Abstract Cryogenic Coolents are used in conventional machining in material removing process can increase tool life, better surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and reduce the cutting temp. Main objectives of this paper is to understand the cryogenic machining operations. Various research scholar has done the experimental investigation on the cryogenic coolants in different materials in turning and milling Process,. At the end of the review obsrved that cryogenic coolant is most favourable methods for material cutting operations in various aspects for future research is proposed. Key Words: Cryogenic coolents and Machining, Literature Review, cryogenic LN2Setup, cryogenic CO2 Setup,
Cryogenic grinding in food is a very new technique. It has a vast advantages over the conventional grinding process. This presentation contents a brief introduction about conventional grinding, different types of grinders and problems of conventional grinders. Its also describe a brief introduction about cryogenic grinding, its components, uses and various advantages.
Cryogenic grinding in food is a very new technique. It has a vast advantages over the conventional grinding process. This presentation contents a brief introduction about conventional grinding, different types of grinders and problems of conventional grinders. Its also describe a brief introduction about cryogenic grinding, its components, uses and various advantages.
Cyrogenic grinding application in food by sunil meenasunil meena
Cryogenic grinding is a method of powdering herbs at sub-zero temperatures ranging from 0 to minus 70°F. The herbs are frozen with liquid nitrogen as they are being ground. This process does not damage or alter the chemical composition of the plant in any way. Normal grinding processes which do not use a cooling system can reach up to 200°F. These high temperatures can reduce volatile components and heat-sensitive constituents in herbs.
Normal grinding processes which do not use a cooling system can reach up to 200°F.
These high temperatures can reduce volatile components and heat-sensitive constituents in herbs.
But cryogenic grinding process does not damage or alter the chemical composition of the plant in any way.
Materials which are elastic in nature, having low melting points, low combustion temperatures , sensitive to oxygen can be ideally machined by cryogenic grinding process.
Cryogenic Grinding is the technique of Pulverizing at sub-zero temperatures (-17.78°C) to minimize the loss of essential oils.Cryogenic grinding technology can efficiently grind most tough materials and can also facilitate cryogenic recycling of tough composite materials and multi component scrap
The decision of whether to use a rotary dryer or kiln to reduce moisture in the feedstock often comes up during the design stages of a rotary kiln. This presentation examines the costs and benefits associated with each option.
Influence of various parameters of cryogenic treatment on performance of tun...vivatechijri
Cryogenic treatment is supplementary thermal treatment done after conventional hardening
process, wherein hardened material is further cooled till cryogenic temperatures which may range from -80°C
to -196°C. In the case of various grades of steel, the cryogenic treatment process has proved to have improved
mechanical properties significantly through conversion of retained austenite to martensite and refinement of
grain structure of steel. However, the effect of cryogenic treatment on high hardness material like tungsten
carbide is still in research and results are uncertain. Ongoing research have suggested that cryogenic treatment
may result into improvement of hardness and wear resistance of tungsten carbide tools which in turn may
improve tool life and efficiency of the cutting operation. But, the amount of improvement in properties majorly
depends of various parameters of cryogenic treatments. This paper deals with reviewing various parameters of
cryogenic treatment like cooling cooling rate, soaking temperature, soaking time, tempering temperature,
tempering time and its effect on performance of tungsten carbide tool
Isostatic pressing applies a uniform, equal force over the entire product, regardless of shape or size. It thus offers unique benefits for ceramic and refractory applications. The ability to form product shapes to precise tolerances (reducing costly machining) has been a major driving force for its commercial development. In addition to hot isostatic pressing of powders allows compositions and blends impossible to achieve by other manufacturing means.
Documentation of increase in mechanical properties by HIP for various materials are reviewed & the selection of process parameters & other process considerations are noted. Thus, it is seen that HIPed cast materials possess superior strength & toughness hence it is the widely scoped metallurgical casting process with aid of high pressure & temperature.
ALD France Nitriding process and furnaces ALD France
What is gas nitriding ?
What is plasma nitriding ?
How a nitriding furnaces works ?
Why ASPN - Active Screen Plasma Nitriding - is the best plasma nitriding technology ?
Cyrogenic grinding application in food by sunil meenasunil meena
Cryogenic grinding is a method of powdering herbs at sub-zero temperatures ranging from 0 to minus 70°F. The herbs are frozen with liquid nitrogen as they are being ground. This process does not damage or alter the chemical composition of the plant in any way. Normal grinding processes which do not use a cooling system can reach up to 200°F. These high temperatures can reduce volatile components and heat-sensitive constituents in herbs.
Normal grinding processes which do not use a cooling system can reach up to 200°F.
These high temperatures can reduce volatile components and heat-sensitive constituents in herbs.
But cryogenic grinding process does not damage or alter the chemical composition of the plant in any way.
Materials which are elastic in nature, having low melting points, low combustion temperatures , sensitive to oxygen can be ideally machined by cryogenic grinding process.
Cryogenic Grinding is the technique of Pulverizing at sub-zero temperatures (-17.78°C) to minimize the loss of essential oils.Cryogenic grinding technology can efficiently grind most tough materials and can also facilitate cryogenic recycling of tough composite materials and multi component scrap
The decision of whether to use a rotary dryer or kiln to reduce moisture in the feedstock often comes up during the design stages of a rotary kiln. This presentation examines the costs and benefits associated with each option.
Influence of various parameters of cryogenic treatment on performance of tun...vivatechijri
Cryogenic treatment is supplementary thermal treatment done after conventional hardening
process, wherein hardened material is further cooled till cryogenic temperatures which may range from -80°C
to -196°C. In the case of various grades of steel, the cryogenic treatment process has proved to have improved
mechanical properties significantly through conversion of retained austenite to martensite and refinement of
grain structure of steel. However, the effect of cryogenic treatment on high hardness material like tungsten
carbide is still in research and results are uncertain. Ongoing research have suggested that cryogenic treatment
may result into improvement of hardness and wear resistance of tungsten carbide tools which in turn may
improve tool life and efficiency of the cutting operation. But, the amount of improvement in properties majorly
depends of various parameters of cryogenic treatments. This paper deals with reviewing various parameters of
cryogenic treatment like cooling cooling rate, soaking temperature, soaking time, tempering temperature,
tempering time and its effect on performance of tungsten carbide tool
Isostatic pressing applies a uniform, equal force over the entire product, regardless of shape or size. It thus offers unique benefits for ceramic and refractory applications. The ability to form product shapes to precise tolerances (reducing costly machining) has been a major driving force for its commercial development. In addition to hot isostatic pressing of powders allows compositions and blends impossible to achieve by other manufacturing means.
Documentation of increase in mechanical properties by HIP for various materials are reviewed & the selection of process parameters & other process considerations are noted. Thus, it is seen that HIPed cast materials possess superior strength & toughness hence it is the widely scoped metallurgical casting process with aid of high pressure & temperature.
ALD France Nitriding process and furnaces ALD France
What is gas nitriding ?
What is plasma nitriding ?
How a nitriding furnaces works ?
Why ASPN - Active Screen Plasma Nitriding - is the best plasma nitriding technology ?
MILLING – Cutting parameters, machine time calculation
Milling operation – Plain milling, side & face milling, form milling, gang milling, end milling, face milling, T slot milling, slitting
GEAR CUTTING – Gear cutting on milling machine – dividing head and indexing method, gear hobbing, principle of operation, advantages & limitation, hobbing tech, gear shaping, gear finishing process
This presentation deals with the basic knowledge and easy concept of cryogenics that can help to bring up your basic knowledge about cryogenics.
This basically contains the history and applications of cryogenic technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN MACHINING OF AISI 1040 STEEL IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimized method of machining process for improved surface finish of AISI 1040 steel
which was turned under dry, wet (SAE 90 soluble oil) and cryogenic (dip in LN2) condition. The surface roughness was
measured using Surtronic 3+.The values of surface roughness for each of the machining process were plotted with variant
feed rate. Cryogenic machining showed remarkable reduction in surface roughness compared to both dry and wet
machining especially at high feed rates. The percentage reduction in surface roughness observed in cryogenic machining compared to wet machining was 7.54%-19.52%.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Impact of varying the nozzle stand off distance on cutting temperature in t...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
An experiental investigation of effect of cutting parameters and tool materia...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An experiental investigation of effect of cutting parameters and tool materia...eSAT Journals
Abstract The major needs of machining are high material removal rate, good work surface finish and low tool wear. Industries are hiring to increase economical benefits by reducing the cost of production. These objectives can be achieved by using proper cutting tool material and cutting parameters. This report presents comparisons of two different coated carbide inserts under different cutting parameters used during machining of cylinder liners made up of grey cast iron. The comparison has been realized through the tool life tests and productivity. The measurement has been carried out from rough boring operation at three cutting speed (Vc) and feed rate (f). Depth of cut (doc) is kept constant at 1.5mm. Cutting tool used in this work is titanium nitride (TiN) coated carbide and comparing with Multilayer coated tool is titanium nitride (TiN) + titanium carbo nitride (TiCN) + Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) coated carbide inserts. The type of the insert is SNMG 120408. Cutting conditions used is speed (Vc) 100m/min, 125m/min, 150m/min. Feed rate (f) 0.25mm/rev,0.3mm/rev,0.35mm/rev. Finally results of the present work determine the appropriate parameter for increasing the tool life, and productivity. Key words: Tool life, Coated tool material, Process parameters, Productivity.
Impact of varying the nozzle stand off distance on cutting temperature in t...eSAT Journals
Abstract Tool wear is a natural phenomenon in all metal cutting operations due to high friction at tool work interface, which affect the tool life, product quality and accuracy of work. For minimizing the friction at tool work interface the cutting fluids or lubricants are used for cooling and lubrication, hence improvement in machining efficiency. But if the quantity and quality of lubricants are unattended or underestimated then it creates problems like soil, water, environmental pollution and also makes the machining process uneconomical. The different cooling and lubrication techniques have been developed today. So it is necessity of present day scenario of machining to work with technology which would not degrade the environment, face the competition and have better quality of products. Different research shows that conventional Flood lubrication is limited by health hazards, misting and sometime uneconomical as compared to other techniques, due to its high discharge rate of fluid. These problems have been overcome by using dry machining. Studies shows that dry machining also becomes non efficient and uneconomical during cutting of harder materials at higher cutting speed, feed and depth of cut, although it is environmental friendly and economical at particular machining level. So to minimize all these Problems of health hazards, non-economy, intense tool wear in case of flood cooling and dry machining, the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) has been applied in this present research. The effect of varying the nozzle stand-off distance and lubricant pressure have been considered in this study, to find out the best results in terms of cutting temperature. The experimentation has been conducted during turning of EN- 31 Alloy Steel with minimum quantity lubrication at flow rate of 150 ml/hr having vegetable based oil. The temperature has been measured by K- type thermocouple .The vegetable oil has been selected due to its environmental friendly behavior and does not produce health hazards, like mineral oil during flood lubrication.
Performance evaluation of ti n coated carbide insert for optimum surface roug...eSAT Journals
Abstract In manufacturing industry, beside the dimensional and geometric tolerance of a component, surface quality is most commonly specified requirements. Surface roughness plays an important role in the performance of the component. This paper presents a study of the influence of the cutting parameters on the surface roughness during the turning of AISI1045 steel with TiN coated carbide tool. The design of experiments based on the Taguchi technique. The objective was to optimization of the machining parameters as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut for surface roughness. Main effect plots are generated and analyzed to find out the relationship between them. Afterwords a confirmation test were performed to make a comparison between the predicted results and the theoretical results. Keywords: TiN carbide insert, AISI 1045 alloy steel, Taguchi method, Surface roughness, ANOVA
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental investigations of vegetable & mineral oil performance during mac...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental investigations of vegetable & mineral oil performance during...eSAT Journals
Abstract Machining with Conventional flood lubrication is a common practice in the industries for reducing friction, heat and cutting power. The type of cutting fluid used during machining play important role in enhancing the machining performance if and only if it is selected, applied, handled and disposed in better way. Cutting fluids often poses hazard to man, environment, machine and material. It sometimes also becomes uneconomical; when application method, flow rate and cost of cutting fluid are remain unattended or underestimated. In Conventional flood lubrication a large quantity of lubricant is applied continuously at the tool chip interface does not remove heat effectively as much required because of poor penetration and obstruction from the chip. Therefore this system is becoming uneconomical for machining and unsuitable for environment. On the other hand wastage disposal of this large quantity of cutting fluid (petroleum based) is becoming problematic. Therefore the present study has been conducted by Vegetable based Minimum quantity Lubrication to reduce or to minimize hazards caused by Conventional flood lubrication. The Results of surface roughness obtained during Turning of EN-31 Steel with Minimum quantity lubrication of both mineral oil and vegetable are compared with each other and indicates that the surface roughness of vegetable oil is close proximity with mineral oil.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
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Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
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GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
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watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
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pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
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concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
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Review of the cryogenic machining in turning and milling process
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 38
REVIEW OF THE CRYOGENIC MACHINING IN TURNING AND
MILLING PROCESS
V.BALAJI1
, S. Ravi2
, P.Naveen Chandran3
, K.M.Damodaran4
1
Research scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Bharath Institute of Higher Education And Research
( BIHER ), Chennai, India.
2
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sriram College of Engineering, Chennai, India.
3
Professor, Department of Automobile Engineering, Bharath Institute of Higher Education And Research
( BIHER ), Chennai, India.
4
Dean & Professor, Department of mechanical Engineering, Pallavan College of Engineering,Kanchipuram,India.
Abstract
Cryogenic Coolents are used in conventional machining in material removing process can increase tool life, better surface finish,
dimensional accuracy, and reduce the cutting temp. Main objectives of this paper is to understand the cryogenic machining
operations. Various research scholar has done the experimental investigation on the cryogenic coolants in different materials in
turning and milling Process,. At the end of the review obsrved that cryogenic coolant is most favourable methods for material
cutting operations in various aspects for future research is proposed.
Key Words: Cryogenic coolents and Machining, Literature Review, cryogenic LN2Setup, cryogenic CO2 Setup,
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1.INTRODUCTION
Previous Research Scholar have proved that the most of the
energy consumed in machining operation is converted to
heat.Many problems that occur in machining are due to heat
generated and the high temperature caused by it.so proper
selection of cutting fluid is particularly important, because it
could affect the tool life, cutting forces, power consumption,
machining accuracy, surface finish etc.,
It is very important to apply the cutting fluids to reduce the
friction, and remove the heat as early as possible. There are
different types of machining environments, They are;
1. Dry machining 2. Flood/Wet cooling 3. Minimal
Quantities Lubricant 4. High pressure cooling 5. Chilled air
cooling
1.1 Dry Machining
Dry cutting is where the coolant is not used for the metal
cutting processes The advantages of dry machining include
non-pollution of the atmosphere (or water) no residue on the
swarf, which will be reflected in reduced disposal and
cleaning costs; no danger to health; no injuries to the skin
and allergy free.so dry machining is always the best way to
sustainability.
1.2 Flood/Wet Cooling
It provides the machining operation with a good level of
lubrication, cooling and chip removal. Generally, soluble oil
is used in the cutting zone by flooding. The functions of
cutting fluids are, 1. Increased tool life 2. Improved surface
finish 3. Improved tolerance 4. Reduction in the cutting
force 5. Reduction in the vibration
1.3 Minimal Quantities Lubricant(MQL)
Minimum quantity of lubrication consists of a mixture of
compressed air and oil droplets to the chip – tool interface
The advantages of MQL significantly improve the tool life
and surface finish compared to the conventional flood
coolant and dry machining
1.4 High pressure cooling
High pressure cooling involves the use of a high pressure jet
of soluble oil in the cutting zone
1.5 Chilled Air Cooling
In the cold compressed air environment, a air gun with a
nozzle is used to direct cold air generated by the air gun to
the tool chip interface. With the applications of chilled air
cooling during machining, the tool life and surface finish are
improved
2. CRYOGENIC COLLENTS AND CRYOGENIC
MACHINING
The application of cryogenic coolents in machining was
carried out in the year 1950s.cryogenic cooling is used for
effective and fast removal of heat generated during the
cutting operations and is used for almost almost all types of
material Cryogenics is the science of very low temperature
100K (-173°C) and absolute zero (0K or -
273°C).Cryogenics has been derived from two Greek words,
namely ‘cryos’ and ‘genes’,since ‘cryos’ means ice cold and
‘genes’ means born.today cryogenics deals eith temperatures
below -153°C or lower. Various cryogenic coolants such
as helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon,
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 39
krypton, xenon, methene, ethene, propane and crbon dioxide
are used but work when refered to cryogenic CO2, LN2 are
used for machining.
Cryogenic machining is a material removal process where
the conventional cutting fluids are replaced with cryogenics
such as liquid nitrogen and CO2 etc., in this method
usaually liquefied gases, is directed into the cutting zone
temperature and cool down the tool and/or work piece.The
cryogenic medium absorbs the heat from the cutting zone
and evaporates into the atmosphere.
3.LITERATURE REVIEW OF TURNING
PROCESS
The majority of research work can be done on cryogenic
machining in turning operations because it is easy to
understand the cryogenic machining
Turning is a machining operation where a single-point
cutting tool is used to removes material from surface of a
rotating cylinderical work piece. The tool is fed lineraly in
direction and parallel to the axis of the rotation of the work
piece
Fig-1 Cutting zone in turning machine
Yields and Muammer Nalbant,2008 is reported that
machining in cryogenic cooling is the one of the most
favourable methods in metal cutting operations and
improvememt in tool life, surface finish,tool wear.
Ahsan Ali Khan and Mirghani (149-154),2008 also
reported, that the tool life of the cutting inserts used,
improved up to four times with the cryogenic cooling
approach. In this work, modified cutting inserts were used
for the supply of liquid nitrogen M.Dhananchezian, and
M.pradeepkumar,Vol-1,(55-59) 2009 ACEEE investgated in
cutting temperature ,cutting force, chip thick ness and shear
angle in AISI 1045 Steel and Aluminium 6061-T6 alloy
and Proved that temperature was reduced 19-28% and the
cutting force was increased to max 15% then dry machining
of AISI 1045 Steel.In machining Aluminium 6061-T6 alloy
, the temperature was reduced to 27-39% and the cutting
force was increased to max 10%
A.A.Khan, M.Y.Ali,and M.M Haque Vol5(171-174) 2010
used work material AISI304 Steel and specialy designed
copper nozzle and cutting tool is cotated carbide inserts the
results of the investigations showed that most effective way
to apply the liquid nitrogen directly applied to machining
zone without any interference of the chips tool life is four
times increasedcompared to dry machining proces
Umbrello,Pu,Caruso,J.C.Outeiro,(371-376)2011 Experiment
were performed under dry and cryogenic conditions using
CBN tool inserts using a work material as hardened AISI
52100 Steel,and suggest the cryogenic coolent helps the
enhance several aspects of the surface integrity and hard
machined components.
Dilip Jerold and pradeep kumar, 2011 measures the cutting
temperature,chip thickness,surface roughness,cutting forces
using the work material as AISI 1045 Steel and used a
cutting tool in multicoated carbide the results says that LN2
proved to be a best alternative cutting fluid in terms of
reduced cutting temperature cutting forces and better surface
finish.
Dilip Jerold and pradeep kumar,2012 made experimental
work and compare performance on cryogenic coolent such
as LN2 and CO2 measures the cutting temperature, cutting
force, tool wear,surface finish,and chip morphology using
the work material as AISI 1045 Steel and used a cutting tool
in multicoated carbide inserts the results says that when
compared to the use of cryogenic LN2 coolant. Tool wear
was found to be less on the application of CO2 compared to
the wet and LN2 machining conditions
Sunil Magadum, (356-1,356—5) 2014 made experiments on
lathe using coated carbide tool with cryogenic coolents with
flood coolents.test were out at cutting spped of 200 and
250m/min and the feed rate depth of cut was kept constant at
0.2mm/rev and 1.5mm respectively.tool wear,tool life and
cutting forces were measured the results indicated that
cryogenic machining better tool life as compared to
conventional flood machining.
4.LITERATURE REVIEW OF MILLING
PROCESS
Milling is the machining process of using rotatory cutters to
remove the material from the surface of a work piece. The
milling cutter is a cutting tool with multiple cutting points
where the tool is along the rotation of the aixs.
Fig-2 End mill
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 40
Yakup Yildz and Muammer (2011) reported that effect of
cryogenic cooling in milling process he takes the work
material as AISI 304 Stainless Steel and cryogenic cooling
is achived by spraying LN2 to tool ,chips and material.and he
is measured in cutiing forces in dry and cryogenic cooling
conditions. And different cutting speed
(80,120,160,&200m/min) As a result cryogenic cooling and
cutting speed are found to be effective on cutting forces
Ravi and Pradeep kumar (2011) using a work material
Hadrdened AISI H13 in slot milling TiAIN PVD carbide
tool and he measures the Cutting temperature ,flank wear
,surface roughness ,cutting force in dry and wet machining
concluded that by using cryogenic LN2 machining provides
better colling and lubrication through substantial reduction
in the cutting zone teperature
5. STUDY OF EXPERIMENTAL CONDITION
FOR CRYOGENIC MACHINING
The experimental conditions for cryogenic machining is
given bellow in the table
Table-1:Experimental conditions for cryogenic machining
Work piece
material
AISI1045
steel
AISI 316
stainless
Steel
Titanium
alloy
(Ti-6Al-
4V)
Cutting tool
insert
Multi-coated
Tungsten
Carbide tool
PVD TiAlN Coated
carbide tool
(CNMG-120404-MP
431 KC 5010)
Cutting
velocity,(m/min)
41, 94 and 145m/min
Feed
rate,(mm/rev)
0.051, 0.096, 0.143 and 0.191mm/rev
Depth of cut
(mm)
1mm
5.1 Study of Cryogenic setup on LN2
In this process the cryogenic liquid is stored in cylinderical
or spherical shaped tanks including pressure control and
vaporizer.in this proces of spraying the cryogenic cooling
the pressure in the tank itself forces the coolent to the
cutting zone
Fig- 3, Cryogenic cooling setup-LN2
5.2 Study of Cryogenic setup on CO2
Carbon dioxide cylinder connected with the accessories is shown in Figure 4.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 41
Fig. 4, Cryogenic cooling setup-CO2
In this method CO2 Cylinder is attached with pressure
regulator The regulator used for this purpose consists of two
dial indicators, one indicating the cylinder pressure and the
other indicating the supply pressure Next to the regulator, a
carbon dioxide flow meter is attached, to measure the
amount of flow of the carbon dioxide coolant. one end of a
rubber hose is connected to the outlet of the flow meter, and
the other end to a welding torch, whose nozzle tip can be
changed as and when required. The welding torch also
consists of a valve to control the flow or to stop the flow,
whenever the machining process is not carried out. The
nozzle tip of the welding torch was pointed towards the
cutting zone, to supply carbon dioxide while the machining
operation was carried out
6. SUMMERY
The review of this paper suggest that cryogenic cooling is a
diierent approach and it provides several benifits in
machining such as
Cryogenic cooling is an environment-friendly in such a
way that liquid gas is used and it will evaporate into
the air
Cryogenic coolent method has the biggest impact to
increasing of tool life, and improvement of surface
finish from all cooling approaches
The cryogenic machining process when CO2 was used
as the cutting fluid helped to reduce the cutting forcess
abd better chip breakability with reduced chip thickness
REFERENCES
[1] Yakup Y and Muammer N, A review of cryogenic
cooling in machining process,International Journal of
Machine Tool and Manufacture, 48 (2008) 947-964.
[2] Dhananchezian M, Pradeep Kumar M. Cryogenic
turning of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy with modified cutting
tool inserts. Cryogenics 2011;51:34–40.
[3] Jerold, B.D. and M.P. Kumar, 2011. Experimental
investigation of turning AISI 1045 steel using
cryogenic carbon dioxide as the cutting fluid. Journal
of Manufacturing Processes, 13(2): 113-119
[4] Ravi, S. and M.P. Kumar, 2011. Experimental
investigations on cryogenic cooling by liquid nitrogen
in the end milling of hardened steel. Cryogenics, 51(9):
509-515.
[5] Nalbant, M. and Y. Yildiz, 2011. Effect of cryogenic
cooling in milling process of AISI 304 stainless
steel.Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of
China, 21(1): 72-79.
[6] Sunil Magadum,Arun kumar.S,Yoganath V.G,C.K
Srinivasa Cryogenic Machining of SS 304 Steel
,AIMTDR 2014 356-1,356-5
[7] Jerold, B.D. and M.P. Kumar,2012 Experimental
investigation of carbon-dioxide and liquid nitrogen
cryogenic coolents turning of AISI 1045 steel,569-574
[8] A.A.Khan, M.Y.Ali,and M.M Haque, 2010, A New
approach of applying cryogenic coolant in Turning
AISI 304 Stainless Steel IJMME Vol5(171-174)
[9] Umbrello, Pu,S.Caruso, J.C.Outerio 2011,The effects
of cryogenic cooling on surface integrity in Hard
machining,371-376
[10]A.A.Khan, Mirghani, 2008, Improving tool life using
cryogenic cooling ELSEVIER 149-154
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 42
BIOGRAPHIES
V.BALAJI, Research Scholar from
Bharath Institute of Higher Education
And Research (BIHER), Chennai, At
present he is working with Pallavan
college of Engineering, Kanchipuram,
Tamilnadu, as a Assistant Professor in
Mechanical Engineering Department.