The greatest challenge to food security is low productivity emanating from slow growth in the agricultural sector and one of the reasons for this is little or no access to financial resources by producers. Credit is one of the empowerment tools that have the potential to boost the productivity, increase food security and change the life of farmers from a situation of abject poverty to a more dignified life in the long run. Using a household survey data from United State Agency for International Development's feed the future initiative; this study employed the logistic regression model to investigate the factors influencing households' demand for agricultural credit placing much emphasis on membership to organization. A total sample size of 2,330 farm households selected from Northern Ghana was used. The results of the logistic regression model revealed significant and positive variables such as age, education, group membership and source of credit. We therefore call on stakeholders to encourage formation of cooperative groups to enable farmers pull resources together or streamline loan application procedures, intensify education of farmers on loan procedures and promote flexibility in types of collateral demanded by financial institutions in order to enhance access.
This is an analysis of the impact of credits from formal financial institutions on the
welfare of farmers in Plateau state Nigeria. The study used survey research design and
the instrument of questionnaire to capture input variables, output data and welfare data.
Data was partly fitted into the Cobb-Douglas production function for analysis to
ascertain the impact of credit on productivity, and welfare data were analyzed through
descriptive statistics. It was found that credit available to farmers in Plateau state is
inadequate to significantly raise farm productivity and hence the welfare conditions of
farmers. It was further found that profitability, Net farm Income and welfare status of
borrowers were slightly higher than that of non-borrowers. The study therefore
recommends a renewed commitment of both government and formal financial
institutions towards improved quality and quantity of credit to farmers so as to boost
output and welfare conditions of the farmers in the state
MODELLING THE PREDICTION OF FARMERS' LOAN REPAYMENT IN PRIMARY AGRICUTURAL CO...IAEME Publication
Money, the vital element of economy, is indispensable to Agriculturists too. In India the farming community is subject to various vagaries to continue to be farmers and boost GDP of our Nation. In this Co-operative banks also play an important role despite the low percentage of repayment by farmers promptly coupled with high level of pressure for farmers for loan for continuing agricultural activities while the resource is requiring its cost to make it readily available at the time of all farming activities. There are many socio psychological factors. Affecting recovery of lending institutions resulting in a hard situation for credit societies and banks to continue lending. Here the study is on factors that could predict ways and means of recovery from farmers.
FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN UGANDA A CASE OF LANGO SUB REGIO...ectijjournal
Women empowerment has taken a center stage in the present development agenda. The study examines the role of financial inclusion in supporting women empowerment in Lango sub region, Northern Uganda. Using both purposive and simple random sampling a Sample of 126 respondents was selected with a response rate of 100% realized. The study found out that financial support appeared to be sparse, The regulations, supervision and monitoring of some of these firms was lacking, causing many women to lose their savings with such firms. The study therefore recommended that Government should establish buffers to serve as collateral security for women who intend to secure financial credit. Financial service providers should lower down the costs of operating accounts for the financial inclusiveness of women, particularly women from rural areas. Government should tighten monitoring, regulating and supervisory policies of financial service providers to restore public trust in financial institutions in Uganda. Financial services providers, government and other development partners should offer both formal and informal business education training.
Effective Utilization of Banking Credit: A bird’s eye viewRHIMRJ Journal
India is an agricultural country and it plays a significant role in the development of our economy. Approximately two
third of the Indian Population is depend on agriculture sector. According to the data released by National Sample Survey
(NSS) reflects that about 65 to 70 per cent of all agricultural holdings belonged to the smaller size groups of families. These
small and marginal farmers required credit facility. Agricultural credit appears to be an essential input to take the advantage
of modern technology in agriculture sector for enhancing productivity. That is the reason credit has been taking a crucial role
in designing strategies for the development of agriculture. This paper put emphasis on proper planning for effective utilization
of credit facilities.
This is an analysis of the impact of credits from formal financial institutions on the
welfare of farmers in Plateau state Nigeria. The study used survey research design and
the instrument of questionnaire to capture input variables, output data and welfare data.
Data was partly fitted into the Cobb-Douglas production function for analysis to
ascertain the impact of credit on productivity, and welfare data were analyzed through
descriptive statistics. It was found that credit available to farmers in Plateau state is
inadequate to significantly raise farm productivity and hence the welfare conditions of
farmers. It was further found that profitability, Net farm Income and welfare status of
borrowers were slightly higher than that of non-borrowers. The study therefore
recommends a renewed commitment of both government and formal financial
institutions towards improved quality and quantity of credit to farmers so as to boost
output and welfare conditions of the farmers in the state
MODELLING THE PREDICTION OF FARMERS' LOAN REPAYMENT IN PRIMARY AGRICUTURAL CO...IAEME Publication
Money, the vital element of economy, is indispensable to Agriculturists too. In India the farming community is subject to various vagaries to continue to be farmers and boost GDP of our Nation. In this Co-operative banks also play an important role despite the low percentage of repayment by farmers promptly coupled with high level of pressure for farmers for loan for continuing agricultural activities while the resource is requiring its cost to make it readily available at the time of all farming activities. There are many socio psychological factors. Affecting recovery of lending institutions resulting in a hard situation for credit societies and banks to continue lending. Here the study is on factors that could predict ways and means of recovery from farmers.
FINANCIAL INCLUSION AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN UGANDA A CASE OF LANGO SUB REGIO...ectijjournal
Women empowerment has taken a center stage in the present development agenda. The study examines the role of financial inclusion in supporting women empowerment in Lango sub region, Northern Uganda. Using both purposive and simple random sampling a Sample of 126 respondents was selected with a response rate of 100% realized. The study found out that financial support appeared to be sparse, The regulations, supervision and monitoring of some of these firms was lacking, causing many women to lose their savings with such firms. The study therefore recommended that Government should establish buffers to serve as collateral security for women who intend to secure financial credit. Financial service providers should lower down the costs of operating accounts for the financial inclusiveness of women, particularly women from rural areas. Government should tighten monitoring, regulating and supervisory policies of financial service providers to restore public trust in financial institutions in Uganda. Financial services providers, government and other development partners should offer both formal and informal business education training.
Effective Utilization of Banking Credit: A bird’s eye viewRHIMRJ Journal
India is an agricultural country and it plays a significant role in the development of our economy. Approximately two
third of the Indian Population is depend on agriculture sector. According to the data released by National Sample Survey
(NSS) reflects that about 65 to 70 per cent of all agricultural holdings belonged to the smaller size groups of families. These
small and marginal farmers required credit facility. Agricultural credit appears to be an essential input to take the advantage
of modern technology in agriculture sector for enhancing productivity. That is the reason credit has been taking a crucial role
in designing strategies for the development of agriculture. This paper put emphasis on proper planning for effective utilization
of credit facilities.
Socioeconomic Determinants of Loan Repayment among the Agric. Loan Schemebene...iosrjce
The study examined the socioeconomic factors influencing loan repayment among the
beneficiariesagricultural loan scheme in the Unity bank of Nigeria PLc in kaduna metropolis. Multi stage
sampling technique was used in the study in which seven branches of the unity bank of Nigeria plc were
purposively selected and in each branch 10 beneficiaries who collected agric loan in2007/2008 cropping season
were selected using simple random sampling technique making a total sample size of seventy respondents. The
data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and multiple
regression analysis. The result of the analysis revealed that,majority (75.72%) of the loan beneficiaries were
males and those with age range of 21-40 constituted75.72% with amean age of 38.6. Majority (51.42%) of the
respondents collected above N200,000 as a loan. Beneficiaries who repaid N1, 000-N20, 000and more than
N100, 000 out of the total amount collected constituted 24.29% and 27.14% respectively.The result of the z-test
revealed a significant difference between the amount applied by the farmers and the amount disbursed by the
Unity bank plc. The result of the Double log multiple regression analysis revealed that age of respondent
(p<0.001)><0.01) significantly influence loan repayment by the respondents.
The major problems encountered by the respondents include, high bureaucratic procedures, high rate of interest
and amount given was short of amount applied for. The bank should increase the share of agriculture in the
loanable funds available to it and relaxed the bureaucratic procedures involved before accessing the loan.
Government need to come up with a policy of lowering the interest rate on loans to agricultural sector and
provide efficient extension services to farmers so as to improve the yield obtainable from their farming
enterprise and hence their income
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
This paper systematically study relationship between social network and credit constraints under background of financial dualism in the countryside. The survey of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2014, as an example, is used in this work. The results of the empirical analysis show that social networks can significantly increase the financing ability of formal finance and informal finance in the rural areas. The more richer the social network for farmers, the more higher they have obtained financial loans to formal financial and informal. The impact on the borrowing of friends is higher than the impact of bank lending in the social network of rural areas. The conclusions indicate that the credit market of rural areas from china, an imperfect credit system, should fully exert an important role of social network in the informal system for alleviated credit constraints of countryside better.
As who lives in our rural communities changes, so too are the way these communities support themselves. As tax dollars shrink, the philanthropy community is finding itself being asked to play a bigger role.
Influence of Mothers’ Participation in Intra-Household Decision Making on Nut...Hudu Zakaria
The purpose of this paper is to investigate effects of mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making on the nutritional status of their children. The paper relied solely on analysis of data for Northern Region of Ghana, collected as part of United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Feed the Future population baseline survey conducted in 2012. Multiple Linear Regression Model was used in examining mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making on children’s weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height which were used as proxies for children’s nutritional status. Results of the analysis revealed that, the Region is still far from achieving the MDG 1 target of attaining 1.8% malnutrition prevalence rate, as stunting, underweight and wasting prevalence rates among children in the region were found to be 27%, 25% and 13% respectively. The analysis also found mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making, ownership and control of household resources as significant in influencing positively children’s nutritional status. Increasing participation and power of women in intra-household decision making process are imperative in improving children nutritional status and reducing malnutrition prevalence among children under five years. It is therefore recommended that programmes and projects aimed at promoting sustainable nutritional wellbeing among children should consider empowering mothers of children so as to promote their status and barging power in intra-household decision making process.
Socioeconomic Determinants of Loan Repayment among the Agric. Loan Schemebene...iosrjce
The study examined the socioeconomic factors influencing loan repayment among the
beneficiariesagricultural loan scheme in the Unity bank of Nigeria PLc in kaduna metropolis. Multi stage
sampling technique was used in the study in which seven branches of the unity bank of Nigeria plc were
purposively selected and in each branch 10 beneficiaries who collected agric loan in2007/2008 cropping season
were selected using simple random sampling technique making a total sample size of seventy respondents. The
data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and multiple
regression analysis. The result of the analysis revealed that,majority (75.72%) of the loan beneficiaries were
males and those with age range of 21-40 constituted75.72% with amean age of 38.6. Majority (51.42%) of the
respondents collected above N200,000 as a loan. Beneficiaries who repaid N1, 000-N20, 000and more than
N100, 000 out of the total amount collected constituted 24.29% and 27.14% respectively.The result of the z-test
revealed a significant difference between the amount applied by the farmers and the amount disbursed by the
Unity bank plc. The result of the Double log multiple regression analysis revealed that age of respondent
(p<0.001)><0.01) significantly influence loan repayment by the respondents.
The major problems encountered by the respondents include, high bureaucratic procedures, high rate of interest
and amount given was short of amount applied for. The bank should increase the share of agriculture in the
loanable funds available to it and relaxed the bureaucratic procedures involved before accessing the loan.
Government need to come up with a policy of lowering the interest rate on loans to agricultural sector and
provide efficient extension services to farmers so as to improve the yield obtainable from their farming
enterprise and hence their income
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
This paper systematically study relationship between social network and credit constraints under background of financial dualism in the countryside. The survey of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2014, as an example, is used in this work. The results of the empirical analysis show that social networks can significantly increase the financing ability of formal finance and informal finance in the rural areas. The more richer the social network for farmers, the more higher they have obtained financial loans to formal financial and informal. The impact on the borrowing of friends is higher than the impact of bank lending in the social network of rural areas. The conclusions indicate that the credit market of rural areas from china, an imperfect credit system, should fully exert an important role of social network in the informal system for alleviated credit constraints of countryside better.
As who lives in our rural communities changes, so too are the way these communities support themselves. As tax dollars shrink, the philanthropy community is finding itself being asked to play a bigger role.
Influence of Mothers’ Participation in Intra-Household Decision Making on Nut...Hudu Zakaria
The purpose of this paper is to investigate effects of mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making on the nutritional status of their children. The paper relied solely on analysis of data for Northern Region of Ghana, collected as part of United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Feed the Future population baseline survey conducted in 2012. Multiple Linear Regression Model was used in examining mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making on children’s weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height which were used as proxies for children’s nutritional status. Results of the analysis revealed that, the Region is still far from achieving the MDG 1 target of attaining 1.8% malnutrition prevalence rate, as stunting, underweight and wasting prevalence rates among children in the region were found to be 27%, 25% and 13% respectively. The analysis also found mothers’ participation in intra-household decision making, ownership and control of household resources as significant in influencing positively children’s nutritional status. Increasing participation and power of women in intra-household decision making process are imperative in improving children nutritional status and reducing malnutrition prevalence among children under five years. It is therefore recommended that programmes and projects aimed at promoting sustainable nutritional wellbeing among children should consider empowering mothers of children so as to promote their status and barging power in intra-household decision making process.
Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture ...ijtsrd
The study examined constraints to accessing micro-credit/loan scheme of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) among farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for extension service delivery. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used in selecting one hundred (100) respondents for the study. Data were collected using structured interview schedule/questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. The study revealed that micro-credit/ loan scheme (88.6%) were the most patronized among the rural farmers. Others such as ECOWAS, IFAD project and ATHP programme were not patronized at all, probably because the type of projects sponsored by these credit/loan scheme are not important to the respondents. The respondents (farmers) were highly constrained by late release of funds (M= 1.27), grace period too short (M= 1. 17), excessive bureaucracy (M= 1. 14), too short payback period (M= 1. 13), services not regular (M= 1. 13), among others. The Bank of Agriculture staff also noted that they were constrained by late release of approved funds by head quarters of the Bank of Agriculture (M= 1.43), loan diversion (M= 1.27), poor funding of field officers (M= 1.20), lack of awareness by borrowers (M= 1.10) and insufficient staff (M= 0.93). The study recommends that adequate awareness campaign on the availability of micro-credit/loan scheme by Bank of Agriculture should be created in order for the beneficiaries to be knowledgeable about it. It highlights the need for approval of more funds under the scheme and timely release of funds when needed especially during planting season in order to enable the farmers to make judicious use of it for optimum productivity. Mbah Evangeline N | Jiriko, R | Agada, M.O."Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture among Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for Extension Service Delivery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd89.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/89/constraints-to-accessing-micro-credit-and-loan-scheme-of-bank-of-agriculture-among-farmers-in-enugu-state-nigeria-implications-for-extension-service-delivery/mbah-evangeline-n
Determinants of Coffee Farmers Cooperatives’ Demand for Institutional Credit:...Premier Publishers
This study explored determinants of coffee farmer cooperatives’ demand for institutional credit under the Ethiopian context. The data was collected from 100 farmers primary cooperatives and analysed using descriptive statistics and Heckman two-step selection econometric model. The study reveals that the vast majority of the study cooperatives have potential demand for credit, while the revealed demand was found to be relatively low. Different sets of variables were found to influence cooperatives’ potential and actual demand for institutional credit in different ways. In order to address constraints preventing farmer cooperatives from effectively demanding and accessing institutional credit, recommendations are made in relation to the borrower cooperatives, lending banks and government policy.
— The study evaluates the efficiency of cooperative societies in credit delivery to agricultural enterprises in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State. The specific objectives were to; describe the socioeconomic profile of cooperatives societies, identify the sources of finance that are available and utilize for credit by cooperative societies, analyze the efficiency of cooperatives using the arrival rate of loan request and the service rate and identify the challenges militating against cooperatives as a means of providing credit facilities to farmers in the study area. random sampling method was used to select 30 Cooperative Societies in the Local Government Area. Data were obtained using well structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and queue theory. Results from the study showed that most of the cooperatives were formed in 2011 with 16-20 members at inception, which stood currently at 21-40 members. The benefits derived from the society ranges from, provision of input for production, accessibility of loan and marketing of products. The large proportion of the amount disbursed to member's ranges from 11000-31000naira. The result revealed that the sources of finance available to members was mainly from members contributions .The result further showed that cooperatives were not effective and efficient in queue management because the average idle time (-0.26) and the average traffic intensity was more than one (1.26). Also, findings showed that insufficient funds for disbursement(3.33), lack of qualified personnel (3.23), insincerity of members in credit management (3.16) and changes in government credit policies (3.16) were serious challenges that affected efficient delivery of credit by cooperative societies to agricultural enterprises in the study area, The study therefore recommended capacity building for cooperative members to enable them adequately source for funds and efficiently manage loan disbursement and repayment by members. Also, relevant government and nongovernmental financial institutions should be encouraged to channel credit facilities through cooperatives in other to build their financial base and make credit more accessible to agricultural enterprises.
Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeriaijtsrd
The study investigated the effect of credit on rice production. A total of 300 respondents were selected from a population of 1,296,032 farmers rice farmers in zone "A" Agricultural Zone of Niger State, Nigeria. Taro Yamane method was used to determine the sample size while the multistage sampling technique was used to allocate the sample strata. A structured questionnaire capturing the issues raised in the objectives designed to elicit raw data from the sample. The data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics Pearson Correlation and Regression Analyses and were used to address the objectives and to test the hypotheses respectively. Findings of this study revealed that there were positive and significant relations between credit and rice output r = 0.150 significant @ 0.001 level and between credit and profitability gross margin r = 0.995 significant @ 0.001 level. Also, constraints to credit access were found to have significant effect on rice production F ratio = 9.073 Significant @ 0.001 . Based on these findings, it was recommended, among other things, for a credit policy review by the government at the local, state and federal levels to enhance access to credit among the small scale farmers in Niger State Nigeria. Francis O. Nwankwo | Chinyere Frances Chigbo "Credit and Rice Production among Small Scale Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26485.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/26485/credit-and-rice-production-among-small-scale-farmers-in-niger-state-nigeria/francis-o-nwankwo
Determinants of Co Operative Loan Access among Women Farmers in Oyo State, Ni...ijtsrd
The study focused on the determinants of cooperative loan access among women farmers in Ona Ara and Egbeda Local Government areas of Oyo State, Nigeria. The broad objective of this study is to investigate the activities of women cooperative farmers in food crop production through the use of cooperative loans. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used to gather information and a two stage sampling technique was adopted to investigate 120 women farmers. Descriptive and quantitative statistics, double hurdle model and Pearson Product Moment correlation co efficient r estimate were employed in analysing the data. The result of the analysis indicated that the majority 80.2 of the women farmers were between 31 – 40 years and the mean age was 25 years. This implied that most of the co operative women farmers were young and agile. This may help in farm production activities and therefore, their ability to access and utilise loans appropriately. Again, about 5 percent of the cooperative women farmers had no formal education, 7.5 percent had primary education, while 86.9 percent had secondary education. The average farming experience of the farmers was 5.6 years while the average household size was 4.5 years. In addition, the women farmers were largely 72.6 percent Christians and most of them use the accessed loan facilities for other secondary purposes such as payment of children’s tuition fees, household consumption and liquidating previous debts. This development often led to cases of loan default and poor repayment regime among the women farmers. The age, farming experience and the number of hired labour were some of the significant parameters that determined the level of access to co operative loan facilities. The result of the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co efficient estimation indicated that about 27 percent of the quantity of food crop output of the women farmers was explained by their level of access to co operative loan facilities. In conclusion therefore, it is important to increase the level of access of women farmers to cooperative credit facilities, so that, they can judiciously use such facilities on food crop production. Cases of loan diversion, among cooperative women farmers should also be discouraged. With this, the level food crop production of the women farmers will be enhanced and ultimately their household income will improve. Olagunju, Oluwaseun Emmanuel | Umebali, Emmanuel. E. "Determinants of Co-Operative Loan Access among Women Farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50448.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/50448/determinants-of-cooperative-loan-access-among-women-farmers-in-oyo-state-nigeria/olagunju-oluwaseun-emmanuel
This is a joint report focussing the impact of microfinance among the clients before and after the Andhra Pradesh crisis arising from the Andhra Pradesh Microfinance Institutions (Regulation of Money lending) Act, 2010. The report highlights the similar findings from quantitative study conducted by the Centre for Microfinance (CMF) at IFMR Research and qualitative study conducted by MicroSave. This paper features findings related to multiple borrowing, household indebtedness, loan purpose and client perspectives on availability of financing. Both studies validate the fact that the members of the community face issues raising credit in the absence of MFIs. Members of the community have reduced their spending on important aspects such as health, education and business because of non availability of adequate credit from alternative sources. Moneylenders are having a field day with the absence of MFIs. Members of the community are falling back to moneylenders who charge usurious rates of interest to meet their credit needs. The study also highlights the failure of MFIs when designing market led products and processes. MFIs, in the process of rapid scale up and single minded pursuit of exponential growth targets, ignored the needs of the clients. The study clearly shows the discomfort of the clients with inflexible repayments, interest rates and behaviour of the staff especially when it comes to repayment.
Role of Banks on Agricultural Development in BangladeshPremier Publishers
The aim of this study is to determine the role of banks on agricultural development. Agricultural development is determined in respect of crops, purchase and installation of irrigation equipment, livestock, marketing of agricultural goods, fisheries, poverty alleviation and income generating activities. A total number of 50 respondents were interviewed through semi-structure interview schedule for obtaining primary data. Secondary data was collected from annual reports of Bangladesh Bank during period from 2010 to 2014. The disbursement of agricultural credit on crop production is increased up to Tk. 71.31 billion in 2014 from Tk.33.19 billion in 2010. Subsequently, the disbursement of agricultural credit on purchase and installation of irrigation equipment, crop production, marketing of agricultural goods, fisheries are changed significantly with time. The credit on poverty alleviation increased up to Tk. 18.64 billion in 2014 from Tk.13.61 billion in 2010. The result indicates that bank plays on a significant role on agricultural development in Bangladesh. Timely flow of agricultural credit can meet farmers demand to ensure agricultural productivity. The study will help governmental policy makers and NGOs to address and analyze the issues of agricultural sector to provide loan to the farmers for promoting actual development in this sector.
Access to Agricultural Credit and Cassava Production A Study of Selected Coop...YogeshIJTSRD
This study examined access to agricultural credit and cassava production A study of selected cooperative farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design that aimed to determine the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable in a population. The population of this study was made up of 2978 members of selected thirty six cooperative societies in Anambra State. A sample of 353 was determined for the study using Taro Yamani formula. A structured questionnaire was administered to 353 respondents only 348 responded to the questionnaire. The data collected using the questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics like frequency, mean and standard deviation and also inferential statistics such as regression analysis and t test statistics. All analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23. Findings show that all the five coefficients cost of cooperative credit, amount of credit borrowed, loan repayment period, interest paid and loan repayment performance significantly influence cassava production in Anambra State. In general, the joint effect of the explanatory variables independent variables in the model account for 0.883 or 88.3 of the variations in the influence of cooperative credit on cassava production in Anambra State, Nigeria. This implies that 88.3 of the variations in the cassava production are being accounted for or explained by the variations in the explanatory variables. While other independent variables not captured in the model explain just 11.7 of the variations in cassava production. The study therefore recommends that credit institutions should supervise and spread the repayment period for credit obtained in such a way that the cost will not be heavy. Adequate credit facilities should be provided for farmers to enable them increase their production capacity. The loan repayment period for the farmers should be well spread to enhance their productivity among others. Low interest rate should be charged farmer to enable them reduce their rate of defaulting repayment. Nwafor, Grace Obiageli | Umebali, Emmanuel E. "Access to Agricultural Credit and Cassava Production: A Study of Selected Cooperative Farmers in Anambra State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45009.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/45009/access-to-agricultural-credit-and-cassava-production-a-study-of-selected-cooperative-farmers-in-anambra-state/nwafor-grace-obiageli
The Role of Farmers' Tenure in Securing Loans: The Case of the Philippines' '...IJAEMSJORNAL
This study aimed at exploring the role of farmers' tenure in securing a loan, specifically the 'hiraman' agreement among farmers. A sample of 50 respondents was randomly selected and the data were collected mainly through a questionnaire. A descriptive research design was used to analyse and interpret the data collected. The findings revealed that hiraman agreements among farmers are common in a certain area of the Philippines. Most of the borrowers who joined this agreement are farmers who have a tenure as tenants, followed by the farmers who are registered owners/partly owners. It also revealed that there were no farmworkers/laborers that have been entered into this agreement as their role is primarily for the cultivation only, such as planting, growing, harvesting, etc. Furthermore, the study showed the unique characteristics of the agreement and the major reasons for the farmer availing of and securing this loan. However, farmers still encountered constraints during the agreement such as uncertainties in the legal rights of the borrower, and the unavailability of payment instalments. Hence, conducting sustainability training and seminars for resource efficiency, intensification of the subsidy programs, and increasing the presence of formal institutions in the areato help increase the farmers' income is highly recommended.
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
Similar to Factors influencing agricultural credit demand in northern ghana (20)
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
2.
646 Afr. J. Agric. Res.
the MDGs (ECOWAP, 2009).
Unfortunately, the agriculture sector in Ghana is
plagued with challenges such as credit access which is
one of the most prevalent tools for spinning agricultural
development (MoFA, 2007). For instance, the share of
agricultural credit in total bank lending initially fell from
the mandatory 25% to about 10% before recovering to
12% in 1998 following the liberalisation of the financial
sector in the early 1990s. According to the Bank of
Ghana Statistical Bulletin, share of agriculture and
forestry in the outstanding credit balance of money
deposit banks (MDBs) in December 2009 and 2010 were
4.5 and 5.5% respectively (MoFA, 2011) and hence an
indication of a low and deteriorating level of credit supply
to the agricultural sector. This challenge is confirmed in
the study by Nankani (2008) in which agriculture is
reported to be largely excluded from the formal banking
system, with only 9% of credit going to the sector. Ghana
therefore faces the challenge of making substantial
progress in food security resulting from lack of credit to
boost production. Progress in achieving MDGs is
therefore reported to be slow and projections are that the
targets may not be realized by 2015 (Amponsah, 2012).
The low and deteriorating level of credit supply by
financial institutions stems from the fact that physical
assets that the lender can seize if the individual borrower
defaults are usually hard to come by. Agricultural credit
suppliers are therefore not willing to extend credit which
is not fully secured.
A consensus reached by the financial institutions and
famers is the group approach in which institutions focus
on groups rather than on individual farmers. In this way,
credit is extended to farmers who form some sort of
associations, credit unions and cooperatives. Such
organizations play the role in the securing, sharing and
repayment of such funds and at the same time lower
interest charges and make loans better secured as it is
believed. As observed by Mohammed et al. (2013), when
a farmer is not a member of any organization, his main
source of collateral is from his own physical capital
assets which are often difficult to produce by smallholder
farmers as compared to a farmer who is a member of a
social network.
Several studies have analyzed the use of credit among
resource-poor rural dwellers and concluded that credit
was allocated mainly for agricultural and non-agricultural
productive activities as well as for consumption purposes
though at varying allocative proportions see for instance
Zeller et al. (1996) and Schreider (1995). Olatunbosun
(2012) also concluded that constraint to agriculture
financing is due to lack of access to credit. Our study is
unique in a sense that, it looks at the factors that
influence accessibility of agricultural credit by famers with
much emphasis on the effect of group membership on
credit access. Consequently, this study would contribute
to the literature on the factors influencing farmers’ access
to credit.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Agricultural credit has been defined as the present and
pro tem transfers of purchasing power from a person who
owns it to a person who wants it, allowing the latter the
opportunity to command another person’s capital for
agricultural purposes but with confidence in his
willingness and ability to repay at a specified future date
(Kuwornu et al., 2013). In other words, a transaction
between two parties in which one, acting as creditor or
lender, supplies the other, the debtor or borrower, with
money, goods, services, or securities in return for the
promise of future payment is known as credit (Kosgey,
2013). A household is therefore said to have access to a
type of credit if at least one of its members has a strictly
positive credit limit for that type of credit. Credit can be in
cash or in kind. However, this study dwelled on both cash
and formal source of credit.
Several studies in developing countries on credit
access by farmers have considered a broad range of
factors and concluded that factors that determine farmer
credit access vary from one geographical area to
another. For instance, using a stepwise linear regression
analysis to determine the relationship between socio-
economic characteristics of farmers and their rate of
accessibility to agricultural credit, Etonihu (2013)
concluded that education, distance to source of credit
and types of credit source were significant factors
affecting farmers’ accessibility to agricultural credit in
Nigeria.
Schmidt and Kropp (1987) revealed that the type of
financial institution and its policy will often determine
access. They further revealed that where credit duration,
terms of payment, required security and the provisions of
supplementary services do not fit the needs of the target
group, potential borrowers will not apply for credit even
where it exists and when they do, they will be denied
access. Bigsten et al. (2003) and Fleisig (1995) stated
that in developing countries asymmetric information, high
risks, lack of collateral, lender-borrower distance, small
and frequent credit transactions of rural households make
real costs of borrowing vary among different sources of
credit.
In addition, Okurut et al. (2005) employed a logit model
to investigate factors that influence both credit demand
and supply in Uganda by using observed household and
individual characteristics. The household characteristics
that influenced demand included age, education, and
household expenditure per adult equivalent. They further
argued that, household composition, migration status and
credit demand is higher for males than females and for
households with a higher dependency ratio. Demand for
credit is less in households with sick members and more
land assets per adult equivalent, while gender does not
play a significant role in the demand for credit.
Atieno (2001) did an empirical assessment on the
formal and informal institutions’ lending policies and
3.
access to credit by small-scale enterprises in Kenya. The
findings showed that income level, distance to credit
sources, past credit participation and assets owned were
significant variables that explained participation in formal
credit markets. Indeed, the study dealt with both formal
and non formal lending institutions in relation to small
scale enterprises in accessing general credit. Kimuyu and
Omiti (2000) and Lore (2007) demonstrated that age is
associated with access to credit and that older
entrepreneurs were more likely to seek out for credit.
Further, they asserted that age is an indicator of useful
experience in self selecting in the credit market.
In an empirical study of repayment performance in
group–based credit programmes in Bangladesh, Zeller et
al. (1996) found that social capital results in very high
repayment rates compared to traditional physical-
collateral-based financial institutions. Their study further
revealed that high repayments were registered in cases
where farmers arranged for a flexible repayment
schedule with financial institutions as opposed to fixed
one. A recent and similar study by Mohammed et al.
(2013) on social capital and access to credit by farmer
based organizations in the Karaga District of northern
Ghana deduced that the positive effect of the FBOs’
social capital on access to credit calls for conscious effort
to strengthen FBOs along the social capital dimensions.
Estimating the determinants of credit demand by
farmers and supply by Rural Banks in the Upper East
Region of Ghana using Logit and Tobit respectively,
Akudugu et al. (2012) pointed out age of farmers, gender
and political affiliations among others as the main
determinants of credit demand by farmers while type of
crop grown, farm size and the amount of savings are the
main determinants of credit supply by the Rural Banks.
Similarly, results of Dzadze (2012) on factors
determining access to formal credit in the Abura-Asebu
Kwamankese District of Central Region of Ghana using
the logistic regression model revealed extension contact,
education level and saving habit as the significant and
positive factors influencing farmers’ access to formal
credit. The study called on Ministry of Food and
Agriculture (MoFA) to enhance farmer-extension agent
contact by providing logistics on time for Agricultural
Extension Agents (AEAs) to make periodic visits to
farmers in their communities.
Chauke et al. (2013) also replicated the study by
Dzadze et al. (2012) in the Capricorn District of South
Africa varying the factors hypothesized to have effect on
credit access and concluded that the need for credit,
attitude towards risk, distance between lender and
borrower, perception on loan repayment, perception on
lending procedures and total value of assets are the main
determinants of farmers’ access to agricultural credit. The
study therefore called for government policies that intend
to improve the accessibility to agricultural credit by
farmers.
Examining the determinants of credit access by rural
Hananu et al. 647
farmers in Oyo state in Nigeria (Ololade and Olagunju,
2013), the Binomial Logit model revealed that significant
relationship existed between sex, marital status, lack of
guarantor, high interest rate and access to credit. The
need for financial institutions to help look into the
conditions for obtaining credit by farmers was obvious.
In the study of agricultural credit access by Grain
Growers in Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya, Kosgey (2013)
also found that agricultural credit access is influenced by
farmers’ age, education level, family size, household size,
repayment period and loan amount were highly important
in influencing access to agricultural credit.
Using the Probit and Tobit regression with robust
standard errors to control for heteroskedasticity, Kuwornu
et al. (2012) analysed allocation and constraints of
agricultural credit of selected maize farmers in Ghana.
The empirical results of the Probit model revealed that
gender, household size of farmers, annual income of
farmers and farm size have significant influence on credit
constraint conditions of the farmers while that of the Tobit
regression model revealed age, bank visits before credit
acquisition and the amount (size) of credit received as
the significant factors influencing the rate of agricultural
credit allocation to the farm sector.
Selecting farmers randomly from twenty villages in
Surulere Local Government area of Oyo State in Nigeria,
Adebayo and Adeola (2008) investigated the sources and
uses of agricultural credit by small scale farmers. Their
study revealed that majority of the farmers relied on co-
operative societies for agricultural credit, thus
necessitating a call on government agencies to mobilize
the rural farmers to form themselves into formidable
groups in order to derive maximum benefit of collective
investment of group savings. From the foregoing
discussions, it is clear that different factors determine the
access to agricultural credit by famers in different parts of
the world or even in different locations within a given
country due to differences in agro-ecological as well as
socio-economic setting under which production takes
place. Conclusions emanating from most of the studies
have tended to be case-specific and in some cases
contradictory thereby justifying the proposed study.
Though, a number of studies have been conducted
across the world on credit, there is dearth of literature on
the effect of group membership on credit access,
especially among small scale farmers in Ghana. This is a
serious gap that must be bridged if the problem of low
credit among farmers is to be addressed and agricultural
productivity improved.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study employed the logistic regression model for analyzing
households’ access to agricultural credit considering the
dichotomous nature of the dependent variable. In other words
households’ access to agricultural credit was expressed in two
categories: “have access to credit” and “do not have access credit”,
thus placing the analysis within the framework of binary choice
4.
648 Afr. J. Agric. Re
models and hence restricting the use of Ordinary Least Squares
(OLS) because of the normality and homoscedastic assumptions of
the error term. Moreover, the computed probabilities may lie outside
the 0-1 range (Goldberger, 1964; Maddala, 1983; Greene, 2003),
thus limiting the use of the Linear Probability Model (LPM) which is
reported to have non-normal and non-constant error terms and
possesses constant effect of the explanatory variable. Probit and
logit models which provide equally efficient parameters are
therefore the most popular statistical methods developed to analyze
dichotomous response dependent variables (Demaris, 1992;
Goldberger, 1964). However, our choice of the logit model over the
probit model is based on Peng et al. (2002) who argued that when
a continuous dependent variables are included in the model, logit
model is well suited for explaining and testing the hypothesis about
the relationships between a categorical outcome variable and one
or more categorical or continuous variable. It is also worth noting
that use of the logit model for this analysis is consistent with the
literature on credit access (Ololade and Olagunju, 2013; Akudugu
et al., 2009; Ayamga et al., 2006).
The study employed the threshold decision-making theory
proposed by Hill and Kau (1973) and Pindyck and Rubinfeld (1998)
to analyse the determinants of credit access by farmers. The theory
points out the fact that when farmers are faced with a decision to
adopt or not to adopt an innovation, in this case access to credit,
every farmer has a reaction threshold, which is dependent on a
certain set of factors. This being the case, at a certain value of
stimulus below the threshold, no adoption is observed while at the
critical threshold value, a reaction is stimulated by certain factors
which can be household, socioeconomic and institutional
characteristics of the respondent. Such phenomena are generally
modeled using the relationship:
(1)
Where Yi is equal to one (1) when a choice is made to adopt and
zero (0) otherwise; this means:
Yi = 1 if Xi is greater than or equal to a critical value, X*
and Yi = 0 if
Xi is less than a critical value, X*
. Note that X*
represents the
combined effects of the independent variables (Xi) at the threshold
level. Equation (1) represents a binary choice model involving the
estimation of the probability of adoption of a given technology (Y)
as a function of independent variables (X). Mathematically, this is
represented as:
(2)
(3)
Where Yi is the observed response for the ith
observation of the
response variable, Y. This means that Yi = 1 for an adopter (that is,
farmer’s decision to demand for farm credit) and Yi = 0 for a non-
adopter (that is, farmer’s decision not to demand for credit). Xi is a
set of independent variables associated with the ith
individual, which
determine the probability of adoption (that is, farmer’s decision to
demand for credit), (P). The function, F may take the form of a
normal, logistic or probability function. The logit model uses a
logistic cumulative distributive function to estimate, P as follows
(Pindyck and Rubinfeld, 1998):
(4)
(5)
The implication for applying the logit model in this paper is that, the
farmer would decide to demand credit at a given point in time when
the combined effects of the factors assumed to influence farmers’
decision to demand for credit exceed the reaction threshold. Based
on the conceptual framework, the empirical model is estimated
using the farmers’ characteristics plausibly assumed to influence
their credit decisions. The covariates include farm and farmer
characteristics such as sex, age, age squared, education, farm
size, household size, income, group membership and source of
credit. The empirical model for access to agricultural credit is
specified below:
Where, Y = the dependent variable defined as the access to credit
by smallholder farmers = 1 and 0 no access to credit; = constant
and intercept of the equation. The definition/measurements and a
priori expectations of the variables used in the logit model are
presented in Table 1. Our choice of variables for this study is based
on intuition and literature (Ololade and Olagunju, 2013; Chauke et
al., 2013; Dzadze et al., 2012 Kuwornu et al., 2012; Akudugu et al.,
2009; Ayamga et al., 2006; Demaris, 1992).
DATA
The data use for this study is from the United States Government’s
Feed the Future (FTF) initiative that aims to support growth of the
agricultural sector and promote good nutrition to attain its key goal
of sustainably reducing global hunger and poverty. The survey was
implemented in the three northernmost regions of Ghana namely:
Upper West, Upper East, and Northern Region, as well as some
selected areas in Brong Ahafo Region, to provide baseline data on
the prevalence of poverty, per capita expenditures, nutritional
status, women’s empowerment, household hunger, dietary diversity
and infant and young child feeding behaviours. The survey was
funded by USAID and implemented by USAID-Ghana Monitoring
Evaluation and Technical Support Services (METSS), Kansas State
University (KSU), University of Cape Coast (UCC), the Institute of
Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the
University of Ghana, and the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) with
US Department of Agriculture (USDA) and USAID providing
technical support.
Multistage sampling procedures were applied and carried out in
the three northern regions of Ghana as well as areas above the 8th
Parallel in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. In the first stage, a
probability sampling methodology was employed to select two
hundred and thirty EAs from all the EAs within the ZOI based on the
Ghana 2010 Census data. The areas in the ZOI were then divided
into two strata (that is, agriculture-nutrition intervention area as
Strata I and agriculture only intervention area as Strata II) in the
second stage to ensure an adequate number of respondents for the
two strata. This resulted into an effective sample size of 4580 and
was rounded up to 4600 to give further cushion for the likelihood of
non-response. Maize farmers were then excised from the total
sample for the purpose of this study. On the basis of predominance
of maize farmers, the Northern region was selected for the study.
The data set (which was used for the analysis in this study) is
therefore made up of 2330 maize farmers from Northern Region.
5.
Hananu et al. 649
Table 1. Definition/measurements and the expected signs of the variables used in the logit.
Model variable Definition/measurements Expected sign
Demand for Credit Dummy (1 = if household has access to credit and 0 if otherwise)
Sex of the farmer Dummy (1 = male; 0 otherwise) +
Age of the farmer Number of years +
Level of education Dummy (1 = formal education; 0 otherwise) +
Farm size In acres +
Household size Number of people +
Income Amount in Ghana Cedis +
Group membership Dummy (1 if the farmer is a member of a group and 0 otherwise) +
Source of credit Dummy (1 if the farmer access credit from informal source and 0 otherwise) -
Table 2. Summary statistics of variables.
Variable Mean Standard deviation
Demand for Credit 0.4925 0.5001
Gender of the farmer 0.3104 0.4628
Age of the farmer 42.9768 15.9056
Level of education 0.5006 0.5001
Farm size 3.9659 4.9603
Household size 6.0125 3.5232
Income 459.0382 1396.1240
Group membership 0.4981 0.5001
Source of credit 0.4963 0.4388
Source: Authors’ computation, 2013.
Table 3. Logit regression results of the factors influencing access to agricultural credit.
Variable Coefficient Standard Error Z
constant -1.9422 0.3915 -4.96***
Sex -0.7044 0.1193 -5.91***
Age 0.0384 0.0174 2.20 **
Age square -0.0003 0.0002 -1.74*
Education 1.9523 0.1027 19.02***
Farm size 0.0147 0.0122 1.21
Household size -0.0522 0.0150 -3.48***
Income -0.0001 0.0000 -2.33**
Group membership 0.2159 0.1000 2.16**
Source of credit 1.2352 0.1121 11.02***
Number of observations 2329
LR Chi-square (9) 754.35
Probability Chi-square 0.0000
Log likelihood -1236.903
Pseudo R2
0.2337
*, **, *** denote significance at 10, 5 and 1% respectively. Source: Authors’ computation, 2014.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Here summary statistics of the variables used in the
study (Table 2) as well as results of the estimation of
logistic regression model (Table 3) is presented. Results
from study reveal that less than 50% of households have
access to credit where male household comprised of
31% of the sample. The average age of a household
6.
650 Afr. J. Agric. Res.
head was found to be 43 years ranging from 14 to 100
years. The level of educational among households was
encouraging considering the fact that 50% of the farmers
were educated. Further findings revealed that on the
average, 4 acres of land is being managed by 6 people
with an average monthly income of GH¢ 459.04. Almost
50% of the farmers participated in group activities. Less
than 50% of the farmers got farm credit from informal
sources such as friends, relatives, NGOs, informal
lenders, village savings and loans associations.
Determinants of households’ access to agricultural
credit
The significant determinants of factors affecting access to
credit by farmers are sex, age, age square, education,
household size, income, group membership and source
of credit. Though the estimated Pseudo R-squared value
was low (23.4%), the log likelihood ratio (LR) statistic is
significant at 1 percent, meaning that the explanatory
variables included in the model jointly explain the
probability of farmers’ decision to access credit from the
formal.
Gender was found to be negatively related to decision
to access agricultural credit by farm households (Table
3). This was found to be significant at 1% level. This
means that female farmers are more likely to access
agricultural credit from formal institutions than their male
counterparts. This is understandable given that most
credit schemes designed by banks and other
development institutions such as NGOs focus more on
women. The result is consistent with the findings of
Akudugu et al. (2012) who argued that females are
considered the most disadvantaged, vulnerable and
above all, credit worthy and are therefore likely to opt for
credit than their male counterparts. Age of the famer was
also found to be significant 5% and positively related to
households’ decision to access credit. This implies that
the probability of households’ decision to access credit
from both formal institutions increases with age of the
farmer. This result is plausible for the fact that experience
which increases with age is an important aspect of
decision making styles in the credit market. Previous
experience with lenders is an important predictor of
outcomes. This experience can be gained hands-on from
having started previous ventures. Experience of previous
start-ups help provide farmers with considerable
motivation for venturing again, opens new opportunities,
links them to important resource providers and develop
key competencies. Experience which increases with age,
reduces the aversion to risks by farmers. Therefore, older
farmers are expected to have higher probability of
accessing credit from institutions than younger farmers.
This result is consistent with the findings of other studies
(Akudugu et al., 2012) and yet contrary to the finding of
Mohammed et al. (2013).
The level of education attained by a farmer was
significant at 1% significance level and showed a positive
relationship with formal credit access. The result implies
that level of education influences a farmer’s chances of
accessing credit. This is because higher level of
education is associated with the ability to access and
comprehend information on credit terms and conditions,
and ability to complete loan application forms properly.
This finding regarding education is consistent with the
findings of Ayamga et al. (2006); Thaicharoen et al.
(2004) and Arvai and Toth (2001) who also found that
education significantly influences the decision to
participate in formal credit schemes.
Surprisingly, household size was found to be significant
at 10% but negatively related to agricultural credit
access. This implies that the probability of households
sourcing agricultural credit from formal institutions is
lower for larger households but higher for smaller
households. Though contrary to our expectation, the
result is reasonable because credit is used for purchase
of inputs and hiring of labour and therefore needed in
smaller households to supplement farmers, who are
labour and input constrained, thus explaining why smaller
households have higher probability of sourcing credit
from lenders.
Annual income was found to be a significant variable
which influences household to access credit from
lenders. The negative sign for the coefficient of this
variable suggests that farmers with low annual income
are more credit constrained than farmers with high
annual income. This finding conforms to our expectation
and consistent with the study of Akram et al. (2008) who
observed a negative relationship between annual income
and credit constraint condition of farmers.
Turning to our major variable of interest, the result
revealed that membership to social group is significant at
5% and positively related to the probability of household
access to agricultural credit. This conforms to our a priori
expectation and consistent with the findings of Akudugu
et al. (2009), Armendariz and Morduch (2005), and Kah
et al. (2005) who explained that formation of economic
and social associations helps improve access to credit
since there is a joint guarantee by association members.
This implies that when farmers joined social groups, then,
the probability that they will access credit from the Banks
to support their farming activities is most likely to
increase. This is because the decision to join such social
groups is mostly driven by the desire to access financial
services, particularly credit from the Banks.
The relationship between source of credit by farmers
and access to credit (in this case, demand for credit) was
amazing. This variable was found to be significant at 1%
and positively related to households’ access to credit.
This implies that the probability of households accessing
credit from informal sources like friends, relative, NGOs
or village savings and loans association is higher than in
formal sources such as banks. Though surprising, the
7.
result is plausible for two reasons. First, credit obtained
from the informal sector entails no or low interest rate,
thus making it less costly as compared to the formal
sectors. Secondly, farmers incur additional transaction
cost as a result of conditions involved in applying for a
loan from the financial institutions. For instance, banks
normally give loans to farmers on group basis. This
means that in order to apply for a bank loan, the
prospective borrower has to look for other farmers to form
a credit group. The farmer therefore incurs transactions
cost in the process of looking for the eligible farmers.
Farmers who cannot afford the additional cost finally opt
for informal sources.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The role of agricultural credit in the development of
agricultural sector is magnificent. Accessible credit
enhances farmers’ purchasing power to enable them
acquire modern technologies for their farm production.
Access to the credit however, seems to be limited among
smallholder farmers due to certain constraints. Using the
Logistic regression model, the study sought to analyse
the factors that influence households’ access to credit
from both formal and informal sectors in Northern Ghana
with much emphasis placed on the membership to
farmers’ associations. Results from the study showed
that almost 50% of households have access to credit and
that decision to access agricultural credit is positively and
significantly determined by age, education, group
membership and source of credit. Sex, age square,
household size and income though significant, have
negative impact on probability of households’ credit
access. We therefore call on stakeholders to streamline
loan application procedures, intensify education of
farmers on loan procedures and promote flexibility in
types of collateral demanded by financial institutions in
order to enhance access. In case of collateral security,
farmers should be encouraged to form cooperative
groups to enable them pull resources together or form
groups to access loans from financial institutions since
the group lending scheme ensures higher repayment rate
as the leader of the group serves as a guarantor to the
bank.
Competing Interest
Authors have declared that no competing interest exist.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the USAID-Ghana, the
Kansas State University (KSU), University of Cape Coast
(UCC), the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic
Hananu et al. 651
Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana, the Ghana
Statistical Service (GSS) and the US Department of
Agriculture (USDA) for their collaborative efforts in
implementing the survey and making the data available
for this study.
Abbreviations: AEAs, Agricultural Extension Agents;
CAADP, Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development
Programme; ECOWAP, ECOWAS Agricultural Policy;
FTF, Feed the Future; GSS, Ghana Statistical Service;
ISSER, Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic
Research; KSU, Kansas State University; LPM, Linear
Probability Model; METSS, Monitoring, Evaluation and
Technical Support Services; MDBs, Money Deposit
Banks; MDGs, Millennium Development Goals; MoFA,
Ministry of Food and Agriculture; OLS, Ordinary Least
Squares; UCC, University of Cape Coast; USAID, United
States Agency for International Development; USDA,
United States Department of Agriculture.
REFERENCES
Adebayo OO, Adeola RG (2008). Sources and uses of agric credit by
small scale farmers in Surulere LGA of Oyo State. Anthropologies
10(4):313-314.
Akudugu MA, Egyir IS, Mensah-Bonsu A (2009) “Access to Rural Bank
in Ghana: The Case of Women Farmers in the Upper East Region”,
University for Development Studies, Ghana. Ghana J. Dev. Stud.
6(2):142-167.
Akudugu MA (2012). Estimation of the determinants of credit demand
by farmers and supply by rural banks in Ghana’s Upper East Region.
Asian J. Agric. Rural Dev. 2(2):189-200.
Amponsah WA (2012). The new harvest: Agricultural innovation in
Africa. J. Afr. Dev. 14(1):157-162.
Arvai Z, Toth IJ (2001). “Liquidity constraints and consumer
impatience”. National Bank of Hungary, Working Paper 2001/2.
Atieno R (2001). Formal and Informal Institutions’ Lending Policies and
Access to Credit by Small-scale Enterprises in Kenya: An Empirical
Assessment. African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi.
Ayamga M, Sarpong DB, Asuming-Brempong S (2006). “Factors
Influencing the Decision to Participate in Microcredit Programmes: An
Illustration for Northern Ghana”, University for Development Studies,
Ghana. Ghana J. Dev. Stud. 3(2):57-65.
Bigsten A, Collier P, Dercon S, Fafchamps M, Gauthier B, Gunning JW,
Oduro A, Oostendrop R, Patillo C, Soderbom M, Teal F, Zewfack A
(2003). Credit constraints in manufacturing enterprises in Africa. J.
Afr. Econ. 12(1):104-125.
Chauke PK, Motlhatlhana ML, Pfumayaramba TK, Anim FDK (2013).
Factors influencing access to credit: A case study of smallholder
farmers in the Capricorn district of South Africa. Afr. J. Agric. Res.
8(7):582-585.
Demaris A (1992). Logit Modeling. Practical Applications. International
Educational and Professional Publisher, London.
Dzadze P, Osei MJ, Aidoo R, Nurah GK (2012). Factors determining
access to formal credit in Ghana: A case study of smallholder farmers
in the Abura-Asebu Kwamankese district of central region of Ghana.
J. Dev. Agric. Econ. 4(14):416-423.
ECOWAP (2009). Comprehensive African Agriculture Development
Programme: Agricultural Policy.
Etonihu KI, Rahman SA, Usman S (2013). Determinants of access to
agricultural credit among crop farmers in a farming community of
Nasarawa State, Nigeria. J. Dev. Agric. Econ. 5(5):192-196.
Fleisig H (1995). The Power of Collateral. View Point. Washington D.C.,
the World Bank.
8.
652 Afr. J. Agric. Res.
Goldberger AS (1964). Econometric Theory. New York: Wiley.
Hill L, Kau P (1973). “Application of multivariate probit to a threshold
model of grain dryer purchasing decisions”, Am. J. Agric. Econ.
55:19-27.
Kimuyu P, Omiti J (2000). Institutional Impediments to Access to Credit
by Micro and Small Scale Enterprises in Kenya. IPAR Discussion
Paper No.026/2000. IPAR. Nairobi.
Kosgey YKK (2013). Agricultural credit access by grain growers in
Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya. IOSR J. Econ. Fin. 2(3):36-52.
Kuwornu JKM, Ohene-Ntow ID, Asuming-Brempong S (2012).
Agricultural Credit Allocation and Constraint Analyses of Selected
Maize Farmers in Ghana. Brit. J. Econ. Manage. Trade 2(4):353-374.
Lore M (2007). “An Evaluation of Human Capital Factors that can
Enhance Access to Credit among Retailers in Nairobi.” Unpublished
Project Report Submitted to United states International University-
Africa. Nairobi.
Maddala GS (1983). Limited-Dependent and qualitative variables in
econometrics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
MoFA (2007). Food and Agriculture Sector Development Policy.
MoFA (2011). Agriculture in Ghana: Facts and Figures.
Mohammed S, Egyir IS, Amegashie DPK (2013). Social Capital and
Access to Credit by Farmer Based Organizations in the Karaga
District of Northern Ghana. J. Econ. Sustain. Dev. 4(16):146-155.
Nankani G (2008). The Challenge of Agriculture in Ghana: What is to be
done?
Okurut N, Schoombee A, Berg S (2005). “Credit Demand and Credit
Rationing in the Informal Financial Sector of Uganda.” S. Afr. J. Econ.
73(2005):883-497.
Olatunbosun B (2012). Improving credit allocation to sustainable
agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of bio-based economy
benefits. OIDA Int. J. Sustain. Dev. 4:16-24.
Ololade RA, Olagunju FI (2013). Determinants of access to credit
among rural farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. Global J. Sci. Frontier
Res. Agric. Vet. Sci. 13(2):17-22.
Peng C, Lee K, Ingresoll G (2002). An introduction to logistic regression
analysis and reporting. Indiana University-Bloomington. J. Educ. Res.
96(1):2-14.
Pindyck SR, Rubinfeld LD (1998). “Econometric Models and Economic
Forecasts, 4th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Schmidt RH, Kropp E (1987). “Rural Finance Guiding Principles.” GTZ,
Eschborn.
Schreider GR (1995). The role of rural finance for food security of the
poor in Cameroon. Frankfurt, Germany, Lang Verg. pp. 123-127.
Thaicharoen Y, Ariyapruchya K, Chucherd T (2004). “Rising Thai
Household Debt: Assessing the Risks and Policy Implications,” Bank
of Thailand, Discussion Paper number 04/2004.
Zeller M, Ahmed A, Babu S, Broca S, Diagne A, Sharma M (1996).
Rural financial policies for food security of the poor: Methodologies
for a multi-country research project. Food Consumption and Nutrition.
Discussion Paper No. 2 IFPRI, Washington, D.C., Mimeo P. 48.