as age, education, group membership and source of credit. We therefore call on stakeholders to encourage formation of cooperative groups to enable farmers pull resources together or streamline loan application procedures, intensify education of farmers on loan procedures and promote flexibility in types of collateral demanded by financial institutions in order to enhance access.
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. Role of Banks on Agricultural Development in Bangladesh
Sarker MNI 010
appearing by 1% every year with 1.5% increase of
population per year. So, it is a great challenge for
Bangladesh in ensuring adequate food as opposed to
growing population. In this situation we have only one
option to increase agricultural production through
intensive agriculture. Adoption of intensive agriculture
requires huge capital investment but our poor and
marginal farmers lack sufficient capital (Alauddin, 2014)
The rationale for agriculture credit in Bangladesh can be
stated under the following three broad lines:
1. Almost 19.21% to the national GDP of
Bangladesh comes from agriculture sector which
comprises almost one fifth of the nation’s GDP. The trend
of agricultural production can be maintained for ensuring
sustainable GDP growth as well as economic
development of the country. A proper concentration
should be engaged for ensuring farmers accessibility to
different sources of agricultural credit that might help
them to a smooth continuation to agricultural production.
Various research works of researchers has already been
proved that availability of agricultural credit has a positive
impact on agricultural productivity.
2. Most of the Farmers of Bangladesh are generally
resource poor. 80 percent of the farming populations in
Bangladesh are small and marginal farmers. But only 17
percent of the small farmers have direct access to
institutional credit. 96 Percent of farmer in all size
categories reported their need for agricultural credit to
meet purchase cost of agro inputs (Sarker et al. 2006).
Institutional credit coverage should be enhanced so that
the neglected section of the farmer gets adequate access
to agricultural credit in order to ensure more agricultural
production.
3. A basic criterion for ensuring agricultural
productivity is a convenient access to agricultural credit.
For ensuring food security, more disbursement of
agricultural credit is necessary to sustain agricultural
growth. The poor and subsistence farmer are solely
depending on their production for the food supplies
throughout the year. The agricultural production and food
security will be hampered if access to agricultural inputs
of these farmers is hampered due to capital shortage
(Alauddin, 2014).
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Islam et al. (2014) observed that adequate availability of
credit on time is an important requirement for the rural
people, particularly under conditions of scarcity of
resources and uncertainty. Convenient and saving
facilities are perhaps even more important to smooth out
the peaks and troughs in incomes and expenditures in
the rural arena. Lack of savings facilities also force
families to rely on inefficient, inconvenient and costly
alternatives. Agricultural credit can be a solution for this
perspective. In Bangladesh most of the agricultural
credits are the small-scale loans for the poor
entrepreneurs. It allows them to access in the lending
institutions to borrow fund and start their own business
for rural development. Several financial institutions
developed several strategies, including provision of small
loans to the rural poor without collateral. These loans are
repayable in predetermined installments. Borrowers are
organized into groups, which reduces the risk of being
default. These credits also help disseminating valuable
information about the borrowers and their living
standards. In Bangladesh mainly nationalized Banks and
specialized Banks are currently burdened with classified
loans. But the collateral free financing offers a new
opportunity to invest their funds with little risk.
Alauddin et al. (2014) revealed that formal sector has
flourished in recent years in disbursing agricultural credit
where previously informal sector dominated the rural
credit market for agriculture. NGOs have a stronger
network throughout the country and many local private
commercial banks and foreign banks use these channel
to provide agricultural credit. Although PCBs (which
includes domestic and foreign commercial banks)
contributes a significant amount to total agricultural credit
from formal sector, their percentage contribution to
agricultural credit remain almost stagnant since the time
they started to disburse agricultural loan.
Sharmeen et al (2013) observed that GoB have already
provided a significant amount of funds by few specialized
banks to the development of agriculture and also has
taken some useful initiatives to get more fund from
outside sources like IMF. A major part of this credit goes
to the poor farmers as loan and also for buying necessary
input supports such as seed, irrigation, fertilizer etc.
Along with government, some other organizations (NGO-
MFIs, PCBs, FCBs etc.) are encouraged to extend their
lending facilities to these farmers. In the last several
years, the growth in the broad agricultural sectors seems
steady as well as upward sloping and their contribution in
GDP is quite significant. A positive correlation has been
found between available agri-credit and greater
production in the context of Bangladesh.
Khanam et al. (2013) found that the credit delivery
procedure and services of the bank do not satisfy the
expectations of the borrowers. More over BKB faces a
huge amount of non-performing loans which affects its
profitability and productivity.
Chowdhury et al. (2011) observed that both agricultural
banks are able to achieve a steady growth in terms of
employees, branches, deposits, loans and advances
during the period 2004-2008.
3. Role of Banks on Agricultural Development in Bangladesh
Int. J. Ecol. Devel. Res. 011
Rahman et al. (2011) have shown a high level of
correlation (.938; with statistical significance 1%)
between agricultural credit accessibility and greater
production. In addition to this, food grain production,
fisheries production have higher correlation
(.948);whereas livestock products like milk, meat and
eggs have been found to have a correlation of 0.772,
0.938, 0.688 respectively ,all of which is statistically
significant at 1% level. Agricultural Credit also has a
positive impact on household income and GDP growth
rate.
Chowdhury and Islam (2007) stated that deposits and
loan and advances of Specialized Banks (SBs) are more
sensitive to interest rate changes than those of
Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs). So SBs should
not make abrupt change in lending rate and deposit rate
by following the NCBs. If NCBs change their lending rate
or deposit rates, their deposits and loan and advances
will be affected less than those of SBs. However, SBs
offer higher deposit rate and charge higher lending rates
than NCBs. That is why the interest rate spared of SBs
was higher than that of NCBs.
Jahangir et al. (2007) observed that the traditional
measure of profitability through stockholder’s equity is
quite different in banking industry from any other sector of
business, where loan to deposit ratio works as a very
good indicator of bank’s profitability as it depicts the
status of asset liability management of banks. But bank’s
risk is not only associated with asset liability
management, but also related to growth opportunities.
Mahmud (2006) observed that the rural poor generally
have low income to sustain their livelihood. They do not
have the capacity to start any income generating
activities due to lack of financial capital. They also have
very limited access to the formal financial institutions
because of the inability to fulfill formal collateral
requirement. Thus in order to widen rural poor access to
finance, micro credit program has been launched which
require no collateral to obtain funds.
Miah et al. (2006) found in its research that agricultural
credit users in Bangladesh receive 1.21 times higher rice
yield compared to noncredit users. In case of India
empirical analysis reveals that the agricultural credit has
a positive and statistically significant on agricultural
output (Das and Ghosh. 2009
Chowdhury (2002) observed that banking industry of
Bangladesh is a mixed one comprising nationalized,
specialized, private and foreign commercial banks. Many
efforts have been made to explain the performance of
these banks. Understanding the performance of banks
requires knowledge about profitability and the relationship
between variables like market size, bank’s risk and
bank’s market size with profitability.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The specific objectives of the study are as follows:
1) To find out the role of Banks on agricultural
development in Bangladesh.
2) To find out the barriers of Bank on agricultural
development in Bangladesh.
3) To offer some suggestions on the basis of findings for
policy implication on agricultural credit.
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
The present study has been carried out to evaluate the
performance of agricultural loan on the economic and
agricultural development in Bangladesh. This study has
been based mainly on the data from secondary sources.
The relevant data and information were collected from
annual reports of Bangladesh Bank and websites of
various banks in Bangladesh. Relevant articles and
literature in this context have also been reviewed. The
researcher also interviewed 50 respondents among them
35 agricultural loan borrower and 15 credit officers of
different banks for acquiring primary data related to
agricultural loan to determine the problems of agricultural
loan. In this article we have analyzed the different data of
agricultural loan in Bangladesh during the period from
2010 to 2014.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The role of bank on Agricultural development
through loan disbursement in Bangladesh:
The commercial banks working in Bangladesh were
disbursed the agricultural loan in the following sectors:
1. Crops / food grains (other than tea).
2. Purchase and installation of Irrigation Equipment.
3. Livestock
4. Marketing of Agricultural goods.
5. Fisheries
6. Poverty alleviation and income generating
activities.
7. Other agricultural activities.
Crops / food grains (other than tea).
The farmers of our country receives loan mainly for
agricultural crop cultivation. The table 1 shows that the
disbursement of agricultural credit on crop production in
2010 is Tk.33.19 billion. The amount of disbursement of
agricultural credit on crop production is increasing
gradually up to Tk. 71.31 in 2014. The disbursement of
agricultural credit on crop production has rising
significantly in its magnitude realizing the importance in
more agricultural production. A similar finding was
obtained by Alauddin, (2014).
4. Role of Banks on Agricultural Development in Bangladesh
Sarker MNI 012
Table 1. Disbursement of loan on Crops Production (other than tea)
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Crops loan (other than tea)
(Fig in Billion Taka) 33.19 36.88 53.5 64.34 71.31
Source: Agricultural credit and financial inclusion department, Bangladesh Bank.
Table 2. Disbursement of loan on purchase and installation of irrigation equipment
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Purchase and installation of Irrigation Equipment
(Fig in Billion Taka) 0.52 0.53 3.29 2.79 2.39
Source: Agricultural credit and financial inclusion department, Bangladesh Bank.
Table 3. Disbursement of loan on Livestock
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Livestock
(Fig in Billion Taka) 4.08 4.27 12.44 18.03 19.96
Source: Agricultural credit and financial inclusion department, Bangladesh Bank.
Table 4. Disbursement of loan on marketing of agricultural goods
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Marketing of Agricultural goods
(Fig in Billion Taka) 0.62 0.30 2.75 2.26 1.67
Source: Agricultural credit and financial inclusion department, Bangladesh Bank.
Purchase and installation of Irrigation Equipment
The farmers of our country receives loan for purchasing
and installing of irrigation equipment for increasing
agricultural crop cultivation. The table 2 shows that the
disbursement of agricultural credit on purchase and
installation of irrigation equipment in 2010 is Tk.0.52
billion. The amount of disbursement of agricultural credit
on purchase and installation of irrigation equipment is
increasing gradually up to Tk. 3.29 in 2012. The
disbursement of agricultural credit on purchase and
installation of irrigation equipment has decreasing slightly
in 2013 and 2014. Islam et al (2014) obtained similar
findings.
Livestock
Livestock is a major part of agriculture. The farmers
rearing livestock for managing agriculture and as like
liquid money. The table 3 shows that the disbursement of
agricultural credit on livestock in 2010 is Tk.4.08 billion.
The amount of disbursement of agricultural credit on
livestock is increasing gradually up to Tk. 19.96 in 2014.
The disbursement of agricultural credit on livestock has
rising significantly in its magnitude realizing the
importance in more agricultural production. A similar
finding was obtained by Sharmin et al (2014).
Marketing of agricultural goods
Marketing of agricultural goods is a major part of
agriculture. The table 4 shows that the disbursement of
agricultural credit on marketing of agricultural goods in
2010 is Tk.0.62 billion. The amount of disbursement of
agricultural credit on marketing of agricultural goods is
increasing gradually up to Tk. 2.75 in 2012. It is
decreasing gradually. Due to developed communication
facilities it requires less money with time. A similar finding
was obtained by Alauddin (2014).
Disbursement of loan on Fisheries
Fisheries is a major part of agriculture. The farmers are
cultivating fisheries for managing agriculture and as like
liquid money. The table 5 shows that the disbursement of
agricultural credit on fisheries in 2010 is Tk.3.99 billion.
The amount of disbursement of agricultural credit on
fisheries is increasing gradually up to Tk. 13.78 in 2014.
The disbursement of agricultural credit on fisheries has
5. Role of Banks on Agricultural Development in Bangladesh
Int. J. Ecol. Devel. Res. 013
Table 6. Disbursement of loan on poverty alleviation
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Poverty Alleviation
(Fig in Billion Taka) 13.61 16.29 16.09 16.58 18.64
Source: Agricultural credit and financial inclusion department, Bangladesh Bank.
Table 7. Disbursement of loan on other agricultural activities
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Other agricultural activities
(Fig in Billion Taka) 26.77 29.18 32.99 29.46 32.62
Source: Agricultural credit and financial inclusion department, Bangladesh Bank.
rising significantly in its magnitude realizing the
importance in more fish production. A similar finding was
obtained by Khanam et al (2013).
Disbursement of loan for poverty alleviation
Poverty is a particular situation of human life. It is related
to the standard of living and the socio-economic aspects
of living. Al though apparently it seems that the concept
of poverty is primarily linked with money income; the
disbursement of loan on alleviating poverty plays a key
role on rural economic development. Table 6 shows that
the disbursement of agricultural credit for poverty
alleviation in 2010 is Tk.13.61 billion. The amount of
disbursement of agricultural credit on poverty alleviation
is increasing gradually up to Tk. 18.64 in 2014. Similar
findings were obtained by Mahmud (2006) and Alauddin
(2014).
Disbursement of loan on other agricultural activities
Various income generating activities are included in other
agricultural activities. So, other agricultural activities play
a vital role on rural economic development. The table 7
shows that the disbursement of agricultural credit on
other agricultural activities in 2010 is Tk.26.77 billion. The
amount of disbursement of agricultural credit on other
agricultural activities is increasing gradually up to Tk.
32.18 in 2012. It is decrease in 2013 and increased in
2014. The trend is more or less stable up to 2014. Islam
et al (2014) and Chowdhury (2002) obtained similar
findings.
PRESENT PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURAL CREDIT
The researcher studied existing literatures, interviewed
farmers and bank officials’ and identified various causes
of agricultural loan problems. The researcher also
interviewed to a number of agricultural loan borrower,
credit officers of different banks for acquiring primary data
related to agricultural loan to determine the problems of
agricultural loan. Most of the respondents mentioned the
following causes of the problem agricultural loans.
i. The main difficulties faced by farmers in securing
agricultural credit from the formal sector as like banks are
the long institutional procedure.
ii. A tendency is not to pay the loan from the
beginning of loan borrowing and waiting for discharge
loan by government in case of small loan.
iii. Lower price of agricultural products and bi-
products at harvesting period.
iv. No training facilities and guidance for utilizing
agricultural loan.
v. Lack of proper installment size and credit
collection method.
vi. Very time consuming for documentation in
obtaining loan.
vii. Diversion of agricultural loan to other sector or
personal use.
viii. Loan amount is insufficient than required amount.
ix. Lack of knowledge for proper utilization of loan.
x. Lack of proper investigation before lending
agricultural loan.
xi. Lack of good communication facilities.
xii. Crop damages due to natural disaster.
xiii. Most of the modern bank operation has not
extended adequately in the rural areas.
xiv. Some of the farmers default the loan willfully.
xv. Institutional credit is not allocated according to
the relative efficiency of the cultivator but according to the
economic and political power of credit recipients.
xvi. Inadequate supervision due to shortage of field
officer of Bank.
CONCLUSIONS
The disbursement of agricultural credit on crop
production is increased up to Tk. 71.31 billion in 2014
from Tk.33.19 billion in 2010. Subsequently, the
disbursement of agricultural credit on purchase and
6. Role of Banks on Agricultural Development in Bangladesh
Sarker MNI 014
installation of irrigation equipment is increased upto Tk.
3.29 billion in 2012 from Tk.0.52 billion in 2010. The
amount has decreasing slightly in 2013 and 2014. The
disbursement of agricultural credit on crop production is
increased up to Tk. 19.96 billion in 2014 from Tk.4.08
billion in 2010. The disbursement of agricultural credit on
marketing of agricultural goods is increased upto Tk.2.75
billion in 2012 from Tk.0.62 billion in 2010. The amount
has decreasing slightly in 2013 and 2014 due to
developed communication facilities. The disbursement of
agricultural credit on fisheries is increased up to Tk.
13.78 billion in 2014 from Tk.3.99 billion in 2010. The
disbursement of agricultural credit on poverty alleviation
is increased up to Tk. 18.64 billion in 2014 from Tk.13.61
billion in 2010. The disbursement of agricultural credit on
other agricultural activities is increased up to Tk. 32.62
billion in 2014 from Tk.26.77 billion in 2010. The
disbursement of agricultural loan over time indicates that
bank plays on a significant role on agricultural
development in Bangladesh. Several research works
supports the positive association between agricultural
credit and agricultural production.
Since government and NGOs put their efforts to boost up
agricultural production. Government also had given
subsidy in every year to farmer for increasing more
agricultural production and Bangladesh Bank given
direction to all commercial banks in Bangladesh to lend
their money to farmer so that we can achieve food
security. So it was necessary to find out how commercial
bank contributes in agricultural production in Bangladesh.
This study showed that significant agricultural production
could be achieved by adopting our suggestions and
removing mentioned constraints.
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
Considering the pattern and present trend of agricultural
credit, we suggested some policy recommendation that
can be adopted to unlock the potential in agricultural
sector:
1. Long institutional procedures for taking loan should be
removed by authorities. Since agricultural production is
based on short time so its loan disbursement must be in
a short time. If we ensure short time loan disbursement in
agriculture sector, it would be more profitable and we can
achieve food security.
2. It is our responsibility to pay attention on farmers'
interest. Therefore, the bank must make sure the
availability of agriculture credit by advancing the private
banks so that the farmers can have access to agriculture
inputs during the required production period.
3. The loans may be extended to off-farm activities which
are related to agriculture.
4. Women farmers should have priority for agricultural
loan to empower women in decisions making on choice
of crops, crop management and children’s education, to
improve housing condition and to access to more and
better quality food.
5. Sharecroppers should spend most of their loans to
purchase modern inputs like fertilizers, diesel for
irrigations as well as for quality seeds. They express their
desire to rent-in more land in future upon receiving higher
loan amount.
6. The monitoring by Bangladesh bank should continue
especially for agricultural credit program since the
poorest of the villages get the opportunity for improving
economic condition by utilizing borrowed money.
7. Agricultural credit has to be offered under government
declared rebate facility to reduce import dependence on
agriculture by growing agricultural products such as
lentils, oilseeds, corns including spices (onion, ginger,
garlic etc).
8. As an agriculture supporting sector irrigation,
ploughing and harvesting machineries have to be
provided with necessary credit. Each bank branch should
be advised to take initiative for disbursement of
agricultural credit for purchasing at least one threshing
machine.
10. Concerned banks have to ensure effective monitoring
system so that only the real farmers get necessary
amount of agricultural credit in a timely and hassle-free
manner and the targeted amount of agricultural credit is
disbursed. Bangladesh Bank is also preparing a
comprehensive agricultural credit monitoring strategy.
11. Women entrepreneurs should get priority in
agricultural/rural credit disbursement. Attainment of
targeted amount of agricultural credit will be deemed as a
plus point in getting permission for opening new bank
branches.
12. Banks will be encouraged to use modern Information
and Communication Technology (ICT) including mobile
phone in agricultural credit disbursement programs. A
few banks have already opened Small and Medium
Enterprise (SME) centers which may also play a
supportive role in disbursing agricultural credit.
13. To ensure fair prices of agricultural products, banks
and financial institutions should be directed to disburse
agricultural credit to genuine farmers as well as in favor
of local small businessmen in the crop storage and
marketing sectors under agricultural credit program so
that small/large crop depots can be built.
15. Governance of the BKB and RAKUB should be
transformed to protect them from political interference.
They should also be recapitalized and restructured so
that they can provide cost effective, well designed
financial service.
16. Group lending approach is so successful in
Bangladesh, hence it is proposed to adopt group
guarantee approach same as NGO-MFIs to expedite the
agricultural credit disbursement.
17. Agricultural loans should be advanced at the
beginning of crops farming, livestock and poultry raising,