Agri business financing in bangladesh, a case study on bangladesh krishi bankAlexander Decker
This document discusses agribusiness financing in Bangladesh, using Bangladesh Krishi Bank as a case study. It provides background on agribusiness and its role in Bangladesh's economy. The objectives are to study Krishi Bank's agribusiness financing activities and performance, identify problems faced by the bank and clients, and suggest improvements. Key findings include Krishi Bank disbursed over 50 billion taka for agribusiness in fiscal year 2011, recovering 50 billion, with outstanding loans of over 116 billion taka and non-performing loans of 14.17% of outstanding amounts.
Analysis Report on Bangladesh Krishi BankAsif Islam
Bangladesh Krishi Bank (BKB) is a specialized bank established by the Bangladeshi government to provide financing support to farmers and develop the agricultural sector. As the primary occupation in Bangladesh is agriculture, BKB aims to boost crop and fisheries production through loans for activities like cultivation, pond excavation, and livestock rearing. It also supports agro-industries and poverty alleviation programs. However, BKB faces some limitations like insufficient capital that prevents it from achieving its objectives fully. Recommendations are made to address the bank's challenges.
Trend and Growth of Flow of Credit to Agriculture after 1991 in Indiaiosrjce
Agriculture in India is at a crossroads and major challenge of the policy makers is to reverse the
trend of deceleration in agricultural growth which is directly associated with the declining of public investment
in agricultural research and development, fragmentation of holdings, lack of infrastructure and structured
markets, outdated technology and inappropriate input pricing policies of the government. The crisis of
agricultural stagnation needs immediate attention and treatment on the part of planners and policy makers.
Recognizing the continuous deceleration of agricultural growth, the present study attempts to analysis the trend
and growth of flow of credit to agriculture after 1991in India. The study based on secondary sources of data
compile from several sources, revealed that structure of credit outlets has witnessed a significant change and
commercial banks have emerged as the major source of institutional credit to agriculture in recent years, but
the declining share of investmental credit in total credit may constrain the sustainable growth of agriculture in
India. The situation calls for concrete efforts to augment the flow of credit to agriculture, alongside to exploring
the new innovations in the farming practices, product design and methods of delivery through better use of
technology and related processes. Facilitating credit through processor, NGO’s and input dealers that are
vertically integrated with farmers for providing them critical inputs or processing their produce, could increase
the credit flow to agriculture significantly.
This document provides information about Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) in Pakistan and focuses on two specific DFIs - Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL) and House Building Finance Company (HBFC). It outlines the roles and functions of DFIs, describes some challenges faced by DFIs in Pakistan, and then provides detailed information about the services, deposit schemes, loan schemes and operations of ZTBL.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of credit policy for agriculture in India. It discusses how rural indebtedness has long been a problem and the various steps taken over time to address this, including establishing co-operative credit societies in 1904, priority sector lending requirements for banks in 1972, establishing regional rural banks in 1975, and developing new programs like interest subvention, debt waiver schemes, self-help groups, and financial inclusion initiatives. It also analyzes trends in the sources and growth of agricultural credit over time from different institutional agencies.
1) Agriculture is an important sector for the Indian economy, contributing approximately 17.2% to national GDP and employing 58% of the population. However, agricultural growth has often fallen short of targets.
2) The paper analyzes issues in agricultural financing in India, finding that credit delivery to the agriculture sector remains inadequate. Commercial banks remain hesitant to lend to small and marginal farmers.
3) An efficient agro-infrastructure can optimize resource use, increase farm incomes, widen markets, and create employment. Agriculture is financed through commercial banks, regional rural banks, and cooperatives.
Agriculture contributes around 15% to India's GDP but employs over 50% of the population. Rural areas are home to over 70% of India's population, many of whom are poor farmers dependent on agriculture. The government prioritizes raising agricultural productivity to reduce poverty. Formal agricultural financing through banks has grown over time from money lenders to include cooperative banks, nationalized banks, regional rural banks, and now a multi-agency approach including public, private, and foreign banks. Key agricultural financing products include crop loans and Kisan Credit Cards (KCC), which consolidate short and long-term credit needs. However, many small and marginal farmers still lack adequate access to agricultural credit.
This document discusses the need for and sources of credit in Indian agriculture. It notes that agricultural credit is a crucial input, and that the major historical source was private moneylenders who charged high interest rates. To address this, a multi-agency approach using cooperatives, commercial banks, and regional rural banks now provides cheaper and more adequate credit to farmers. It then outlines the various financial needs of Indian farmers and the roles of credit. Finally, it details the major institutional sources of agricultural credit in India, including cooperatives, commercial banks, land development banks, regional rural banks, government loan schemes, and NABARD.
Agri business financing in bangladesh, a case study on bangladesh krishi bankAlexander Decker
This document discusses agribusiness financing in Bangladesh, using Bangladesh Krishi Bank as a case study. It provides background on agribusiness and its role in Bangladesh's economy. The objectives are to study Krishi Bank's agribusiness financing activities and performance, identify problems faced by the bank and clients, and suggest improvements. Key findings include Krishi Bank disbursed over 50 billion taka for agribusiness in fiscal year 2011, recovering 50 billion, with outstanding loans of over 116 billion taka and non-performing loans of 14.17% of outstanding amounts.
Analysis Report on Bangladesh Krishi BankAsif Islam
Bangladesh Krishi Bank (BKB) is a specialized bank established by the Bangladeshi government to provide financing support to farmers and develop the agricultural sector. As the primary occupation in Bangladesh is agriculture, BKB aims to boost crop and fisheries production through loans for activities like cultivation, pond excavation, and livestock rearing. It also supports agro-industries and poverty alleviation programs. However, BKB faces some limitations like insufficient capital that prevents it from achieving its objectives fully. Recommendations are made to address the bank's challenges.
Trend and Growth of Flow of Credit to Agriculture after 1991 in Indiaiosrjce
Agriculture in India is at a crossroads and major challenge of the policy makers is to reverse the
trend of deceleration in agricultural growth which is directly associated with the declining of public investment
in agricultural research and development, fragmentation of holdings, lack of infrastructure and structured
markets, outdated technology and inappropriate input pricing policies of the government. The crisis of
agricultural stagnation needs immediate attention and treatment on the part of planners and policy makers.
Recognizing the continuous deceleration of agricultural growth, the present study attempts to analysis the trend
and growth of flow of credit to agriculture after 1991in India. The study based on secondary sources of data
compile from several sources, revealed that structure of credit outlets has witnessed a significant change and
commercial banks have emerged as the major source of institutional credit to agriculture in recent years, but
the declining share of investmental credit in total credit may constrain the sustainable growth of agriculture in
India. The situation calls for concrete efforts to augment the flow of credit to agriculture, alongside to exploring
the new innovations in the farming practices, product design and methods of delivery through better use of
technology and related processes. Facilitating credit through processor, NGO’s and input dealers that are
vertically integrated with farmers for providing them critical inputs or processing their produce, could increase
the credit flow to agriculture significantly.
This document provides information about Development Finance Institutions (DFIs) in Pakistan and focuses on two specific DFIs - Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL) and House Building Finance Company (HBFC). It outlines the roles and functions of DFIs, describes some challenges faced by DFIs in Pakistan, and then provides detailed information about the services, deposit schemes, loan schemes and operations of ZTBL.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of credit policy for agriculture in India. It discusses how rural indebtedness has long been a problem and the various steps taken over time to address this, including establishing co-operative credit societies in 1904, priority sector lending requirements for banks in 1972, establishing regional rural banks in 1975, and developing new programs like interest subvention, debt waiver schemes, self-help groups, and financial inclusion initiatives. It also analyzes trends in the sources and growth of agricultural credit over time from different institutional agencies.
1) Agriculture is an important sector for the Indian economy, contributing approximately 17.2% to national GDP and employing 58% of the population. However, agricultural growth has often fallen short of targets.
2) The paper analyzes issues in agricultural financing in India, finding that credit delivery to the agriculture sector remains inadequate. Commercial banks remain hesitant to lend to small and marginal farmers.
3) An efficient agro-infrastructure can optimize resource use, increase farm incomes, widen markets, and create employment. Agriculture is financed through commercial banks, regional rural banks, and cooperatives.
Agriculture contributes around 15% to India's GDP but employs over 50% of the population. Rural areas are home to over 70% of India's population, many of whom are poor farmers dependent on agriculture. The government prioritizes raising agricultural productivity to reduce poverty. Formal agricultural financing through banks has grown over time from money lenders to include cooperative banks, nationalized banks, regional rural banks, and now a multi-agency approach including public, private, and foreign banks. Key agricultural financing products include crop loans and Kisan Credit Cards (KCC), which consolidate short and long-term credit needs. However, many small and marginal farmers still lack adequate access to agricultural credit.
This document discusses the need for and sources of credit in Indian agriculture. It notes that agricultural credit is a crucial input, and that the major historical source was private moneylenders who charged high interest rates. To address this, a multi-agency approach using cooperatives, commercial banks, and regional rural banks now provides cheaper and more adequate credit to farmers. It then outlines the various financial needs of Indian farmers and the roles of credit. Finally, it details the major institutional sources of agricultural credit in India, including cooperatives, commercial banks, land development banks, regional rural banks, government loan schemes, and NABARD.
Macroeconomics Role Of Institutional Credit For Economic GrowthSpartanski
The document discusses the importance of institutional credit for agricultural growth and economic development in India. It notes that historically, agriculture has relied on informal credit sources that charge very high interest rates. The document outlines the establishment of institutional credit for agriculture in India via programs like priority sector lending and the Kisan credit card scheme. It finds that increased access to institutional credit is linked to higher agricultural productivity, food production and reduced farmer debt. However, it also flags issues like declining credit to agriculture from commercial banks and a need for expanded access to affordable credit via microfinance and technological solutions.
1) The document analyzes the impact of credit from the Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd (ZTBL) on agricultural productivity in the Kashmore district of Sindh, Pakistan.
2) It finds that loanee farmers who received credit from ZTBL had higher cultivated areas, costs of production, and gross margins than non-loanee farmers.
3) However, the impact of credit on agricultural productivity was limited due to small farmers facing constraints in accessing credit and properly utilizing loan amounts for agricultural purposes.
The document summarizes priority sector lending in India. It defines priority sectors as areas of the economy that are prioritized for funding by the government and central bank. Banks are directed to provide loans to these sectors at reduced interest rates to promote their development. The priority sectors include agriculture, small businesses, education and housing. The document outlines the sectors and challenges they face, as well as the role of priority sector lending in addressing issues like unemployment and poverty. It discusses targets for priority sector lending and how the Reserve Bank of India monitors compliance.
The document discusses various aspects of agricultural finance in India, including sources and structures of credit for farmers. It notes that non-institutional sources like money lenders were the main source of agricultural credit historically but now account for only 25% of credit, while institutional sources like commercial banks, cooperatives, and regional rural banks provide most credit. It outlines credit needs of farmers based on time period and purpose, and describes the roles of major institutions in providing agricultural finance like NABARD, commercial banks, cooperatives, and regional rural banks.
NABARD is the apex development bank of India that was established in 1982 to provide credit and related services for agriculture and rural development. It replaced the agricultural credit departments of the RBI and provides refinancing support to rural financial institutions. NABARD also works to enhance access to financial services in rural areas through programs like self-help group bank linkage and develops rural infrastructure through funds like RIDF.
Rural Financial Markets and Agricultural CreditZain Khan
This document summarizes a presentation on rural finance and agricultural credit. It discusses the differences between rural and urban areas, defines rural finance and agricultural finance, and outlines challenges in rural lending such as lack of collateral and political interference. It also provides an overview of Pakistan's economy and agriculture sector, the history of rural financial institutions in Pakistan, and recommendations for best practices based on the Bank Rakyat Indonesia model.
Role of Rural Finance Institution in Agriculture DevelopmentKamal Kumar
Commercial banks, regional rural banks, and cooperative institutions play an important role in providing financial services to rural India. They provide short, medium, and long term loans to farmers for agricultural operations, machinery, and infrastructure development. Regional rural banks specifically target small and marginal farmers, while cooperative societies like primary agricultural credit societies are village-level organizations that provide direct credit to farmers. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) regulates and provides refinancing support to rural banks and cooperatives. Together this rural financial system aims to improve agricultural productivity and rural development in India.
This document is the Indonesia Halal Markets Report 2021/2022, which was produced by Bank Indonesia in partnership with DinarStandard and Indonesia Halal Lifestyle Center. It provides an overview of Indonesia's halal market landscape and outlines opportunities for trade and investment in the Indonesian halal industry. Key points include:
- Indonesia has a large domestic halal market driven by its position as the country with the world's largest Muslim population. Domestic halal spending was $184 billion in 2020 and is projected to grow by 14.96% annually to reach $281.6 billion by 2025.
- Indonesia aims to develop its halal industry and economy to support inclusive and sustainable economic growth as part of
This document discusses agriculture credit and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. It provides classifications and sources of agriculture credit, as well as current credit schemes. It also outlines problems faced by farmers and SMEs, including lack of financing, skilled labor, and marketing challenges. Additionally, it compares agriculture and credit systems between Pakistan and India.
Our research is intended to investigate the impact of institutional credit on agriculture production in Pakistan. It is a time series analysis. We took the data of ten years. It included the total bank lending during last ten years from 2003 to 2013. Agriculture production was estimated using three major crops named as wheat, rice and cotton. As these three crops majorly contribute to the production segment of agriculture so research findings tend to represent the actual population. Development segment included livestock, tube wells and tractors
NABARD is India's apex development bank that focuses on rural development. It provides refinancing support and develops rural infrastructure to promote agriculture and rural development. NABARD also regulates cooperative banks and rural banks. It works to expand financial inclusion through programs like self-help groups and credit cards for farmers. While NABARD has significantly contributed to rural development, it faces challenges in adequately financing some regions and maintaining its link to the central bank.
The document discusses rural financing and development in India. It notes that about 50% of Indian villages have poor socioeconomic conditions and lack basic infrastructure. Rural populations rely on informal credit sources like money lenders who charge high interest rates, trapping borrowers in debt. Several reforms were introduced to improve access to formal credit, including NABARD, regional rural banks, self-help groups, and microfinance institutions which provide loans at lower rates. Rural marketing also plays an important role, with companies like Amul and Coca-Cola directly targeting vast rural consumer bases through extensive rural distribution networks.
Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) were established in India in 1975 to provide banking facilities to rural areas. They are jointly owned by the central government, state government and sponsoring commercial bank. RRBs focus on providing credit and banking services to small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers and small businesses in rural areas. They accept deposits and offer loans, remittance facilities, and other banking services. However, over time RRBs have faced issues like inadequate finances, high loan defaults, and lack of coordination with other financial institutions which has impacted their effectiveness in developing rural regions of India.
Agriculture sector is playing a significant role in the
development of rural areas in our country. Agriculture is the
main occupation and still is a strong means of livelihood and
there is necessity for ensuring sustainability in these
livelihoods. Agriculture and allied sectors contribute nearly
22% of GDP of India and further 9.93% contribution in total
export of India.
Rural indebtedness, agricultural distress,
dependency on private money lenders, and farmers suicides
are common features surrounding Indian Agriculture. For
more than 100 years RBI and Central Government have been
making efforts to enhance institutional credit in rural areas
particularly to assist agricultural operations. But economic
survey (GOI) 2010 shows that out of 27 public sector banks,
only 14 sector banks achieved the agricultural credit target of
18% agricultural credit and in case of private sector banks
only 8 achieved the target of 18% for lending to agriculture
in 2009.
Chapter 1 Introduction, Scope and Nature of Agricultural financeGorakh Dhami
This document discusses the meaning, definitions, nature, scope and significance of agricultural finance. It defines agricultural finance as the economic study of farmers borrowing funds and the organizations that lend to agriculture. Agricultural finance can be examined at both the macro and micro level. At the macro level, it deals with total credit needs for the agricultural sector, while at the micro level it focuses on financial management of individual farm businesses. Agricultural finance plays a vital role in agro-socioeconomic development by increasing productivity, farm income, and reducing economic imbalances. It is also important for supporting infrastructure and technology adoption to modernize traditional agriculture.
Nabard & its innovative function in promoting ruralSumit Kulkarni
NABARD was established in 1982 as an apex development bank in India to facilitate credit flow to rural areas for promoting agriculture and rural development. It provides refinancing support and training to rural financial institutions. Some of NABARD's innovative functions include the EShakti project for digitizing self-help groups, the Rural Innovation Fund to support unconventional rural livelihood projects, and an action research project providing repeated microcredit to help rural households move out of poverty.
This document discusses strategies for improving access to financial services for agricultural value chains in Africa. It notes that while over 60% of Africa's population lives rurally and engages in agriculture, the agricultural sector lacks large-scale investment and access to financing. The document outlines challenges like risk, lack of infrastructure and weak market structures that impede agricultural financing. It then discusses various innovations and tools for managing risk and financing along commodity value chains, including microfinance, value chain financing, futures markets, warehouse receipts and using movable assets as collateral. The goal is to develop sustainable and holistic solutions that link smallholder farmers to markets and financial services.
The document discusses agricultural finance and the development of banking in India. It covers the following key points:
1. Agricultural finance deals with financial aspects of farm businesses, including credit needs, sources of funds, and individual farm financial management.
2. The development of banking in India involved the co-operative movement pre-independence, the nationalization of major banks post-independence to expand access to credit, and the liberalization of the sector to allow new private and foreign banks.
3. For agricultural credit to be effective, the credit needs of farmers must be fully met, credit must be easily accessible and available when needed, and interest rates charged to farmers should be relatively low.
Agricultural Activities In “Climate Change Risk Management in Egypt“ p...mahmoud abdallah Medany
This document discusses the vulnerability of Egypt's agricultural sector to climate change. It outlines that climate change projections show warming of 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade, rising sea levels, and more frequent heat waves and drought. This poses severe risks to Egypt's agriculture as the country relies heavily on agriculture and faces water scarcity issues. The document will cover climate impacts on Egyptian agriculture, vulnerability assessments, and priorities for agricultural adaptation plans in Egypt.
“Credit Risk Management” A comparative analysis on three selected Banks- (Na...Ashis Barman
“Credit Risk Management”
A comparative analysis on three selected Banks- (National Bank, Sonali Bank & Islamic bank Bangladesh Limited)
By
Ashis Kumar Barman
ID# 2013110001094
Has been approved
January 2015
__________________
Sadia Noor Khan
Lecturer
School of Business
Southeast University
Macroeconomic correlates in the FY2015 budget were inconsistent while key fiscal targets did not reflect reality in designing of the framework.
The basis of achieving 7.3 percent GDP growth remains a suspect without substantial private sector investment which has shown a continuous declining trend, underscored the CPD analysis of the National Budget for FY2015.
The analyses flagged that fiscal measures in the budget are largely in order and tuned to budgetary objectives but not adequate to attain expected GDP growth.
1) The report summarizes Bangladesh's economic growth and development, noting that GDP grew 6.5% in 2015. Key sectors driving growth include exports, remittances, agriculture and industry.
2) Challenges to maintaining and increasing growth include inadequate infrastructure like power and ports, governance issues like corruption, rapid urbanization, and lack of export competitiveness.
3) The report outlines recent economic performance and prospects, highlighting continued GDP growth projected at 6.7% in 2016, moderating inflation, and a narrowing trade deficit. Achieving higher growth will require addressing infrastructure deficits and pursuing institutional and policy reforms.
Macroeconomics Role Of Institutional Credit For Economic GrowthSpartanski
The document discusses the importance of institutional credit for agricultural growth and economic development in India. It notes that historically, agriculture has relied on informal credit sources that charge very high interest rates. The document outlines the establishment of institutional credit for agriculture in India via programs like priority sector lending and the Kisan credit card scheme. It finds that increased access to institutional credit is linked to higher agricultural productivity, food production and reduced farmer debt. However, it also flags issues like declining credit to agriculture from commercial banks and a need for expanded access to affordable credit via microfinance and technological solutions.
1) The document analyzes the impact of credit from the Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd (ZTBL) on agricultural productivity in the Kashmore district of Sindh, Pakistan.
2) It finds that loanee farmers who received credit from ZTBL had higher cultivated areas, costs of production, and gross margins than non-loanee farmers.
3) However, the impact of credit on agricultural productivity was limited due to small farmers facing constraints in accessing credit and properly utilizing loan amounts for agricultural purposes.
The document summarizes priority sector lending in India. It defines priority sectors as areas of the economy that are prioritized for funding by the government and central bank. Banks are directed to provide loans to these sectors at reduced interest rates to promote their development. The priority sectors include agriculture, small businesses, education and housing. The document outlines the sectors and challenges they face, as well as the role of priority sector lending in addressing issues like unemployment and poverty. It discusses targets for priority sector lending and how the Reserve Bank of India monitors compliance.
The document discusses various aspects of agricultural finance in India, including sources and structures of credit for farmers. It notes that non-institutional sources like money lenders were the main source of agricultural credit historically but now account for only 25% of credit, while institutional sources like commercial banks, cooperatives, and regional rural banks provide most credit. It outlines credit needs of farmers based on time period and purpose, and describes the roles of major institutions in providing agricultural finance like NABARD, commercial banks, cooperatives, and regional rural banks.
NABARD is the apex development bank of India that was established in 1982 to provide credit and related services for agriculture and rural development. It replaced the agricultural credit departments of the RBI and provides refinancing support to rural financial institutions. NABARD also works to enhance access to financial services in rural areas through programs like self-help group bank linkage and develops rural infrastructure through funds like RIDF.
Rural Financial Markets and Agricultural CreditZain Khan
This document summarizes a presentation on rural finance and agricultural credit. It discusses the differences between rural and urban areas, defines rural finance and agricultural finance, and outlines challenges in rural lending such as lack of collateral and political interference. It also provides an overview of Pakistan's economy and agriculture sector, the history of rural financial institutions in Pakistan, and recommendations for best practices based on the Bank Rakyat Indonesia model.
Role of Rural Finance Institution in Agriculture DevelopmentKamal Kumar
Commercial banks, regional rural banks, and cooperative institutions play an important role in providing financial services to rural India. They provide short, medium, and long term loans to farmers for agricultural operations, machinery, and infrastructure development. Regional rural banks specifically target small and marginal farmers, while cooperative societies like primary agricultural credit societies are village-level organizations that provide direct credit to farmers. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) regulates and provides refinancing support to rural banks and cooperatives. Together this rural financial system aims to improve agricultural productivity and rural development in India.
This document is the Indonesia Halal Markets Report 2021/2022, which was produced by Bank Indonesia in partnership with DinarStandard and Indonesia Halal Lifestyle Center. It provides an overview of Indonesia's halal market landscape and outlines opportunities for trade and investment in the Indonesian halal industry. Key points include:
- Indonesia has a large domestic halal market driven by its position as the country with the world's largest Muslim population. Domestic halal spending was $184 billion in 2020 and is projected to grow by 14.96% annually to reach $281.6 billion by 2025.
- Indonesia aims to develop its halal industry and economy to support inclusive and sustainable economic growth as part of
This document discusses agriculture credit and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. It provides classifications and sources of agriculture credit, as well as current credit schemes. It also outlines problems faced by farmers and SMEs, including lack of financing, skilled labor, and marketing challenges. Additionally, it compares agriculture and credit systems between Pakistan and India.
Our research is intended to investigate the impact of institutional credit on agriculture production in Pakistan. It is a time series analysis. We took the data of ten years. It included the total bank lending during last ten years from 2003 to 2013. Agriculture production was estimated using three major crops named as wheat, rice and cotton. As these three crops majorly contribute to the production segment of agriculture so research findings tend to represent the actual population. Development segment included livestock, tube wells and tractors
NABARD is India's apex development bank that focuses on rural development. It provides refinancing support and develops rural infrastructure to promote agriculture and rural development. NABARD also regulates cooperative banks and rural banks. It works to expand financial inclusion through programs like self-help groups and credit cards for farmers. While NABARD has significantly contributed to rural development, it faces challenges in adequately financing some regions and maintaining its link to the central bank.
The document discusses rural financing and development in India. It notes that about 50% of Indian villages have poor socioeconomic conditions and lack basic infrastructure. Rural populations rely on informal credit sources like money lenders who charge high interest rates, trapping borrowers in debt. Several reforms were introduced to improve access to formal credit, including NABARD, regional rural banks, self-help groups, and microfinance institutions which provide loans at lower rates. Rural marketing also plays an important role, with companies like Amul and Coca-Cola directly targeting vast rural consumer bases through extensive rural distribution networks.
Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) were established in India in 1975 to provide banking facilities to rural areas. They are jointly owned by the central government, state government and sponsoring commercial bank. RRBs focus on providing credit and banking services to small and marginal farmers, agricultural laborers and small businesses in rural areas. They accept deposits and offer loans, remittance facilities, and other banking services. However, over time RRBs have faced issues like inadequate finances, high loan defaults, and lack of coordination with other financial institutions which has impacted their effectiveness in developing rural regions of India.
Agriculture sector is playing a significant role in the
development of rural areas in our country. Agriculture is the
main occupation and still is a strong means of livelihood and
there is necessity for ensuring sustainability in these
livelihoods. Agriculture and allied sectors contribute nearly
22% of GDP of India and further 9.93% contribution in total
export of India.
Rural indebtedness, agricultural distress,
dependency on private money lenders, and farmers suicides
are common features surrounding Indian Agriculture. For
more than 100 years RBI and Central Government have been
making efforts to enhance institutional credit in rural areas
particularly to assist agricultural operations. But economic
survey (GOI) 2010 shows that out of 27 public sector banks,
only 14 sector banks achieved the agricultural credit target of
18% agricultural credit and in case of private sector banks
only 8 achieved the target of 18% for lending to agriculture
in 2009.
Chapter 1 Introduction, Scope and Nature of Agricultural financeGorakh Dhami
This document discusses the meaning, definitions, nature, scope and significance of agricultural finance. It defines agricultural finance as the economic study of farmers borrowing funds and the organizations that lend to agriculture. Agricultural finance can be examined at both the macro and micro level. At the macro level, it deals with total credit needs for the agricultural sector, while at the micro level it focuses on financial management of individual farm businesses. Agricultural finance plays a vital role in agro-socioeconomic development by increasing productivity, farm income, and reducing economic imbalances. It is also important for supporting infrastructure and technology adoption to modernize traditional agriculture.
Nabard & its innovative function in promoting ruralSumit Kulkarni
NABARD was established in 1982 as an apex development bank in India to facilitate credit flow to rural areas for promoting agriculture and rural development. It provides refinancing support and training to rural financial institutions. Some of NABARD's innovative functions include the EShakti project for digitizing self-help groups, the Rural Innovation Fund to support unconventional rural livelihood projects, and an action research project providing repeated microcredit to help rural households move out of poverty.
This document discusses strategies for improving access to financial services for agricultural value chains in Africa. It notes that while over 60% of Africa's population lives rurally and engages in agriculture, the agricultural sector lacks large-scale investment and access to financing. The document outlines challenges like risk, lack of infrastructure and weak market structures that impede agricultural financing. It then discusses various innovations and tools for managing risk and financing along commodity value chains, including microfinance, value chain financing, futures markets, warehouse receipts and using movable assets as collateral. The goal is to develop sustainable and holistic solutions that link smallholder farmers to markets and financial services.
The document discusses agricultural finance and the development of banking in India. It covers the following key points:
1. Agricultural finance deals with financial aspects of farm businesses, including credit needs, sources of funds, and individual farm financial management.
2. The development of banking in India involved the co-operative movement pre-independence, the nationalization of major banks post-independence to expand access to credit, and the liberalization of the sector to allow new private and foreign banks.
3. For agricultural credit to be effective, the credit needs of farmers must be fully met, credit must be easily accessible and available when needed, and interest rates charged to farmers should be relatively low.
Agricultural Activities In “Climate Change Risk Management in Egypt“ p...mahmoud abdallah Medany
This document discusses the vulnerability of Egypt's agricultural sector to climate change. It outlines that climate change projections show warming of 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade, rising sea levels, and more frequent heat waves and drought. This poses severe risks to Egypt's agriculture as the country relies heavily on agriculture and faces water scarcity issues. The document will cover climate impacts on Egyptian agriculture, vulnerability assessments, and priorities for agricultural adaptation plans in Egypt.
“Credit Risk Management” A comparative analysis on three selected Banks- (Na...Ashis Barman
“Credit Risk Management”
A comparative analysis on three selected Banks- (National Bank, Sonali Bank & Islamic bank Bangladesh Limited)
By
Ashis Kumar Barman
ID# 2013110001094
Has been approved
January 2015
__________________
Sadia Noor Khan
Lecturer
School of Business
Southeast University
Macroeconomic correlates in the FY2015 budget were inconsistent while key fiscal targets did not reflect reality in designing of the framework.
The basis of achieving 7.3 percent GDP growth remains a suspect without substantial private sector investment which has shown a continuous declining trend, underscored the CPD analysis of the National Budget for FY2015.
The analyses flagged that fiscal measures in the budget are largely in order and tuned to budgetary objectives but not adequate to attain expected GDP growth.
1) The report summarizes Bangladesh's economic growth and development, noting that GDP grew 6.5% in 2015. Key sectors driving growth include exports, remittances, agriculture and industry.
2) Challenges to maintaining and increasing growth include inadequate infrastructure like power and ports, governance issues like corruption, rapid urbanization, and lack of export competitiveness.
3) The report outlines recent economic performance and prospects, highlighting continued GDP growth projected at 6.7% in 2016, moderating inflation, and a narrowing trade deficit. Achieving higher growth will require addressing infrastructure deficits and pursuing institutional and policy reforms.
This document provides an overview of agriculture in Bangladesh. It outlines that agriculture is the backbone of Bangladesh's economy, providing employment to around 48% of the labor force and contributing about 19.29% to GDP. The document discusses key agricultural statistics for Bangladesh and examines the importance and challenges of the agriculture sector, including problems related to climate change, population growth, and lack of modern machinery. It also reviews the various government agencies and organizations involved in the agriculture sector in Bangladesh.
Presentation on Bangladesh (Political, Legal and Economic system)Tawhid Rahman
The document provides information about Bangladesh's political, legal, and economic systems through a presentation by students. It discusses Bangladesh's government structure, major political parties, legal system including courts, and incentives for foreign investment. The economy relies on exports of garments and imports machinery/equipment. The ruling government aims to eliminate poverty and achieve middle income status by 2021 through infrastructure development and special economic zones.
Nigeria has witnessed major set back since the disovery of crude oil.Crude oil has open a new doors to many politician as a new tools to steal money from government treasury.Nigeria still underdevelop do to high level of corrupt politician.For Nigeria to move forward you need to read my write up on how to solve Nigeria problems.
This document provides an overview of agriculture in Bangladesh, outlining its current position, challenges, prospects, and relevant policies. It discusses the importance of agriculture to Bangladesh's economy and livelihoods. Some key challenges facing Bangladeshi agriculture are land scarcity, climate change impacts like flooding and drought, and lack of mechanization. The document also outlines strategies and policies to promote food security and adaptation to climate change through stress-tolerant crops and practices.
Operation Risk Management in Banking SectorSanjay Kumbhar
This presentation discusses operational risk management in the banking sector. It covers topics such as categories of operational risk, risk identification and analysis techniques, key risk indicators, and risk mitigation strategies. The presentation is delivered by five students and contains several sections that outline the flow of topics to be presented.
Operational Risk Management Framework in Soneri BankImtiaz Hanfi
OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK IN SONERI BANK
9
The document discusses operational risk identification and categorization. It identifies key challenges in operational risk management as defining operational risk, evaluating underlying risk factors, controlling risks, and cost of risk management. It emphasizes the importance of internal risk definitions and understanding root causes of risks. Various authors categorize operational risk factors as people, processes, technology, customers, assets, regulators/suppliers and other events. Accurately identifying underlying risk factors is the first step to an effective risk management process.
Operational Risk Management Framework in Soneri Bank
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Policy Advocacy, Challenges, Threats, and policy Directions on Risk Management for smallholder Farmers and communities: The Bangladesh Bank Experience
1. Policy Advocacy, Challenges, Threats, and policy Directions on
Risk Management for smallholder Farmers and communities:
The Bangladesh Bank Experience
Shitangshu Kumar Sur Chowdhury
Deputy Governor, Bangladesh Bank
REGIONAL POLICY FORUM ON RISK MANAGEMENT
FOR SMALLHOLDER FARMERS AND COMMUNITIES
20-21 May2014
Dhaka, Bangladesh
2. Background/Introduction
• About 80 percent of the population of Bangladesh is residing in the rural
areas.
• 54 percent of total rural people are engaged in agriculture and the
remainder in other small income generating activities.
• The rural economy contributes a significant portion to the national GDP,
with agriculture (including crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry)
accounting for about 19 percent.
• Most of the farmers in Bangladesh are either landless or functionally
landless owning less than 0.05 acre of land.
3. • Banks and formal financial institutions are sometimes reluctant to finance these
farmers as they think the investment would be risky.
• But, the scenario is gradually changing as a result of strong initiatives taken by
Bangladesh Bank.
• Bangladesh Bank formulated "Agricultural and Rural Credit Policy and
Programs" which include guidelines for the bankers regarding sub-sectors of
agriculture to be financed, preferred group of farmers, crop-wise credit norms
and crop calendar, technique for managing risk etc.
• Bangladesh Bank made it mandatory to extend agricultural and rural credit to
the farmers amounting at least 2.5% of total loans and advances outstanding.
Background/Introduction……
4. Risk Management in Agriculture
Keeping in mind the inherent risks in agriculture, Government, as well
as Bangladesh Bank, is increasingly seeking effective and sustainable
strategies and approaches to mitigate, transfer, or cope with these risks.
The farmers of Bangladesh also lack access to both modem
instruments of risk management- such as Agricultural Insurance, Future
Contracts.
In that case farmers rely on different ‘traditional’ coping strategies and
risk-mitigation techniques, such as contract farming, joint-liability
lending
Bangladesh Bank is working towards identifying and quantifying
agricultural sector risks, and would suggest useful techniques to
minimize them. The agricultural risk management framework could be
used for planning and investment purposes to reduce sectoral volatilities
and improve sustainability.
5. Major challenges in the agricultural sector of Bangladesh
Loss of arable land
Population growth
Climate change
Imbalanced use of fertilizers
Inefficient water use
Pests and diseases
Lack of quality seeds
Unfair price of agricultural
produces
6. Weaknesses in agriculture sector of Bangladesh
• Agricultural marketing system is comparatively weak.
• Post-harvest loss is high.
• Farmers own capital for agricultural activities is inadequate.
• Access to institutional agricultural credit is limited.
• Farmers’ organizations are inadequate and ineffective.
• Input use (water, fertilizer, pesticides) efficiency is low.
• Technology to meet export market requirement is inadequate.
• Private sector investment in Research and Development is insignificant.
7. • Trained scientists and infrastructural facilities for advanced agricultural
science are inadequate.
• Diversification in agriculture is low.
• Quality control of agricultural input mechanism is weak.
• Coordination among the public and private universities and research
organizations is minimal.
• Use of ICT in extension system is almost insufficient.
• Opportunities for farmers and entrepreneurs training are inadequate.
• Inadequate production and supply of quality inputs persists (e.g.
fertilizer, seed).
Weaknesses in agriculture sector of Bangladesh……..
8. Threats in agriculture sector of Bangladesh
Environmental vulnerability (climate change, flood, drought, storm,
salinity, pest and diseases, river erosion) prevails.
Soil health is declining.
Cultivable land and water resources are shrinking.
Uncertainty of fair prices of agricultural commodities is causing
disincentive to farmers.
Agricultural biodiversity is eroding.
Agricultural environment is degrading.
Budgetary allocation for agriculture, especially for research is inadequate
use of agricultural land for non-agricultural purpose is increasing.
9. Opportunities
Modern technological know-how is available for dissemination.
Scope for expanding hybrid technology exists.
Prospects for adoption of advanced technology in agriculture are bright.
Potentials for proper utilization of hilly areas including agro-ecologically
disadvantaged regions exist.
Export potentials exist for high-value crops to upstream and ethnic
markets.
Scope for crop diversification and intensification exists.
Scope exists for value addition to agricultural produces.
Market for value added products exists.
Agriculture sector has capacity to absorb labor force and to generate
income.
Scope for reducing yield gaps exists
10. Policy direction of Bangladesh Bank in Risk Management
in Agriculture Sector
all commercial banks operating in Bangladesh (state owned or private
sector owned, domestic or foreign) are now extending agricultural credit,
either directly, through regulated Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) or
through intermediaries in value chain.
The core spirit of the Agricultural and Rural Credit Policy is that the share-
croppers and marginal farmers get priority in getting agricultural credit.
The policy also directs banks for providing collateral free credit to farmers
who are cultivating a maximum of 5 acres of land against crop
hypothecation.
Total disbursements of agricultural and Rural credit are on a steadily rising
trend; Taka 92.84 and 146.68 billion respectively from FY09 to FY13.
11. Since FY 2009-2010, Bangladesh Bank has brought all banks
including the private and foreign banks under the mandatory annual
target declaration for agricultural & rural credit disbursement.
For private and foreign commercial banks, remedial/punitive
measures have been introduced for any shortfall in achievement of
target.
A bank failing to achieve target has to keep the unachieved portion
with Bangladesh Bank for a period of one year. BB provides interest
at bank rate (currently 5%) for such deposit.
Mandatory disbursement of Agricultural & Rural credit
for all banks
14. Under the ‘Lead Bank’ system, respective bank branches shall
disburse their credit in crops and other agricultural sectors to
the unions allotted to them.
Area Allocation for Disbursement of Agricultural Credit
Pass book is a mandatory requirement for disbursing credit
under agricultural credit programs. Credit shall be provided to
new borrowers along with a passbook. It may be mentioned
that bank statement can be accepted as alternative of pass
book.
Introduction of Pass Book for Agricultural Loan
15. In order to facilitate disbursement, monitoring and recovery of loan
properly and timely by the bank branches, a crop calendar has been
developed.
However, banks may change schedule of disbursement and recovery
considering the local factors.
Credit Disbursement in Due Time According to
Crop Production Calendar
16. Agricultural credit facilities may be provided to the interested farmers for
producing associated crops (jointly cultivatable crops) with main crops in
the potential areas.
In order to make the country self-sufficient in food production and to ensure
balanced and nutritious food supply, it is necessary to increase the
production of potato, pulse, oil seeds, maize etc. through the “crop
diversification initiatives”. Banks/financial institutions were advised to give
more emphasis on providing loan to these profitable crops over their normal
loan activities.
Introduction of Mixed Crop/associated Crop/Relay cultivation
Crop Diversification System
18. Agricultural credit shall be disbursed following Area Approach emphasizing
the comparative advantages of producing certain crops in certain regions.
Uses of Area Approach
Adequate credit shall be
disbursed for producing
vegetables, onion, ginger,
garlic, pulse, bau-kul,
strawberry, palm, banana,
orange, agor, betel leaf,
pepper, potato etc. in the
areas suitable for production
of the same.
19. In order to ensure that the real farmers, especially the small farmers and
sharecroppers get the agriculture credit, particularly the crop loans, easily
and timely in a transparent manner, banks shall disburse the loans as far as
possible publicly at the union level in presence of local public
representative, concerned agricultural officers, teachers and other locally
renowned persons.
Disbursement of Agricultural Credit in a Transparent Process
20. Banks were encouraged to open deposit accounts for farmers with a minimal
opening balance of Taka 10 as a part of financial inclusion drive. These accounts
are to be used to receive subsidies, credit disbursement, regular deposit and
withdrawal, remittances, and other banking activities.
Introduction of Farmer's Tk. 10 Account
Around 10 million accounts
of farmers have been
opened by the State-owned
Banks with an initial deposit
of Tk. 10/- only (<20 cents).
Recently Bangladesh Bank has formulated a Revolving Refinance Fund of Tk. 2.00
billion from its own source in order to expand the institutional financial inclusion
program by including the 10 Taka account holder who are small, marginal and
landless farmers, lower income earner who are affected by natural disasters,
marginal/small businessmen, handicapped people and women entrepreneur.
Another perspective to create this fund is to mobilize the rural economic activities by
providing credit with very easy terms & conditions in order maintain the 10 Tk
account active.
Banks can disburse credit to the 10Taka account holders through directly or using MFI
linkage.
21. Revolving Crop Credit Limit System
In order to ensure continuous credit flow a 3 (three)-year revolving crop
credit limit system has been introduced. Farmers engaged in continuous crop
cultivation will get facilities under this scheme.
22. The contract farming system (contract between primary producer and
enterprises using bulk agricultural goods) may play an important role to
remove the marketing problem as well as to ensure fair price for the produces
of the farmers.
Credit to the Farmers/Entrepreneurs engaged in
Contract Farming
23. All scheduled banks including the private and foreign banks operating in
Bangladesh are undertaking Agricultural Credit Program. Banks, operating
with minimum branches in rural areas, may conduct the agri and rural credit
operations in partnership with the Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs)
approved by Micro Credit Regulatory Authority (MRA) under some terms
and conditions.
Agricultural and Rural Credit Activities through
Partnership with MFIs approved by MRA
24. The activities of agriculture loan disbursement and recovery
need close monitoring.
If banks have insufficient manpower, then If not possible to
appoint regular employees, banks may appoint employees on
daily basis (no work, no pay) or may engage a
company/institution as an agent or intermediary to select
borrowers, to prepare loan proposal and to run other activities
related to evaluation, sanctioning, credit disbursement,
monitoring, recovery, etc. for its rural credit operation.
Outsourcing in Disbursing and Recovering
Agricultural and rural Credit
25. For smooth implementation of the Agricultural & Rural Credit Policy and
Program, the norms to be followed by the banks and MFIs are as under:
•Credit norms prepared on the basis of crop-wise cost of inputs and
maximum credit limit per acre received from the Agricultural Extension
Department under the Ministry of Agriculture.
•Annual production plan for classification/mixed cropping/associated
cropping/relay cropping.
Credit Norms and Determination of Credit Limit
26. The use of chemical fertilizer
increases the agricultural
production temporarily but the
fertility of the land decreases
gradually.
Agriculturists and scientists have
been giving importance on the
use of organic fertilizer to reduce
the damages.
Credit for Vermicompost Production
Vermicompost can be a very good,
cheap and available alternative for
the chemical fertilizer which can
increase the agricultural production
as well as help in retaining the
fertility of the land.
27. Landless farmers (owner of less than
0.494 acres of land), small and
marginal farmers (owner of land more
than 0.494 acres but less than 2.47
acres) and the sharecroppers (the
farmers who cultivate other people’s
land and their ownership of land is
maximum 1 acre) shall be given priority
for extending credit.
Financing Marginal, Small Farmers and Sharecroppers
The sharecroppers directly
involved in agricultural production
will be eligible to have credit under
this policy.
28. Special initiatives shall be taken to extend necessary finance to the
successful farmers. This initiative will have a demonstration effect on the
other farmers, and they will be encouraged to invest in similar initiatives.
Credit for Successful Farmers
29. A special credit scheme was initiated by Bangladesh Bank in the fiscal year
2009-10 to provide credit facilities in a timely, harassment-less, collateral-
free manner with low interest rate through BRAC to the sharecroppers who
have been so long remained deprived of bank credit.
Special Credit Program for Sharecroppers
As of April2014, an amount of
TK 12.83 billion agri. credit has
been provided through
Brac(MFI) to around 0.84
million sharecroppers in 250
upazillas of 48 districts.
30. 0.374
0.427
0.501
0.447
0.273
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14(March)
No.ofSharecroppers(inmillion)
credit towards sharecroppers through Banks
Besides, under the ‘Agricultural and Rural Credit Policy and Programs’
of Bangladesh Bank, all scheduled banks are advised to disburse agri-
credit towards sharecroppers on individual or group basis.
31. The use of information technology may
play a positive role in improving the
standard of living of all spheres of people.
As far as possible, the banks shall take
initiatives to preserve the mobile phone
number of the borrowers at branch level.
Use of Information Technology in Agricultural
Credit Management
The bank branches/higher authorities
of the concerned bank shall make
phone calls to the farmers to know
about the loan disbursement and
recovery.
Bangladesh Bank also make calls to
farmers from time to time to know
the problems in loan disbursement
and recovery.
32. In order to ensure more effective monitoring of the implementation
of the Agricultural/Rural Credit Policy undertaken in the interest of
the real farmers largely dependent on agriculture, a monitoring cell
at Head Office and monitoring units at branches of Bangladesh Bank
are in place.
Monitoring at Central Bank Level
The District Agricultural Credit Committee has been playing an
effective role in successful implementation and coordination of the
Agriculture/Rural Credit Program at field level under 'Lead Bank’
system.
The District Agricultural Credit Committee holds monthly meeting to
discharge its supervision and coordination functions related to
agricultural/rural credit.
33. The following tools are considered as useful to expedite the
agricultural/rural credit recovery:
•The banks may award certificate/incentives under their own
policy to encourage the officials for recovery of loan.
•Arranging 'Agricultural Credit Recovery Camp' at places of
farmers gathering with prior publicity to recover loan.
•Use of information technology to recover agricultural and rural
credit.
Special Initiatives for Agricultural and Rural Credit Recovery
34. Bangladesh is major among the countries most affected by climate change,
mainly due to its geographical location.
Flood and water logging of mid-region, sudden flood of north-east region,
draught and salinity of north-west and south-west region and the high tide
of coastal may create acute problem for the agriculture of Bangladesh.
Since the recovery of agricultural credit becomes risky with the damage of
crops, the banks shall be conscious about the adverse impact of natural
calamities vis-a-vis climate change and encourage the farmers to take the
following steps:
•Bring necessary change in the loan disbursement and recovery schedule
from area to area;
•Cultivating salinity-resistant crops in the salty areas;
•Cultivating water- resistant crops in the water-logged and flood-prone
areas;
Addressing the Adverse Effects of Climate Change
35. •Cultivating drought- resistant crops in the drought-prone areas;
•Arrange for irrigation during dry season to avoid low production
and loss of crops;
•Encouraging of using surface water instead of ground water for
irrigation;
•Using organic fertilizer and insecticide by natural means instead of
using chemical fertilizer and pesticides;
•Banks shall be conservative to provide agricultural credit for
cultivating land destroying forest or hills;
•Credit facilities shall be continued for cultivating fruits, vegetables,
social forestry, livestock, duck, poultry and gardening at the home-
stead normally in flood-free years.
Addressing the Adverse Effects of Climate Change……….
36. At present disbursement of agricultural credit is compulsory for
all banks. Participation of private and foreign banks in agriculture
and rural Credit program is relatively new.
Besides, a number of new items have been incorporated in the
policy. As such, initiatives shall be taken to make the bankers at
various levels, including field level, aware of the objectives,
priorities and provisions of the Agricultural/Rural Credit Policy.
With this end, the banks shall take necessary steps including
training and workshop program.
Awareness and Training
37. Bangladesh Bank is trying to introduce some high level risk management technique
in agriculture such as Crop insurance, weather index based crop insurance, etc.
To increase the bargaining power of the farmers, contract farming system has been
introduced. Bangladesh Bank is trying to make this system effective and beneficial
for the farmers.
Bangladesh government should review the present Land Usage Policy with the
relevant experts, professionals, and farmer's representatives and update it based on
their comments and suggestions.
The policy should be enacted and put into operation immediately to stop further loss
of arable land . Lands that are arable should not be used for housing.
It is highly imperative that the twin problem of arable land loss and population
growth is addressed by the government simultaneously to ensure production
sustainability and food security.
Since investment in agricultural research is highly rewarding and beneficial, the
government should raise the investment significantly. The increased investment will
certainly encourage scientists to develop technologies to cope with the hazards of
climate change.
Conclusion