The document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and layers of the skin, hair and nails. It discusses the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis layers of the skin. Key functions of the skin include serving as a barrier, regulating temperature, and synthesizing vitamin D. The document also summarizes glands associated with the skin like sweat, sebaceous and mammary glands.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. ... Skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
THE INTEGUMENT
PROTECTION
First line of defense against
Bacteria
Viruses
Protects underlying structures from
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Dehydration
BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION
If too hot
Dermal blood vessels dilate
Vessels carry more blood to surface so heat can escape
If too cold
Dermal blood vessels constrict
Prevents heat from escaping
EXCRETION
Small amounts of waste products are lost through perspiration
VITAMIN D PRODUCTION
Needed for calcium absorption
STRUCTURE OF SKIN
SKIN STRUCTURE : EPIDERMIS
Structures of the Epidermis
The five strata of keratinocytes in thick skin
From basal lamina to free surface
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Second major layer of the skin
Provides mechanical strength, flexibility, and protection for underlying tissues
Highly vascular and contains a variety of sensory receptors that provide information about the external environment
Has two layers
The papillary layer
The reticular layer
Flexure lines - creases on palms
The Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
Lies below the integument
Stabilizes the skin
Allows separate movement
Made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues
Connected to the reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers
Deposits of Subcutaneous Fat
Distribution patterns determined by hormones
Reduced by cosmetic liposuction (lipoplasty)
STRUCTURE OF HAIR
The haIR FOLLICLE
Hair follicles are the organs that form the hairs.
Located deep in dermis.
Produces nonliving hairs.
Wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath.
Base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus).
Control bacteria
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF HAIR
Arrector pili
Involuntary smooth muscle
Causes hairs to stand up
Produces “goose bumps”
Sebaceous glands
Lubricate the hair
REGIONS OF HAIR
Hair root
Lower part of the hair
Attached to the integument
Hair shaft
Upper part of the hair
Not attached to the integument
HAIR FUNCTION
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NAIL
Structure and function of nail
Nails
Protect fingers and toes
Made of dead cells packed with keratin
Metabolic disorders can change nail structure
Nail Production
Occurs in a deep epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root
Structure and function of nail
The power point is just to help learners to have basic understanding on the anatomy and physiology of the skin (integumentary system).
The two major classes of the skin has been briefly stated as well as the major layers of the skin.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. ... Skin has three layers: The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone. The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
THE INTEGUMENT
PROTECTION
First line of defense against
Bacteria
Viruses
Protects underlying structures from
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
Dehydration
BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION
If too hot
Dermal blood vessels dilate
Vessels carry more blood to surface so heat can escape
If too cold
Dermal blood vessels constrict
Prevents heat from escaping
EXCRETION
Small amounts of waste products are lost through perspiration
VITAMIN D PRODUCTION
Needed for calcium absorption
STRUCTURE OF SKIN
SKIN STRUCTURE : EPIDERMIS
Structures of the Epidermis
The five strata of keratinocytes in thick skin
From basal lamina to free surface
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Second major layer of the skin
Provides mechanical strength, flexibility, and protection for underlying tissues
Highly vascular and contains a variety of sensory receptors that provide information about the external environment
Has two layers
The papillary layer
The reticular layer
Flexure lines - creases on palms
The Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
Lies below the integument
Stabilizes the skin
Allows separate movement
Made of elastic areolar and adipose tissues
Connected to the reticular layer of integument by connective tissue fibers
Deposits of Subcutaneous Fat
Distribution patterns determined by hormones
Reduced by cosmetic liposuction (lipoplasty)
STRUCTURE OF HAIR
The haIR FOLLICLE
Hair follicles are the organs that form the hairs.
Located deep in dermis.
Produces nonliving hairs.
Wrapped in a dense connective tissue sheath.
Base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus).
Control bacteria
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF HAIR
Arrector pili
Involuntary smooth muscle
Causes hairs to stand up
Produces “goose bumps”
Sebaceous glands
Lubricate the hair
REGIONS OF HAIR
Hair root
Lower part of the hair
Attached to the integument
Hair shaft
Upper part of the hair
Not attached to the integument
HAIR FUNCTION
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NAIL
Structure and function of nail
Nails
Protect fingers and toes
Made of dead cells packed with keratin
Metabolic disorders can change nail structure
Nail Production
Occurs in a deep epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root
Structure and function of nail
The power point is just to help learners to have basic understanding on the anatomy and physiology of the skin (integumentary system).
The two major classes of the skin has been briefly stated as well as the major layers of the skin.
The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion, and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate temperature, and is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature. In most terrestrial vertebrates with significant exposure to sunlight, the integumentary system also provides for vitamin D synthesis.
it describes the microanatomy of skin and its appendages in a concise format. it will give the overview of the integumentary system of our body and largest organ of our body.
The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails). The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion, and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, and regulate temperature, and is the attachment site for sensory receptors to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature. In most terrestrial vertebrates with significant exposure to sunlight, the integumentary system also provides for vitamin D synthesis.
it describes the microanatomy of skin and its appendages in a concise format. it will give the overview of the integumentary system of our body and largest organ of our body.
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1. Chapter 6
The Integumentary System
• Epidermis and dermis
• Hypodermis
• Thick and thin skin
• Skin color
• Functions of the skin
• Hair and nails
• Cutaneous glands
2. Overview of the Skin
• Largest organ of the body (15% of body weight)
• Epidermis
– stratified squamous epithelium
– contains 5 layers
• Dermis
– connective tissue layer
• Skin rests on subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
• Skin thickness variable, normally 1-2 mm
– thicker when dermis is thicker, up to 6 mm
– called thick skin if stratum corneum layer is increased
• calluses on hands and feet, no hair follicles or oil glands
4. 5 Layers of the Epidermis
5 Superficial
4
3
2
1 Deep
5. Stratum Basale
• Single layer of cuboidal or low columnar cells
sitting on basement membrane
• Cell types in this layer
– keratinocytes
• undergo mitosis to replace epidermis
• most of cells of epidermis
– melanocytes synthesize melanin
• distribute melanin from cell processes
• melanin picked up by keratinocytes &
used to shade their nuclei from UV
radiation
– Merkel cells are touch receptors associated with
nerve fibers to form Merkel disc
6. Stratum Spinosum
• Several layers of keratinocytes
thick
– appear spiny due to shrinkage
during histological preparation
• Contains dendritic (Langerhans)
cells
– macrophages from bone marrow
that migrate to the epidermis
– 800 cells/millimeter2
– help protect body against pathogens by “presenting”
them to the immune system
7. Stratum Granulosum
• 3 to 5 layers of flat keratinocytes
• Contain keratinohyalin granules
– combine with filaments of cytoskeleton
to form keratin
• Produces lipid-filled vesicles that
release a glycolipid by exocytosis
to waterproof the skin
– forms a barrier between surface cells
and deeper layers of the epidermis
– cuts off surface strata from nutrient supply
8. Stratum Lucidum
• Thin translucent zone seen only
in thick skin
• Keratinocytes are packed with
eleidin, a precursor to keratin
– does not stain well
• Cells have no nucleus or
organelles
9. Stratum Corneum
• Up to 30 layers of dead, scaly,
keratinized cells
– surface cells flake off (exfoliate)
10. The Dermis
• Thickness = 0.6mm to 3mm
• Composition
– collagen, elastic & reticular fibers, fibroblasts &
accessory structures such as hair follicles and glands
• Dermal papillae are upward extensions of the
dermis into the epidermis forming the ridges of the
fingerprints
• Layers
– papillary layer is areolar tissue & dermal papillae of
upper 1/5 of the dermis
– reticular layer is deeper part of dermis
11. Layers of the Dermis
• Papillary layer
• Reticular layer
12. The Hypodermis
• Known as subcutaneous
tissue or superficial fascia
• Has more adipose than
dermis
• Functions
– energy reservoir
– thermal insulation
• Hypodermic injections
– into subcutaneous tissue
Hypodermis
since highly vascular
14. Skin Colors (Pigmentation)
• Hemoglobin is red pigment of red blood cells
– visible through dermal collagen fibers
• Carotene is yellow pigment of vegetables & egg yolks
– concentrates in stratum corneum & subcutaneous fat
• Melanin pigment produced by melanocytes
– pigment synthesis stimulated by UV radiation from sunlight
– produces yellow, brown, black and reddish hues
15. Abnormal Skin Colors
• Cyanosis is blueness resulting from deficiency of
oxygen in the circulating blood (cold weather)
• Erythema is redness due to dilated cutaneous
vessels (anger, sunburn, embarrassment)
• Jaundice is yellowing of skin & sclera due to
excess of bilirubin in blood (liver disease)
• Bronzing is golden-brown color of Addison
disease (deficiency of glucocorticoid hormone)
• Pallor is pale color from lack of blood flow
• Albinism is a genetic lack of melanin
• Hematoma is a bruise (visible clotted blood)
16. Skin Markings
• Hemangiomas (birthmarks)
– discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal blood
capillaries (strawberry birthmarks disappear in childhood -- port
wine birthmarks last for life)
• Freckles & moles = aggregations of melanocytes
– freckles are flat; moles are elevated
• Friction ridges leave oily fingerprints on touched surfaces
– unique pattern formed during fetal development
• Flexion creases form after birth by repeated closing of the
hand
• Flexion lines form in wrist & elbow areas
17. Functions of the Skin
• Barrier = tough, dry, acid mantle, water barrier, UV
barrier
• Vitamin D synthesis
– begins in epidermal keratinocytes under influence of UV light
– helps maintain health of skeleton
• Sensory functions
– receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure, vibration & pain
• Thermoregulation = thermoreceptors and sweat glands
– hypothalamus constricts or dilates cutaneous arteries and
sweat glands to retain or dissipate heat
• Psychological and social functions
– appearance & social acceptance
– facial expression and nonverbal communication
18. Characteristics of Human Hair
• Stratum corneum of the skin is composed of
pliable soft keratin
• Hair and nails are composed of hard keratin
– toughened by disulfide bridges between molecules
• Hair found almost everywhere on the body
– differences between sexes or individuals is really
difference in texture and color of hair
• 3 different body hair types
– lanugo -- fine, unpigmented fetal hair
– vellus -- fine, unpigmented hair of children & women
– terminal hair -- coarse, long, pigmented hair of scalp
19. Structure of Hair and Follicle
• Hair is filament of keratinized cells
– shaft is visible above skin; root is below within follicle;
– in cross section: medulla, cortex and cuticle layers
• Follicle is oblique tube within the skin
– bulb is swelling in base where hair originates
– vascular tissue (papilla) in bulb provides nutrients
– cells lining the follicle interlock with scales of cuticle to
resist pulling on the hair
• Texture and cross-sectional shape of hair
– straight hair is round, wavy is oval and kinky is flat
• Hair color is due to pigment in cells of cortex
23. White hair is due to air in medulla & lack of pigment in
cortex. Gray hair is a mixture of white and pigmented hairs.
24. Structure of Hair Follicle
• Epithelial root sheath
is an extension of the
epidermis (lies next
to hair root)
• Connective tissue
root sheath is derived
from the dermis
(surrounds it)
• Hair receptors
entwine each follicle
• Piloerector muscle
– goose bumps
26. Hair Growth and Loss
• Hair cycle = 3 repeating cycles
– anagen is growth stage (.3mm/day in young adult)
• lasts 6-8 years in young adult, 90% of scalp follicles
– catagen is shrinking follicle (lasts 2-3 weeks)
– telogen is resting stage (lasts 1-3 months
• Hair growth during anagen follows specific steps:
– stem cells in follicles>epithelial root sheath>hair matrix>hair
cells that keratinize and die
• Thinning or baldness = alopecia
• Pattern baldness = genetic and hormonal
– sex-influenced trait(dominant in males, recessive in females);
expressed only with high testosterone levels
• Hirsutism = excessive hair growth
– hormone imbalance (ovary or adrenal cortex problem)
27. Functions of Hair
• Body hair
– too thin to provide warmth
– alert us to parasites crawling on skin
• Scalp hair provides heat retention & sunburn
cover
– sex and individual recognition
• Beard, pubic & axillary hair indicate sexual
maturity & help distribute sexual scents
• Guard hairs & eyelashes prevent foreign objects
from getting into nostrils, ear canals or eyes
•
28. Nails
• Clear, hard derivative of stratum corneum
– densely packed cells filled with hard keratin
• Flat nails allow for fleshy, sensitive fingertips
– eponychium = cuticle
• Growth rate is 1 mm per week
– new cells added by mitosis in the nail
matrix
• growth zone at proximal edge
of nail
– nail bed is skin on which
nail plate rests
– hyponychium is epithelium
of nail bed
31. Sweat Glands
• Filtrate of plasma containing some waste products
– 500 ml of insensible
perspiration/day
– sweating with visible wetness
is diaphoresis
• Merocrine glands is simple
tubular gland
– millions of them (size of kidney)
– cool the body
• Apocrine glands produce sweat
containing fatty acids
– found only near hair follicles & respond to stress & sex
– bromhidrosis is body odor produced by bacterial action on
fatty acids
32. Sebaceous Glands
• Oily secretion called sebum that contains broken-
down cells
– lanolin in skin creams is sheep sebum
• Flask-shaped gland with duct that opens into hair
follicle
33. Ceruminous Glands
• Found only in external ear canal
• Their secretion combines with sebum to produce
earwax
– waterproof keeps eardrum flexible
– bitterness repel mites & other pests
34. Mammary Glands
• Breasts of both sexes rarely contain glands
– secondary sexual characteristic of females
– mammary glandular tissue found only during lactation
and pregnancy
• modified apocrine sweat gland
• thicker secretion released by ducts open on the nipple
• Mammary ridges or milk lines
– 2 rows of mammary glands in most mammals
– primates kept only anteriormost glands
• Additional nipples (polythelia) may develop along
milk line
35. Diseases of the Skin
• Most vulnerable organ to injury & disease
– skin diseases common in old age
• Skin cancer
– induced by UV rays of the sun
• most common in fair-skinned and elderly
– basal cell carcinoma
• arises from stratum basale & invades dermis
• treated by surgical removal & radiation
– squamous cell carcinoma
• arises from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum
• metastasis to the lymph nodes can be lethal
– malignant melanoma (most deadly cancer)
• arises from melanocytes of a preexisting mole
• ABCD--asymmetry, border irregular, color
mixed & diameter over 6 mm
36. Burns
• Causes of burns -- hot water, sunlight, radiation, electric
shock or acids and bases
• Causes of deaths
– fluid loss, infection, & effects of (eschar) dead tissue
• Degrees of burns
– 1st-degree = only the epidermis (red, painful & edema)
– 2nd-degree = epidermis & part of dermis (blistered)
• epidermis regenerates from hair follicles & sweat glands
– 3rd-degree = epidermis, dermis & more is destroyed
• often requires grafts or fibrosis & disfigurement may occur
• Treatment -- fluid replacement & infection control
– debridement and IV proteins, nutrients & fluids
38. UVA, UVB & Sunscreens
• UVA & UVB are called “tanning rays” and
“burning rays”
– both can burn as well as tan
• Both thought to initiate skin cancer
• As sale of sunscreens has risen so has skin
cancer
– those who use have higher incidence of basal cell
– chemical in sunscreen damage DNA & generate
harmful free radicals
• PABA, zinc oxide & titanium dioxide
39. Skin Grafts & Artificial Skin
• Third-degree burns require skin grafts
• Graft options
– autograft -- tissue from different region of patient
– isograft -- skin graft tissue from identical twin
– cultured keratinocyte patches
• Temporary graft options (immune system)
– homograft (allograft) -- graft from unrelated person
– heterograft (xenograft) -- tissue from another species
– amnion from an afterbirth
– artificial skin from silicone and collagen