Normal grinding processes which do not use a cooling system can reach up to 200°F.
These high temperatures can reduce volatile components and heat-sensitive constituents in herbs.
But cryogenic grinding process does not damage or alter the chemical composition of the plant in any way.
Materials which are elastic in nature, having low melting points, low combustion temperatures , sensitive to oxygen can be ideally machined by cryogenic grinding process.
Cryogenic grinding in food is a very new technique. It has a vast advantages over the conventional grinding process. This presentation contents a brief introduction about conventional grinding, different types of grinders and problems of conventional grinders. Its also describe a brief introduction about cryogenic grinding, its components, uses and various advantages.
Cyrogenic grinding application in food by sunil meenasunil meena
Cryogenic grinding is a method of powdering herbs at sub-zero temperatures ranging from 0 to minus 70°F. The herbs are frozen with liquid nitrogen as they are being ground. This process does not damage or alter the chemical composition of the plant in any way. Normal grinding processes which do not use a cooling system can reach up to 200°F. These high temperatures can reduce volatile components and heat-sensitive constituents in herbs.
Cryogenic Grinding is the technique of Pulverizing at sub-zero temperatures (-17.78°C) to minimize the loss of essential oils.Cryogenic grinding technology can efficiently grind most tough materials and can also facilitate cryogenic recycling of tough composite materials and multi component scrap
vapor absorption system,three fluid vapor absorption system,water and ammonia vapor absorption system water and lithium bromide vapor absorption system
Cryogenic grinding in food is a very new technique. It has a vast advantages over the conventional grinding process. This presentation contents a brief introduction about conventional grinding, different types of grinders and problems of conventional grinders. Its also describe a brief introduction about cryogenic grinding, its components, uses and various advantages.
Cyrogenic grinding application in food by sunil meenasunil meena
Cryogenic grinding is a method of powdering herbs at sub-zero temperatures ranging from 0 to minus 70°F. The herbs are frozen with liquid nitrogen as they are being ground. This process does not damage or alter the chemical composition of the plant in any way. Normal grinding processes which do not use a cooling system can reach up to 200°F. These high temperatures can reduce volatile components and heat-sensitive constituents in herbs.
Cryogenic Grinding is the technique of Pulverizing at sub-zero temperatures (-17.78°C) to minimize the loss of essential oils.Cryogenic grinding technology can efficiently grind most tough materials and can also facilitate cryogenic recycling of tough composite materials and multi component scrap
vapor absorption system,three fluid vapor absorption system,water and ammonia vapor absorption system water and lithium bromide vapor absorption system
The ppt contains detailed study of Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System with neat sketches and description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU
Storage of commodities at low temperature increases the shelf life. Proper understanding of storage system is necessary for desire cooling effect. Basic information regarding refrigeration is explained here. Design parameters are also give to be considered.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System ComponentsAjaypalsinh Barad
The ppt contains detailed study of all the components used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with neat sketches and description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU
The ppt contains detailed study of Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System with neat sketches and description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU
Storage of commodities at low temperature increases the shelf life. Proper understanding of storage system is necessary for desire cooling effect. Basic information regarding refrigeration is explained here. Design parameters are also give to be considered.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System ComponentsAjaypalsinh Barad
The ppt contains detailed study of all the components used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with neat sketches and description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU
The process of freeze drying with greater emphasis on the uses in the fisheries food processing sector. The presentation shows the process involved and the different steps involved and the effect of the process on the food material.
The abrasive jet machine is classified as a non-conventional machine and in this slide introduction about it the structure and, advantage, and disadvantage
Values are stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences for outcomes. A value is a principle, a standard, or a quality considered worthwhile or desirable.
Provide understanding of the attitudes, motivation, and behaviors
Influence our perception of the world around us
Represent interpretations of “right” and “wrong”
Imply that some behaviors or outcomes are preferred over others
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Define personality, describe how it is measured, and explain the factors that determine an individual’s personality.
Identify the key traits in the Big Five personality model.
Demonstrate how the Big Five traits predict behavior at work.
Identify other personality traits relevant to OB.
credit: Priyanka Sharma
Motive : A inner state that energizes , activates or moves and directs or channels behaviour towards goals. One person induces another person to engage in action or desired behaviour by ensuring that a channel to direct the motive of the person becomes available and accessible to the person
The result of the interaction between the individual and the situation.
Credit: Priyanka Sharma
“A process through which something becomes different.” This is the dictionary definition. Organisational change refers to the alteration in technology, structure, method, people, or their behaviour. Organizational change can be defined as the alteration in structure, technology or people in an organization or behavior by an organization. Here we need to note that change in organizational culture is different from change in an organization. A new method or style or new rule is implemented here.
This will enhance the knowledge about the methods of nano particle synthesis. The application of Green method is also described. Gold nano particles are also explained with its toxicity and application.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Problems faced in Conventional Grinding
• Cryogenic Grinding Technology
• Working Principle of CryoGrinder Performance Data & Technical Data
• Merits & Demerits
• Field of applications
• Conclusion
3. INTRODUCTION
• The word “CRYOGENICS” originates from the Greek word “Cryo”, which means
creation or production by means of cold.
• It deals with low temperatures as low as below −150 °C or 123 K to absolute zero.
• Cryogenics is the study of low temperatures and behavior of materials under these low
temperatures.
• A person who studies elements that have been subjected to extremely cold temperatures is
called a CRYOGENICIST.
4. CRYOGENS
• The extremely low temperature are produced by using substances called “ cryogens” such
as liquid nitrogen and liquid helium.
• All cryogenic liquids are gases at normal temperatures and pressures. So, these gases must
be cooled below room temperature to liquefy them.
• They have boiling points below -150°C. (Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, which have
slightly higher boiling points are sometimes included in this category).
5. • There are several cryogenic liquids such as Nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, krypton,
hydrogen, methane and liquefied natural gas etc.
• Liquid Nitrogen are the most commonly used. Cryogens are stored in vessels called as
Dewar flask which provides good insulation.
• Different cryogens become liquids under different conditions of temperature and pressure,
but all have two properties in common: they are extremely cold, and small amounts of
liquid can expand into very large volumes of gas.
CRYOGENS
6. SIR JAMES DEWAR
Sir James Dewar (20 September 1842 – 27 March 1923)
was a Scottish chemist and physicist.
Invention of the Dewar flask -The man who first
liquefied hydrogen.
8. WHAT IS GRINDING
• Grinding is a process of reducing the size of solid materials by mechanical action,
dividing them into smaller particles.
• Perhaps the most extensive application of grinding in the food industry is in the milling of
grains to make flour, but it is used in many other processes.
• The grinding of corn for manufacture of corn starch, the grinding of sugar and the milling
of dried foods, such as vegetables
9. GRINDING PROCESS
• Grinding size reduction is achieved by fracturing the materials
• Time also plays a part in the fracturing process and it appears that material will fracture at
lower stress concentrations if these can be maintained for longer periods of time.
• The energy required depends upon the hardness of the material and also upon the
tendency of the material to crack - its friability
10. GRINDING EQUIPMENT
Size reduction equipment can be divided into two classes :
• Crushers : The major action is compressive, breaking large pieces of solid material into
small lumps.
• Grinders: Grinders combine shear and impact with compressive forces, reduce crushed
feed to powder form.
11. Force for reduce the size of food :
a)Compression forces
b)Impact forces
c)Shearing(or attrition) forces
Both the magnitude of the force and the time of application affect the extent of grinding
achieved. For efficient grinding, the energy applied to the material should exceed, by as
small a margin as possible, the minimum energy needed to rupture the material.
GRINDING EQUIPMENT
12.
13.
14. Both Rollers rotates at same speed- compression is the primary force :
• If at different speeds- shearing and compression are the primary forces
• If the rolls are grooved, a tearing or grinding component is introduced
• Coarse grooves provide less size reduction than fine grooves do
15.
16. PROBLEMS FACED IN CONVENTIONAL
GRINDING PROCESS
• High heat generation.
• Introduction of tensile residual stress.
• Less tool life.
• Oxidation
• Clogging and gumming of the mill
• Loss of enteric oil in spice grinding
18. CRYOGENIC GRINDING
• Also known as freezer milling/ freezer grinding / cryomilling ,is the act of cooling/chilling
a material and then reducing it to smaller particle size
• Also a method of powdering herbs at sub-zero temperatures ranging from 0 to -70°F
• All materials embrittle when exposed to low temperature. Utilizes the cooling effect of
liquid nitrogen to embrittle materials prior to and or during the grinding process
19. • Normal grinding processes which do not use a cooling system can reach up to 200°F.
• These high temperatures can reduce volatile components and heat-sensitive constituents in
herbs.
• But cryogenic grinding process does not damage or alter the chemical composition of the
plant in any way.
• Materials which are elastic in nature, having low melting points, low combustion
temperatures , sensitive to oxygen can be ideally machined by cryogenic grinding process.
CRYOGENIC GRINDING
20. CRYOGENIC GRINDING
• For pulverizing many materials, Cryogenic Grinding Technology increases productivity &
lower power cost.
• Many elastic/soft materials are very difficult to pulverize(crush to fine particle), requiring
long cycle times & high power/energy consumption.
• Cryogenic grinding involves cooling a material below its embrittlement temperature with
a cryogenic fluid, typically liquid nitrogen.
• After cooling, the material is fed into an impact mill where it is reduced in size primarily
by brittle fracture.
21.
22. GENERALAPPLICATIONS OF CRYOGENIC
GRINDING
Cryogrinding of steel:
• The large amount of heat is generated during machining/grinding at high speed and feed
rate raises the temperature at the cutting zones excessively.
to overcome this problem liquid nitrogen is fed to the grinding spot.
Thermoplastics and thermo sets:
• To which nylon, PVC, polyethylene, synthetic rubber are commonly used in powder form,
but not limited to, a variety of applications such as adhesives, powdered coatings, fillers
and plastic sintering and moulding.
23. Adhesives and waxes;
• To avoid the pliable and sticky of certain materials which is unable in conventional
grinding
Explosives;
• To grind the explosives materials below their ignition temperature Spices;
• To overcome the volatility of etheric oils ( gives the taste and smell of spices)
GENERALAPPLICATIONS OF CRYOGENIC
GRINDING
24. PROBLEMS WITH CONVENTIONAL GRINDING
Loss of etheric oil
• The applied energy gets dissipated in the form of heat (>99%) and hence the temperature
in the grinding zone rises to more than 90oC resulting in loss of etheric oils whose boiling
point ranges down to 50 deg C. This results in the inferior quality of the ground product.
Clogging and gumming of the mill
• Spices like nutmeg, clove, cinnamon, etc.., contain
• high level of fat while capsicum, chilli, etc, contain high moisture content. These cause
clogging and gumming of mill thus affecting the throughput and quality of the ground
product. High moisture content materials often stick to the parts of the mill.
25. Oxidation and related degradation
• Due to intimate cyclone effect of the air in the vicinity of grinding zone, aromatic
substances in materials oxidize and become rancid.
• In addition the formation of fresh and exposed surfaces due to grinding, accelerates the
process of oxidation.
PROBLEMS WITH CONVENTIONAL GRINDING
27. PRECOOLING UNIT
• The cryogenic precooler is a cooling device made up of a screw conveyor enclosed in a
properly insulated barrel and a system to introduce liquid nitrogen into the barrel, thereby
providing refrigeration (liquid and cold gas) within the system.
• The function of the cryogenic precooler is to remove the heat from the material before it
enters the grinder.
28. GRINDING UNIT
• The operation of grinding was performed by
impact and attrition.
• The grinder was operated by an electric motor.
• The ground powder was collected in the
collector pan from an outlet and the nitrogen
vapour let out.
31. WORKING
• Material is to be ground is cleaned manually & fed into the hopper.
• From the exit of the hopper the material enters into the vibratory feeder, which is
positioned with a small inclination towards the entry of the helical screw conveyor, It has
ability to control the fed rate.
• Liquid nitrogen from the storage container is sprayer into the screw conveyer, The time of
stay of material in the conveyer can be maintained by varying the speed of the drive i.e.,
conveyer drive.
32. • The sensors monitors material’s temperature in the conveyer.
• When the mill is running, the material gets crushed between the studs & comes out
through an optional sieve as a ground product.
• To the bottom of the mill a collecting bin is housed where the ground product gets
collected.
• The vaporized nitrogen from the mill is sucked by a centrifugal blower & through the
filter assembly is fed back to the mill, And the cyclic process is continued.
WORKING
37. MERITS
• Increased throughput & power saving.
• Finer particle size.
More uniform particle distribution.
• Lower grinding cost.
• No heat generation.
• Prevent oxidation
38. • High power consumption.
• High operation cost.
• Maintenance cost is above the range.
• Filtering of Screw Conveyer is Difficult.
DEMERITS
39. HEALTH HAZARDS OF CRYOGENIC LIQUIDS
• Skin and eye hazard: Cryogens are extremely cold and can cause instant, severe frostbite.
The eye’s fluids will freeze in contact with a cryogen, causing permanent eye damage.
• Cold Embrittlement: At cryogenic temperatures many materials, such as rubber, plastic
and carbon steel can become so brittle that very little stress can break the material.
• Oxygen Enrichment: When transferring liquid nitrogen through uninsulated metal pipes,
the air surrounding a cryogen containment system can condense. Nitrogen, which has a
lower boiling point than oxygen, will evaporate first. This can leave an oxygen-enriched
condensate on the surface that can increase the flammability (combustibility) of materials
near the system, creating potentially explosive conditions.
40. PRECAUTIONS
• Be familiar with hazards associated with cryogen use.
• Work in an open, well-ventilated location.
• Always wear safety goggles and/or face shield and appropriate cryogen gloves.
• Examine containers and pressure relief valves for signs of defect.
• Ensure that all equipment and containers are free of oil, grease, dirt, or other materials
which may lead to flammability hazard upon contact with liquid oxygen.