This presentation deals with the basic knowledge and easy concept of cryogenics that can help to bring up your basic knowledge about cryogenics. This basically contains the history and applications of cryogenic technology.

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By:By:
Bhaskar GuptaBhaskar Gupta
(2(2ndnd
year)year)
Chemical EngineeringChemical Engineering

2. www.mnit.ac.inwww.mnit.ac.in 22
Content
 Introduction
 Cryogenics Basics
 Cryogenics History
 Application of cryogenic Technology
 Future of the cryogenics

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IntroductionIntroduction
 ““Cryogenics” stems from Greek and means "theCryogenics” stems from Greek and means "the
production of freezing cold"; however the term is usedproduction of freezing cold"; however the term is used
today as a synonym for the low-temperature state.today as a synonym for the low-temperature state.
 Cryogenics is the study of how to attain lowCryogenics is the study of how to attain low
temperatures and how materials behave when these lowtemperatures and how materials behave when these low
temperatures are attained.temperatures are attained.
 What cryogenics is not: It is not the study of freezing andWhat cryogenics is not: It is not the study of freezing and
reviving people. This is known as Cryonics, a confusinglyreviving people. This is known as Cryonics, a confusingly
similar term.similar term.
 Cryogenics deals with low temperatures, from about 100Cryogenics deals with low temperatures, from about 100
Kelvin to absolute zero.Kelvin to absolute zero.

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 Absolute zero is the lowest temperature thatAbsolute zero is the lowest temperature that
could ever be.could ever be.
 The first clue to its existence came from theThe first clue to its existence came from the
expansion and contraction of gases.expansion and contraction of gases.
 Scientists noticed that for all gases theScientists noticed that for all gases the
temperature for which they reached zero volumetemperature for which they reached zero volume
was about -273 Celsius. This temperature iswas about -273 Celsius. This temperature is
known as absolute zero and is the zero forknown as absolute zero and is the zero for
Kelvin temperature scale.Kelvin temperature scale.

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Cryogenic LiquidsCryogenic Liquids
 Commonly used gases, in their liquid form,Commonly used gases, in their liquid form,
are nitrogen and helium. These are theare nitrogen and helium. These are the
common cryogenic liquids.common cryogenic liquids.
 Liquid Helium and Nitrogen are usuallyLiquid Helium and Nitrogen are usually
stored in vacuum insulated flasks calledstored in vacuum insulated flasks called
Dewars.Dewars.
NitrogenNitrogen
 Nitrogen condenses at -195.8 C (77.36Nitrogen condenses at -195.8 C (77.36
Kelvin) and freezes at -209.86 C (63.17Kelvin) and freezes at -209.86 C (63.17
Kelvin). Liquid nitrogen is used in manyKelvin). Liquid nitrogen is used in many
cooling systems.cooling systems.
HeliumHelium
 Helium boils at -268.93 C (4.2 Kelvin) andHelium boils at -268.93 C (4.2 Kelvin) and
does not freeze at atmospheric pressuredoes not freeze at atmospheric pressure

6. Cryogenic technologyCryogenic technology
o Cryogenic technology involves the use of rocket propellants atCryogenic technology involves the use of rocket propellants at
extremely low temperatures.extremely low temperatures.
o The combination of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen offers theThe combination of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen offers the
highest energy efficiency for rocket engines that need to producehighest energy efficiency for rocket engines that need to produce
large amounts of thrust.large amounts of thrust.
o Oxygen remains a liquid only at temperatures below minus 183 °Oxygen remains a liquid only at temperatures below minus 183 °
Celsius and hydrogen at below minus 253 ° Celsius.Celsius and hydrogen at below minus 253 ° Celsius.

7. History of Cryogenic TechnologyHistory of Cryogenic Technology
 The United States was the first country to develop cryogenic rocketThe United States was the first country to develop cryogenic rocket
engines.engines.
with RL-10 engines, registered its first successful flight in 1963with RL-10 engines, registered its first successful flight in 1963
and is still used on the Atlas V rocket.and is still used on the Atlas V rocket.
 Then The Japanese LE-5 engine flew in 1977 ,French HM-7 inThen The Japanese LE-5 engine flew in 1977 ,French HM-7 in
1979 , Chinese YF-73 in 1984 .1979 , Chinese YF-73 in 1984 .
 The Soviet Union, first country to put a satellite and later a human inThe Soviet Union, first country to put a satellite and later a human in
space, successfully launched a rocket with a cryogenic engine onlyspace, successfully launched a rocket with a cryogenic engine only
in 1987.in 1987.

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(AMERICAN) - ATLAS V

9. APPLICATION OF CRYOGENICSAPPLICATION OF CRYOGENICS
Aerospace-cryogenic enginesAerospace-cryogenic engines
Medical FieldMedical Field
Manufacturing fieldManufacturing field
Electronics FieldElectronics Field
Fuels research.Fuels research.

10. CRYOGENICS IN MEDICAL FIELDCRYOGENICS IN MEDICAL FIELD

11. CRYOSURGERYCRYOSURGERY
 Cryosurgery (also called cryo therapy) is the use of extreme cold produced byCryosurgery (also called cryo therapy) is the use of extreme cold produced by
liquid nitrogen (or argon gas) to destroy abnormal tissue.liquid nitrogen (or argon gas) to destroy abnormal tissue.
 Cryosurgery is used to treat external tumors, such as those on the skin.Cryosurgery is used to treat external tumors, such as those on the skin.
 For internal tumors, liquid nitrogen is circulated through a hollow instrument calledFor internal tumors, liquid nitrogen is circulated through a hollow instrument called
a cryoprobe.a cryoprobe.
 Cryosurgery has been used for many years in the treatment of skin cancerCryosurgery has been used for many years in the treatment of skin cancer
BENEFITS OF CRYOSURGERYBENEFITS OF CRYOSURGERY
 Cryosurgery is very effective and is less expensive than other treatment. ItCryosurgery is very effective and is less expensive than other treatment. It
can be done in your health care provider’s office and an anesthesia is notcan be done in your health care provider’s office and an anesthesia is not
necessary.necessary.
 The treatment can be safely repeated and may be used along withThe treatment can be safely repeated and may be used along with
standard treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, Harmon therapy andstandard treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, Harmon therapy and
radiation.radiation.
 It can be used for patients who are not good candidates for conventionalIt can be used for patients who are not good candidates for conventional
surgery because of their age or other medical condition.surgery because of their age or other medical condition.
 It is used to treat skin lesions such as freckles (for cosmetic reasons),It is used to treat skin lesions such as freckles (for cosmetic reasons),
hemorrhoids and some skin cancershemorrhoids and some skin cancers

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Electric power transmission in big cities
It is difficult to transmit power by overhead cables in big cities, so
underground cables are used. But underground cables get heated and the
resistance of the wire increases leading to waste of power.
Frozen food
Cryogenic gases are used in transportation of large masses of frozen food.
When very large quantities of food must be transported to regions like war
zones, earthquake hit regions, etc., they must be stored for a long time.
Blood banking
Certain rare blood groups are stored at low temperatures, such as
−165 °C.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
MRI is a complex application of NMR where the geometry of the
resonances is deconvoluted and used to image objects by detecting the
relaxation of protons that have been perturbed by a radio-frequency pulse
in the strong magnetic field. This is mostly commonly used in health
applications
MORE OTHER APPLICATION OF CRYOGENICS

13. The next generation of theThe next generation of the
Rocket EnginesRocket Engines
 All rocket engines burn their fuel to generate thrust . If anyAll rocket engines burn their fuel to generate thrust . If any
other engine can generate enough thrust, that can also beother engine can generate enough thrust, that can also be
used as a rocket engineused as a rocket engine
 There are a lot of plans for new engines that the NASAThere are a lot of plans for new engines that the NASA
scientists are still working with. One of them is the “scientists are still working with. One of them is the “ Xenon ionXenon ion
EngineEngine”. This engine accelerate ions or atomic particles to”. This engine accelerate ions or atomic particles to
extremely high speeds to create thrust more efficiently.extremely high speeds to create thrust more efficiently.
NASA'sNASA's Deep Space-1Deep Space-1 spacecraft will be the first to use ionspacecraft will be the first to use ion
engines for propulsion.engines for propulsion.
 There are some alternative solutions like Nuclear thermalThere are some alternative solutions like Nuclear thermal
rocket engines, Solar thermal rockets, the electric rocket etc.rocket engines, Solar thermal rockets, the electric rocket etc.
 We are looking forward that in the near future there will beWe are looking forward that in the near future there will be
some good technology to take us into spacesome good technology to take us into space

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