This document summarizes an experimental study that compared the performance of vegetable and mineral oils using minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) during machining of EN-31 steel. The study found that using MQL with vegetable oil resulted in a surface roughness close to that achieved with mineral oil under the same cutting conditions. MQL provides benefits over flood cooling and dry machining by reducing cutting temperatures and improving chip-tool interaction. The results indicate vegetable oil has potential as an alternative lubricant for MQL that is more environmentally friendly than mineral oil.
Impact of varying the nozzle stand off distance on cutting temperature in t...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Impact of varying the nozzle stand off distance on cutting temperature in t...eSAT Journals
Abstract Tool wear is a natural phenomenon in all metal cutting operations due to high friction at tool work interface, which affect the tool life, product quality and accuracy of work. For minimizing the friction at tool work interface the cutting fluids or lubricants are used for cooling and lubrication, hence improvement in machining efficiency. But if the quantity and quality of lubricants are unattended or underestimated then it creates problems like soil, water, environmental pollution and also makes the machining process uneconomical. The different cooling and lubrication techniques have been developed today. So it is necessity of present day scenario of machining to work with technology which would not degrade the environment, face the competition and have better quality of products. Different research shows that conventional Flood lubrication is limited by health hazards, misting and sometime uneconomical as compared to other techniques, due to its high discharge rate of fluid. These problems have been overcome by using dry machining. Studies shows that dry machining also becomes non efficient and uneconomical during cutting of harder materials at higher cutting speed, feed and depth of cut, although it is environmental friendly and economical at particular machining level. So to minimize all these Problems of health hazards, non-economy, intense tool wear in case of flood cooling and dry machining, the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) has been applied in this present research. The effect of varying the nozzle stand-off distance and lubricant pressure have been considered in this study, to find out the best results in terms of cutting temperature. The experimentation has been conducted during turning of EN- 31 Alloy Steel with minimum quantity lubrication at flow rate of 150 ml/hr having vegetable based oil. The temperature has been measured by K- type thermocouple .The vegetable oil has been selected due to its environmental friendly behavior and does not produce health hazards, like mineral oil during flood lubrication.
Use of cutting fluids in machining processes can reduce the cutting temperature and provides lubrication to tool and work piece. These translate to longer tool life and improved surface quality. Metalworking fluids are a major cause of health hazards for operators apart from being sources of environmental pollution thus necessitating research in dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) machining. The introduction of coolant techniques such as near-dry machining so called minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and cryogenic coolant have shown promising performances especially in terms of cutting tool life. Nowadays, MQL is widely used in machining performances.
2nd progress presentation on Minimum Quantity Lubrication(MQL) with vegitable...Nadaraja Sarmilan
This is a research based project of improving machining process as well as the environmental conditions using novel coconut oil based cutting fluid under Minimum Quantity Lubrication(MQL). In order to achieve the testing situations, the conceptual design of the experimental setup was finalized by following best solutions given through the morphological analysis of existing MQL systems. Solid models of nozzles, nozzle holding component, MWF tank, MWF tank support and finalized experimental setup were designed by solid modeling software. To corroboration the importance of novel vegetable oil based lubricant, the machining performances such as surface roughness and chip formation were evaluated.
Performance evaluation of ti n coated carbide insert for optimum surface roug...eSAT Journals
Abstract In manufacturing industry, beside the dimensional and geometric tolerance of a component, surface quality is most commonly specified requirements. Surface roughness plays an important role in the performance of the component. This paper presents a study of the influence of the cutting parameters on the surface roughness during the turning of AISI1045 steel with TiN coated carbide tool. The design of experiments based on the Taguchi technique. The objective was to optimization of the machining parameters as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut for surface roughness. Main effect plots are generated and analyzed to find out the relationship between them. Afterwords a confirmation test were performed to make a comparison between the predicted results and the theoretical results. Keywords: TiN carbide insert, AISI 1045 alloy steel, Taguchi method, Surface roughness, ANOVA
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Impact of varying the nozzle stand off distance on cutting temperature in t...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Impact of varying the nozzle stand off distance on cutting temperature in t...eSAT Journals
Abstract Tool wear is a natural phenomenon in all metal cutting operations due to high friction at tool work interface, which affect the tool life, product quality and accuracy of work. For minimizing the friction at tool work interface the cutting fluids or lubricants are used for cooling and lubrication, hence improvement in machining efficiency. But if the quantity and quality of lubricants are unattended or underestimated then it creates problems like soil, water, environmental pollution and also makes the machining process uneconomical. The different cooling and lubrication techniques have been developed today. So it is necessity of present day scenario of machining to work with technology which would not degrade the environment, face the competition and have better quality of products. Different research shows that conventional Flood lubrication is limited by health hazards, misting and sometime uneconomical as compared to other techniques, due to its high discharge rate of fluid. These problems have been overcome by using dry machining. Studies shows that dry machining also becomes non efficient and uneconomical during cutting of harder materials at higher cutting speed, feed and depth of cut, although it is environmental friendly and economical at particular machining level. So to minimize all these Problems of health hazards, non-economy, intense tool wear in case of flood cooling and dry machining, the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) has been applied in this present research. The effect of varying the nozzle stand-off distance and lubricant pressure have been considered in this study, to find out the best results in terms of cutting temperature. The experimentation has been conducted during turning of EN- 31 Alloy Steel with minimum quantity lubrication at flow rate of 150 ml/hr having vegetable based oil. The temperature has been measured by K- type thermocouple .The vegetable oil has been selected due to its environmental friendly behavior and does not produce health hazards, like mineral oil during flood lubrication.
Use of cutting fluids in machining processes can reduce the cutting temperature and provides lubrication to tool and work piece. These translate to longer tool life and improved surface quality. Metalworking fluids are a major cause of health hazards for operators apart from being sources of environmental pollution thus necessitating research in dry and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) machining. The introduction of coolant techniques such as near-dry machining so called minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and cryogenic coolant have shown promising performances especially in terms of cutting tool life. Nowadays, MQL is widely used in machining performances.
2nd progress presentation on Minimum Quantity Lubrication(MQL) with vegitable...Nadaraja Sarmilan
This is a research based project of improving machining process as well as the environmental conditions using novel coconut oil based cutting fluid under Minimum Quantity Lubrication(MQL). In order to achieve the testing situations, the conceptual design of the experimental setup was finalized by following best solutions given through the morphological analysis of existing MQL systems. Solid models of nozzles, nozzle holding component, MWF tank, MWF tank support and finalized experimental setup were designed by solid modeling software. To corroboration the importance of novel vegetable oil based lubricant, the machining performances such as surface roughness and chip formation were evaluated.
Performance evaluation of ti n coated carbide insert for optimum surface roug...eSAT Journals
Abstract In manufacturing industry, beside the dimensional and geometric tolerance of a component, surface quality is most commonly specified requirements. Surface roughness plays an important role in the performance of the component. This paper presents a study of the influence of the cutting parameters on the surface roughness during the turning of AISI1045 steel with TiN coated carbide tool. The design of experiments based on the Taguchi technique. The objective was to optimization of the machining parameters as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut for surface roughness. Main effect plots are generated and analyzed to find out the relationship between them. Afterwords a confirmation test were performed to make a comparison between the predicted results and the theoretical results. Keywords: TiN carbide insert, AISI 1045 alloy steel, Taguchi method, Surface roughness, ANOVA
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Conceptual design of transfer mould tool for rubber bumper springeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abrasive water jet review and parameter selection by AHP method.IOSR Journals
An Abrasive Water Jet is one of the most recently developed non-traditional manufacturing
processes. Abrasive water jet offers the potential for the development in cutting which is less sensitive to
material properties, has virtually no thermal effects, and imposes minimal stresses. As it is a cold process has
also important applications where heat-affected zones are to be avoided. In this work, a deep study of this newer
non-conventional technique of machining i.e., abrasive water jet machining is done. In this paper more focus is
on selection of various process parameters like-angle of impact, Pressure inside the pumping system, abrasive
material type, Stand-off distance, focusing tube diameter, nozzle speed, abrasive mass flow rate and target
material properties for getting the required output like- depth of cut and cut quality. For cutting Stainless steel
(Grade 304), important task is to find out a few parameters which influence more. With the help of Analytical
Hierarchy Process technique the selection of a few parameters are done which are comparatively more
influencing. Weighteges are given to parameters on the basis of previous study and experience of owner of the
company who is dealing with abrasive water jet technology since many years.
Analysis Of The Structure Of A Material Used In The Manufacture Of Thermal Ch...IJERA Editor
The dynamic stability of machine has its own importance in the quality of the machined product. With the development of new technologies for cutting tools, as the geometries and materials, cutting speeds used today reach values inconceivable for two decades. In the automotive industry steel and cast iron are gradually being replaced by lower density material and even lower costs. In complex shapes tools, heterogeneous material removal in roughing, sudden changes of sections, etc. Stress relieving treatment should be carried out to minimize dimensional variations of form during quenching and tempering. Materials for manufacture of thermal fixing most appropriate for that operating system still needs to be further investigated. Therefore, this study investigated the elastic behavior of the material used in the manufacture of tooling systems for cutting tools. Has been evaluated In fastening system, the temperature variation exerted on the mandrel body region and the thermal expansion where H13 steel can withstand the assembly process by thermal interference. This method can determine the amount of number of cycles until the onset of fatigue that material.
Utilization of Melon and Snail Shell Waste Mixtures in the Carburization of M...ijtsrd
As long as industrial and agricultural activities go on, wastes will continue to be generated. In view of this, wastes recycling/or conversion to other reusable materials that can be utilize by another industrial set-up is fast receiving worldwide attention. In this research work, the assessment of the suitability of melon and snail shell wastes mixtures in enhancing the surface hardness of mild steel via the pack carburization method has been investigated. The carburization process was carried out at the temperatures of 9000C, 9200C and 940oC for the soaking times of 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes respectively, and then quenched in water toharden. Thereafter, they were tempered at 2500Cfor 1 hour to relieve the residual stresses introduced into the steel specimens as a result of quenching. Standard method was adopted to determine the surface hardness of the carburized and un-carburized test specimens. Micro-structure examination was also performed using standard metallographic techniques to observe the microstructures formed. The results of the study showed increase in the surface hardness of all the carburized steel specimens in the different carburizing media. The steel specimens carburized with 80% snail shell wastes plus 20% melon shell wastes mixture had higher hardness values than those carburized with 100% snail shell wastes only. The maximum surface hardness values of 118VHN, 128VHN and 129VHN were obtained at thecarburizing temperatures of 9000C, 9200C and 9400C respectively, for the soaking time of 60 minutes with thespecimens carburized with snail and melon shell wastes mix. It was observed that theprocess variables (temperature and soaking time) significantly impacted on the quantity of carbon absorbed at the steel surface as depicted by the surface hardness values. The results of the research work have established the viability of melon and snail shell wastes mixture as an alternative source of carburizers in enhancing the surface hardness of mild steel. Adzor, S. Abella | Ihom, P. Aondona | Edibo, S."Utilization of Melon and Snail Shell Waste Mixtures in the Carburization of Mild Steel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11353.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/industrial-engineering/11353/utilization-of-melon-and-snail-shell-waste-mixtures-in-the-carburization-of-mild-steel/adzor-s-abella
Determining the influence of cutting fluids on tool wear and surface roughnes...Lepuufu
Knowledge of the performance of cutting fluids in machining different work materials is
of critical importance in order to improve the efficiency of any machining process. The
efficiency can be evaluated based on certain process parameters such as flank wear, surface
roughness on the work piece, cutting forces developed, temperature developed at the tool
chip interface, etc. The objective of this work is to determine the influence of cutting fluids
on tool wear and surface roughness during turning of AISI 304 with carbide tool. Further
an attempt has been made to identify the influence of coconut oil in reducing the tool
wear and surface roughness during turning process. The performance of coconut oil is also
being compared with another two cutting fluids namely an emulsion and a neat cutting oil
(immiscible with water). The results indicated that in general, coconut oil performed better
than the other two cutting fluids in reducing the tool wear and improving the surface finish.
Coconut oil has been used as one of the cutting fluids in this work because of its thermal
and oxidative stability which is being comparable to other vegetable-based cutting fluids
used in the metal cutting industry.
Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel (din 38mns6)Lepuufu
Purpose – This paper seeks to evaluate the influence of tellurium content on the machinability of the microalloyed pearlitic steel (DIN 38MnS6).
Two grades of steels were used, one with high (27 times greater) tellurium content and one with a low tellurium content. Machinability of the steel was
determined by the number of holes drilled by the tool before undergoing severe deformation. The drilling test matrix was prepared using a fractional
factorial design with five input variables studied at two levels (25-1). Other variables investigated include cutting speed (45 and 60 m/min), feed rate
(0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev), geometry of the twist drills and use of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) at the flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. Statistical
analysis of the results revealed that composition of the work material was most influential on tool performance. Addition of tellurium to the steel
significantly improved machinability, increasing the number of drilled holes by over 100 per cent. The MQL flow rate was the least influential as increase
in the flow from 30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill life only by about 9 per cent.
Design/methodology/approach – The drilling tests were carried out in the vertical position, up-down, without pre-holes (full drilling). Cutting
speeds of 45 and 60 m/min and feed rates of 0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev were employed. Drills with two sharpening types were tested. Cutting fluid used
was vegetable based and applied using the MQL technique at flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. The rejection criterion adopted was severe deformation of
the drills and the number of machined holes was used to measure the machinability of the material.
Findings – Of all the variables investigated in this study, the least influential on drill performance is the MQL flow rate. Increase in the flow rate from
30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill performance by 9 per cent, contrary to expectation. This is a result of the cooling-lubricant action balance promoted by the
cutting fluid applied in low quantities (MQL). The most influential variable on drill performance is addition of Te to the work material which gave over
twofold (103 per cent) improvement in drill performance at the cutting conditions investigated. The Te particles act at the chip-tool interface, reducing
the work necessary to shear the material during chip formation. Increase in both the cutting speed and the feed rate both lowered drill performance
during machining due to associated increase in cutting temperature which tended to accelerate thermally related wear mechanisms.
Originality/value – This work was conducted to evaluate the machinability of a novel alloyed steel employed in the automobile industry. Drilling was
considered as most automobile components especially the engine block is designed with many holes which require drilling process.
The Lubrolene WFR series of water-free die-release products provide unrivalled release, quality, cost and sustainability performance for high pressure die cast engine, powertrain and structural automotive parts.
Global leaders in porosity sealing, Ultraseal International Group is the sole European and Americas supplier of Lubrolene® die release agents and provides a unique turnkey solution for die casting customers.
Find out more at: https://www.ultraseal-impregnation.com/die-release-agent/
Surface residual stresses in machined austenitic stainless steelLepuufu
Surface residual stresses due to turning operations in AISI 304 type stainless steel were studied as a function of machining speed, feed rate,
depth of cut, and tool geometry and coating. Residual stress tensors were determined using X-ray diffraction technique. The effects of turning
conditions and tool on the residual stresses were discussed in terms of mechanically and thermally induced non-homogeneous plastic
deformation of the surface layers of the workpiece.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Empirical relation to estimate the reduction of root fillet stress in spur ge...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Conceptual design of transfer mould tool for rubber bumper springeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abrasive water jet review and parameter selection by AHP method.IOSR Journals
An Abrasive Water Jet is one of the most recently developed non-traditional manufacturing
processes. Abrasive water jet offers the potential for the development in cutting which is less sensitive to
material properties, has virtually no thermal effects, and imposes minimal stresses. As it is a cold process has
also important applications where heat-affected zones are to be avoided. In this work, a deep study of this newer
non-conventional technique of machining i.e., abrasive water jet machining is done. In this paper more focus is
on selection of various process parameters like-angle of impact, Pressure inside the pumping system, abrasive
material type, Stand-off distance, focusing tube diameter, nozzle speed, abrasive mass flow rate and target
material properties for getting the required output like- depth of cut and cut quality. For cutting Stainless steel
(Grade 304), important task is to find out a few parameters which influence more. With the help of Analytical
Hierarchy Process technique the selection of a few parameters are done which are comparatively more
influencing. Weighteges are given to parameters on the basis of previous study and experience of owner of the
company who is dealing with abrasive water jet technology since many years.
Analysis Of The Structure Of A Material Used In The Manufacture Of Thermal Ch...IJERA Editor
The dynamic stability of machine has its own importance in the quality of the machined product. With the development of new technologies for cutting tools, as the geometries and materials, cutting speeds used today reach values inconceivable for two decades. In the automotive industry steel and cast iron are gradually being replaced by lower density material and even lower costs. In complex shapes tools, heterogeneous material removal in roughing, sudden changes of sections, etc. Stress relieving treatment should be carried out to minimize dimensional variations of form during quenching and tempering. Materials for manufacture of thermal fixing most appropriate for that operating system still needs to be further investigated. Therefore, this study investigated the elastic behavior of the material used in the manufacture of tooling systems for cutting tools. Has been evaluated In fastening system, the temperature variation exerted on the mandrel body region and the thermal expansion where H13 steel can withstand the assembly process by thermal interference. This method can determine the amount of number of cycles until the onset of fatigue that material.
Utilization of Melon and Snail Shell Waste Mixtures in the Carburization of M...ijtsrd
As long as industrial and agricultural activities go on, wastes will continue to be generated. In view of this, wastes recycling/or conversion to other reusable materials that can be utilize by another industrial set-up is fast receiving worldwide attention. In this research work, the assessment of the suitability of melon and snail shell wastes mixtures in enhancing the surface hardness of mild steel via the pack carburization method has been investigated. The carburization process was carried out at the temperatures of 9000C, 9200C and 940oC for the soaking times of 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes respectively, and then quenched in water toharden. Thereafter, they were tempered at 2500Cfor 1 hour to relieve the residual stresses introduced into the steel specimens as a result of quenching. Standard method was adopted to determine the surface hardness of the carburized and un-carburized test specimens. Micro-structure examination was also performed using standard metallographic techniques to observe the microstructures formed. The results of the study showed increase in the surface hardness of all the carburized steel specimens in the different carburizing media. The steel specimens carburized with 80% snail shell wastes plus 20% melon shell wastes mixture had higher hardness values than those carburized with 100% snail shell wastes only. The maximum surface hardness values of 118VHN, 128VHN and 129VHN were obtained at thecarburizing temperatures of 9000C, 9200C and 9400C respectively, for the soaking time of 60 minutes with thespecimens carburized with snail and melon shell wastes mix. It was observed that theprocess variables (temperature and soaking time) significantly impacted on the quantity of carbon absorbed at the steel surface as depicted by the surface hardness values. The results of the research work have established the viability of melon and snail shell wastes mixture as an alternative source of carburizers in enhancing the surface hardness of mild steel. Adzor, S. Abella | Ihom, P. Aondona | Edibo, S."Utilization of Melon and Snail Shell Waste Mixtures in the Carburization of Mild Steel" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11353.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/industrial-engineering/11353/utilization-of-melon-and-snail-shell-waste-mixtures-in-the-carburization-of-mild-steel/adzor-s-abella
Determining the influence of cutting fluids on tool wear and surface roughnes...Lepuufu
Knowledge of the performance of cutting fluids in machining different work materials is
of critical importance in order to improve the efficiency of any machining process. The
efficiency can be evaluated based on certain process parameters such as flank wear, surface
roughness on the work piece, cutting forces developed, temperature developed at the tool
chip interface, etc. The objective of this work is to determine the influence of cutting fluids
on tool wear and surface roughness during turning of AISI 304 with carbide tool. Further
an attempt has been made to identify the influence of coconut oil in reducing the tool
wear and surface roughness during turning process. The performance of coconut oil is also
being compared with another two cutting fluids namely an emulsion and a neat cutting oil
(immiscible with water). The results indicated that in general, coconut oil performed better
than the other two cutting fluids in reducing the tool wear and improving the surface finish.
Coconut oil has been used as one of the cutting fluids in this work because of its thermal
and oxidative stability which is being comparable to other vegetable-based cutting fluids
used in the metal cutting industry.
Influence of tellurium addition on drilling of microalloyed steel (din 38mns6)Lepuufu
Purpose – This paper seeks to evaluate the influence of tellurium content on the machinability of the microalloyed pearlitic steel (DIN 38MnS6).
Two grades of steels were used, one with high (27 times greater) tellurium content and one with a low tellurium content. Machinability of the steel was
determined by the number of holes drilled by the tool before undergoing severe deformation. The drilling test matrix was prepared using a fractional
factorial design with five input variables studied at two levels (25-1). Other variables investigated include cutting speed (45 and 60 m/min), feed rate
(0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev), geometry of the twist drills and use of minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) at the flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. Statistical
analysis of the results revealed that composition of the work material was most influential on tool performance. Addition of tellurium to the steel
significantly improved machinability, increasing the number of drilled holes by over 100 per cent. The MQL flow rate was the least influential as increase
in the flow from 30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill life only by about 9 per cent.
Design/methodology/approach – The drilling tests were carried out in the vertical position, up-down, without pre-holes (full drilling). Cutting
speeds of 45 and 60 m/min and feed rates of 0.15 and 0.25 mm/rev were employed. Drills with two sharpening types were tested. Cutting fluid used
was vegetable based and applied using the MQL technique at flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/h. The rejection criterion adopted was severe deformation of
the drills and the number of machined holes was used to measure the machinability of the material.
Findings – Of all the variables investigated in this study, the least influential on drill performance is the MQL flow rate. Increase in the flow rate from
30 to 100 ml/h reduced drill performance by 9 per cent, contrary to expectation. This is a result of the cooling-lubricant action balance promoted by the
cutting fluid applied in low quantities (MQL). The most influential variable on drill performance is addition of Te to the work material which gave over
twofold (103 per cent) improvement in drill performance at the cutting conditions investigated. The Te particles act at the chip-tool interface, reducing
the work necessary to shear the material during chip formation. Increase in both the cutting speed and the feed rate both lowered drill performance
during machining due to associated increase in cutting temperature which tended to accelerate thermally related wear mechanisms.
Originality/value – This work was conducted to evaluate the machinability of a novel alloyed steel employed in the automobile industry. Drilling was
considered as most automobile components especially the engine block is designed with many holes which require drilling process.
The Lubrolene WFR series of water-free die-release products provide unrivalled release, quality, cost and sustainability performance for high pressure die cast engine, powertrain and structural automotive parts.
Global leaders in porosity sealing, Ultraseal International Group is the sole European and Americas supplier of Lubrolene® die release agents and provides a unique turnkey solution for die casting customers.
Find out more at: https://www.ultraseal-impregnation.com/die-release-agent/
Surface residual stresses in machined austenitic stainless steelLepuufu
Surface residual stresses due to turning operations in AISI 304 type stainless steel were studied as a function of machining speed, feed rate,
depth of cut, and tool geometry and coating. Residual stress tensors were determined using X-ray diffraction technique. The effects of turning
conditions and tool on the residual stresses were discussed in terms of mechanically and thermally induced non-homogeneous plastic
deformation of the surface layers of the workpiece.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Empirical relation to estimate the reduction of root fillet stress in spur ge...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of spiral grooves in piston bowl on exhaust emissions of direct inject...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An evaluation of manet protocols in terms of tcp variants based on thier perf...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Misconduct disclosure of the intermediates using the trusted authorityeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Power factor correction of 6.6 kv distribution line in lc11 rmhs department, ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A novel work for bin packing problem by ant colony optimizationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Non standard size image compression with reversible embedded waveletseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Arm based human machine interface of plastic extrusion blow molding systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Review of the cryogenic machining in turning and milling processeSAT Journals
Abstract Cryogenic Coolents are used in conventional machining in material removing process can increase tool life, better surface finish, dimensional accuracy, and reduce the cutting temp. Main objectives of this paper is to understand the cryogenic machining operations. Various research scholar has done the experimental investigation on the cryogenic coolants in different materials in turning and milling Process,. At the end of the review obsrved that cryogenic coolant is most favourable methods for material cutting operations in various aspects for future research is proposed. Key Words: Cryogenic coolents and Machining, Literature Review, cryogenic LN2Setup, cryogenic CO2 Setup,
INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN MACHINING OF AISI 1040 STEEL IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimized method of machining process for improved surface finish of AISI 1040 steel
which was turned under dry, wet (SAE 90 soluble oil) and cryogenic (dip in LN2) condition. The surface roughness was
measured using Surtronic 3+.The values of surface roughness for each of the machining process were plotted with variant
feed rate. Cryogenic machining showed remarkable reduction in surface roughness compared to both dry and wet
machining especially at high feed rates. The percentage reduction in surface roughness observed in cryogenic machining compared to wet machining was 7.54%-19.52%.
Performance evaluation of nano graphite inclusions in cutting fluids with mql...eSAT Journals
Abstract Liberation of heat and generation of friction associated with any machining operation ever pose a problem which not only reduce the tool life but also impair quality of the product. Cutting fluids have been the conventional choice to curtail friction and temperatures in machining because of its lubrication and cooling actions. However, considering health hazards posed by the conventional cutting fluids to health of the workers and ecology, the quest is towards identifying alternative strategies to the usual flood application. Selection and use of proper lubricant that can improve the overall cutting phenomena which is an important aspect in reducing the cutting forces and temperatures The present work studies the use of nano cutting fluids in MQL which is a minimal cutting fluid technique, for turning operation using HSS and cemented carbide tools. Development of nano materials by nanotechnology technique, dispersing them in the cutting fluid improve the effectiveness of the cutting fluid and hence nano graphite powder is selected of particle size 80 nm in varying proportions i.e. 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% by weight are mixed in water soluble oil and applied drop by drop. Experimentation is carried out at different flow rates like 5 ml/min 10 ml/min and 15 ml/min with nanoparticle suspended fluids along with dry machining, flood coolant machining under constant cutting conditions. Experimental results are very encouraging with much reduction in surface roughness, tool flank wear, temperatures and cutting forces is observed in fluids with nanoparticle inclusions. Different properties of the nanofluids are estimated through a series of standard tests. Keywords: Machining, nano Graphite, minimum quantity lubrication, cutting fluids.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Review on investigation and optimization of turning process parameter in wet ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study of the effect of Vegetable oil based cutting fluid on machining charact...ijiert bestjournal
In the present work,properties of the non-ionic surfactants have been identified to formulate vegetable based cutting fluid (VBCF) of castor oil for the formation of emulsion as non �conventional lubricant. The mineral oil based cutting fluid emulsion is also used for turning operation as conventional lubricant. Experimentation has been carried out for different combinations. Cutting fluid,cutting ve locity,feed rate and depth of cut are considered as machining parameters. Then machining with conventional and non-conventional lubricants in wet condition has been carried out upon SS 316 L work piece with carb ide cutting inserts tool,to evaluate cutting forces and tool wear. The results show that non-conventional lubric ant performs better than conventional cutting fluid.
COMPARISON OF MAIN EFFECT OF VEGETABLE OIL AND AL2O3 NANOFLUIDS USED WITH MQL...IAEME Publication
The growing demands for high productivity of machining need use of high cutting velocity and feed rate. Such machining inherently produces high cutting temperature, which not only reduces tool life but also impairs the product quality. Application of cutting fluids changes the performance of machining operations because of their lubrication, cooling, and chip flushing functions. But the conventional cutting fluids are not that effective in such high production machining, particularly in continuous cutting of materials likes steels. So Nanofluids have novel properties that make them potentially useful in heat transfer medium in cutting zone and Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) presents itself as a viable alternative for turning with respect to tool wear, heat dissipation, and machined surface quality.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
INVESTIGATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF TURNING PROCESS PARAMETER IN WET AND MQL SY...IAEME Publication
The big challenge of the mass production firms is concentrated for achieving high quality products with good dimensionability with high productivity, less wear on the cutting insert, less use
of cutting fluid, within less time. This paper present dissertation work of an investigation of turning process parameters on hard EN 31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time in wet and minimum quantity lubrication system. The experiment is carried out by considering four controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and insert nose radius in the presence of wet & MQL system
The big challenge of the mass production firms is concentrated for achieving high quality
products with good dimensionability with high productivity, less wear on the cutting insert, less use
of cutting fluid, within less time. This paper present dissertation work of an investigation of turning
process parameters on hard EN 31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal
rate, machining time in wet and minimum quantity lubrication system. The experiment is carried out
by considering four controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut and
insert nose radius in the presence of wet & MQL system. This experiment also present the relation
between chip formations and controllable variables along with chip thickness, chip colors & chip
velocity from which its effect on insert wear, quality of product can be easily found out, because of
chip morphology gives indirectly the effect of it on the insert wear. In this dissertation work
minimum quantity lubrication system is used for reducing the cutting zone temperature properly and
very fastly. Finally comparison is carried out between wet and minimum quantity lubrication system
from which one can easily identify which system is better for higher productivity along with high
surface finish. This work also present the productivity (MRR) concept in production. The design of
experiment and optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate, machining time is carried
out by using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design method is used (CCD)
for the total experimental design work and its analysis and also for optimization of turning process
parameter by which wastage of the machining time, power can be avoided.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance and emission charecterisatics of magnesia stabilized zirconia (mg...eSAT Journals
Abstract Demand for Fossil fuels has been increasing tremendously which cause environmental threat. For this reason a numerous studies are ongoing for renewable sources of energy worldwide. This paper investigates the effect of using TBC to diminish emissions from engine exhaust specifically nitrogen oxide and to augment the performance of the engine. Engine Components were coated with Mg-PSZ of which 150μm thinness of Zro2-24Mgo over a 50μm thickness of NiCrAlY bond. The input parameters considered for this study includes engine speed, compression ratio, stroke length and Neli oil. The output parameters such as thermal efficiency, Brake power, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption, Volumetric Efficiency and Emissions of NOx, CO, HC were studied in a thermal barrier coated engine running with Neli oil and diesel fuel blend. From this experiment it is observed that there is a significant improvement in the results of engine performance and emission characteristics. Key Words: Mg-PSZ, Plasma Spray Coating, Nelli Seed Oil, Diesel Engine, Emissions.
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Experimental investigations of vegetable & mineral oil performance during machining of en 31 steel with minimum quantity lubrication
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1030
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF VEGETABLE & MINERAL
OIL PERFORMANCE DURING MACHINING OF EN-31 STEEL WITH
MINIMUM QUANTITY LUBRICATION
Gurpreet Singh1
, Sehijpal Singh2
, Manjot Singh3
, Ajay Kumar4
1, 4
Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rayat Polytechnic College, Rail Majra, S.B.S Nagar, Punjab, India,
2
Prof. and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3
M. Tech Student in Department of Production Engineering,
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India,
gssingh410@gmail.com, mech@gndec.ac.in, manjotbawag27@gmail.com, eraj_sharma@rediffmail.com
Abstract
Machining with Conventional flood lubrication is a common practice in the industries for reducing friction, heat and cutting power.
The type of cutting fluid used during machining play important role in enhancing the machining performance if and only if it is
selected, applied, handled and disposed in better way. Cutting fluids often poses hazard to man, environment, machine and material.
It sometimes also becomes uneconomical; when application method, flow rate and cost of cutting fluid are remain unattended or
underestimated. In Conventional flood lubrication a large quantity of lubricant is applied continuously at the tool chip interface does
not remove heat effectively as much required because of poor penetration and obstruction from the chip. Therefore this system is
becoming uneconomical for machining and unsuitable for environment. On the other hand wastage disposal of this large quantity of
cutting fluid (petroleum based) is becoming problematic. Therefore the present study has been conducted by Vegetable based
Minimum quantity Lubrication to reduce or to minimize hazards caused by Conventional flood lubrication. The Results of surface
roughness obtained during Turning of EN-31 Steel with Minimum quantity lubrication of both mineral oil and vegetable are compared
with each other and indicates that the surface roughness of vegetable oil is close proximity with mineral oil.
Index Terms: Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), Vegetable oil, Mineral oil, Surface roughness, EN-31 Steel
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
During Metal cutting operation heat is generated at tool chip
interface because of friction. This generated heat affects the
machining performance in terms of surface finish, dimensional
accuracy, tool life and machining cost. Different Techniques
have been utilized to minimize this heat. Water was used as a
coolant to reduce this heat in the beginning, but it causes
problem like corrosion. On the development of Technology
the different Cooling and lubrication techniques have been
come into existence. The Flood lubrication has been the
mostly commonly used in industries for cooling and
lubrication purpose. In this techniques cutting fluid is supplied
continuously having flow rate up to 3-10 l/min. There are
different cutting fluid and cooling techniques for different
metal cutting operations because of different cutting
mechanism. Cutting fluids not only improve the machining
performance but also help to facilitate chip flushing. The basic
function of metal working fluid as a coolant to decrease the
chip tool interface temperature as well as provide lubrication
simultaneously .It also decreases the effect of cutting forces.
Water was used for centuries as a cooling medium to assist
various metal working operations. It considers that the
allowable cutting speed was increased by 30 to 40 percent
under the heavy stream water flooding application in the
cutting zone. It was found that, although water is an excellent
coolant due to its high thermal capacity and availability, the
use of water as a coolant had the drawbacks of Corrosion of
parts and machines and poor lubrication. After this, minerals
oil were developed as a alternate of water because of their
high lubricating properties however their low cooling
capability and high costs restricted their use to low cutting
speed operations .Later on with the development of soluble
oils the machining performances were improved. Now a day’s
great variety of metal working fluids are available.
The Cutting fluid reduces the Cutting temperature and friction
at tool chip interface by its cooling and lubrication action if
and only if it has been applied in metered quality and quantity.
Flood lubrication has been used since the need of cooling in
the machining was arises. At the beginning (1945), the main
attention was focused on minimizing the heat for better
machining performance rather than flow rate, cost, disposal
and environmental impact of cutting fluid. But today flood
lubrication has been becoming objectionable due to its
negative effects on environment, health, machining
performance and water resources because of higher flow rate
of petroleum based cutting fluid. In this technique high flow
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1031
rate of cutting fluids leads to environmental degradation like
soil pollution, water pollution, health hazards and most
important wastage disposal of cutting fluids. Recycling cost in
case of flood lubrication also require addition set up which
adds in cooling cost of flood lubrication. This result in major
concern regarding the disposal of metal working industries
which affects the operator’s health imposes pressure on the
researchers to work more in this area regarding this problem.
Today’s machining scenario is facing competitiveness,
environment strict rules and demands higher production
volume, better product quality as well as economical
machining. So it is challenging task for the researcher to
machine the product with a process which should be
environment friendly, economical and have better quality of
machining at higher cutting speed. So as achieve this target
different cooling and lubrication have been developed today
like Cryogenic cooling, cooling with nano particles, near dry
machining(NDM) or Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL),
High pressure coolant(HPC) and completely dry machining.
All these techniques have their own merit and demerits depend
upon the different machining operation. The cryogenic cooling
and cooling with nano particles have better machining
performance as compared to conventional flood lubrication,
but these techniques are costlier, so there use is limited.
Several developing countries have banned the use of flood
lubrication and dry machining is major concern due
environmental friendly behaviour. Different researchers have
also mentioned that dry machining has also been limited up to
particular machining parameters levels and materials. Because
during dry machining of harder material at higher cutting
speed leads to higher cutting temperature which effect the tool
life as well as product quality.
A new technique related to conventional flood lubrication has
been reported two decade ago which is filling the gap between
Conventional flood lubrication and Dry machining. In this
technique reduced quantity cutting fluid assisted with
pressurized air jet is used, controlled, regulated and focused on
Tool chip cutting area. This technique is known as Minimum
Quantity lubrication, near dry machining, Spatter lubrication,
near dry lubrication, micro lubrication and reduced quantity
lubrication by different researcher. Minimum quantity
lubrication refers to the use of cutting fluids of only a minute
amount – typically of a flow rate of 50 to 500 ml/hour – which
is about three to four orders of magnitude lower than the
amount commonly used in flood cooling condition, where, for
example, up to 10 liters of fluid can be dispensed per minute.
Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) is based on the
principle that a drop of liquid is split by an air flow,
distributed in streaks and transported in the direction of flow
of air. In MQL machining, a small amount of vegetable oil or
biodegradable synthetic ester is sprayed to the tool tip with
compressed air. The consumptions oil in industrial
applications is in the range of approximately 10 - 500 ml per
hour.
The Present experimentation has been conducted to compare
the performance Mineral oil and vegetable oil using minimum
quantity lubrication. The main aim of this study is to find out
the effectiveness and suitability of vegetable oil as compared
to mineral oil. Different researchers has conducted studies on
machining performance of mineral oil using minimum
quantity lubrication but very less studies has been reported on
vegetable oil minimum quantity lubrication. On the other hand
there are also various hazardous effects of mineral oil reported
by different researchers because of its non biodegradable
nature. Therefore Vegetable oil has been selected for present
investigations because of bio-degradable, environmental
friendly and lubricity nature.
In 1992, Horkos Corporation [11] developed the semi dry
machining of cast iron parts by combining the outside method
and the outside nozzle. Research was carried out for the
applications to difficult cut machining.
Byrne and Scholta [3] states that the costs related to cutting
fluids are frequently higher than those related to cutting tools.
Consequently, eliminating use of cutting fluids, if possible,
can be a significant economic incentive.
Heisel Uwe. et al [10] has applied Minimum Quantity
Cooling Lubrication Technology in Cutting Processes and
concluded that there are possibilities of application of
minimum quantity cooling lubricating systems in machining
with geometrically defined cutting edges.
According to a survey conducted by the European Automobile
Industry, the cost incurred on lubricants comprises nearly 20%
of the total manufacturing cost Autret and Liang [2].The cost
of the cutting tool is only 7.5% of the total cost. Hence, the
Cooling cost is significantly higher. As a result, the need to
decrease cutting fluid consumption is strong.
Dhar, N.R et al [7] has experimentally investigated the effect
of Minimum Quantity of Lubrication (MQL) by vegetable oil-
based cutting fluid on machinability of steel, the result
obtained from this study using uncoated carbide tool i.e. MQL
systems enabled reduction in average chip-tool interface
temperature up to 10%.
Dhar N. R. et al [5] has studied the effects of MQL on
temperature, force, tool wear and product quality in turning
AISI 9310 steel and experimental results shows that MQL
with the present technique has reduced flank wear and cutting
forces by about 5% to 15%. Surface finish and dimensional
accuracy has been improved mainly due to reduction in
friction at tool chip interface by the application of MQL.
Dhar et al [6] has experimentally investigated the Effect of
Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) on Tool Wear, Surface
Roughness and Dimensional Deviation in Turning of AISI-
4340 Steel, result obtained from this investigation suggested
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1032
that MQL machining is better than that of dry and
conventional flood cutting because MQL provides the benefits
mainly by reducing the cutting temperature, which improves
the chip-tool interaction and maintains sharpness of the cutting
edges.
Rao D. Nageswara [16] has studied the influence of solid
lubricant particle size on machining parameters in turning. It
has been concluded that the results obtained from the
experiment show the effectiveness of the use of the solid
lubricant as a viable alternative to dry and wet machining. The
unique utility of solid lubricant is highlighted.
Sharma Vishal S. et al [17] has suggested the Cooling
techniques for improved productivity in turning. It overview
the major advancement in techniques as minimum quantity
lubrication (MQL)/near dry machining (NDM), high pressure
coolant (HPC), cryogenic cooling, compressed air cooling and
use of solid lubricants/coolants. These techniques have
resulted in reduction in friction and heat at the cutting zone,
hence improved productivity of the process. A brief survey of
modeling/FEA techniques is also performed.
Abhang L.B et al [1] has experimentally investigated the
performance of MQL machining of alloy steel with 10% boric
acid by weight mixed with SAE- 40 base oil during turning of
EN-31 steel using tungsten carbide cutting tool. Minimum
quantity lubricant has reduced the chip-tool interface
temperature by 20 to 30% in this study.
Kuram E. et al [14] has studied the Effects of the Cutting
Fluid Types and Cutting Parameters on Surface Roughness
and Thrust Force on AISI-304 austenitic stainless steel with
HSSE tool with raw and refined sunflower oil and two other
commercial cutting fluids for evaluation of thrust force and
surface roughness during drilling of AISI 304 stainless steel
and experimentally observed that Lower thrust force values
were obtained with SCF-I and the least thrust force was
achieved at spindle speed of 720 rpm. at a feed rate of 0.12
mm/rev.
Ozcelik Babur et al [15] has conducted investigations on
vegetable based cutting fluids with extreme pressure during
turning of AISI 304L.It has been concluded that 8% of EP
included canola based cutting fluid performed better than the
rest.
Cetin M. Huseyin et al [18] has investigated on Evaluation of
vegetable based cutting fluids with extreme pressure and
cutting parameters in turning of AISI 304L by Taguchi
method. it concluded that Performances of VBCFs and
commercial CFs are also compared and results generally show
that sunflower and canola based CFs perform better than the
others.
Hasib Md. Abdul.et al [9] has studied on Mist Application of
Cutting Fluid. It concluded that the mist application enables
reduction of the turning zone temperature up to 10% to 40%
more than conventional methods depending on the process
parameter and the mist condition provides minimum tool wear
Hadad M.J [8] has experimentally investigated the
temperature and energy partition in minimum quantity
lubrication during grinding operation having 100Cr6 as a work
material. The temperature has been measured by embedded K-
type thermocouple. The experimental result has proved that
the MQL grinding by oil has reduced the 7-10% energy as
compared to dry grinding.
The review of the literature suggests that minimum quantity
lubrication provides several benefits in machining as
compared to Conventional flood lubrication and dry
machining. The Present experimentation has been conducted
to compare the performance Mineral oil and vegetable oil
using minimum quantity lubrication. The main aim of this
study is to find out the effectiveness and suitability of
vegetable oil as compared to mineral oil.
2. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
Experiments have been carried out by plain turning of 48mm
diameter and 600 mm long rod of EN-31 steel on powerful
and rigid lathe (KIRLOSKAR, INDIA, 5HP) at different
cutting velocities and feeds under dry and minimum quantity
lubrication (MQL) conditions. The machinability
characteristic of work material mainly in term of surface
roughness has been investigated by two different cutting
fluids. The ranges of the cutting parameters have selected
based on the basis of tool manufacturer recommendation
mentioned in their catalogues and as per industrial expert
advices. The surface roughness has been measured by Talysurf
surface roughness tester during different machining conditions
and different cutting fluids for the comparison purpose. The
Experimentations have been conducted in two different
phases. In first phase the Surface roughness performance of
dry machining conducted by different cutting inserts at
constant feed rate and depth of cut has been compared with the
surface roughness obtained during MQL with vegetable oil at
same cutting conditions. In second phase the different Cutting
Fluid performance conducted with MQL environment has
been compared. The details of Experimental cutting conditions
for both phases have given in the table 1-3.
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1033
Fig-1: Photographic view of Experimental set up
Table-1: Detail of experimental Set up
Table-2: Detail of first phase experimentation
Sr
No
Cutting
Speed(m/s)
Insert Type Cutting
Environment
1 1.20 SNMG120408 Dry
2 1.86 SNMG120408 Dry
3 2.88 SNMG120408 Dry
4 1.20 SNMG120408 MQL
5 1.86 SNMG120408 MQL
6 2.88 SNMG120408 MQL
7 1.20 CNMG120408 Dry
8 1.86 CNMG120408 Dry
9 2.88 CNMG120408 Dry
10 1.20 CNMG120408 MQL
11 1.86 CNMG120408 MQL
12 2.88 CNMG120408 MQL
13 1.20 CNMG120412 Dry
14 1.86 CNMG120412 Dry
15 2.88 CNMG120412 Dry
16 1.20 CNMG120412 MQL
17 1.86 CNMG120412 MQL
18 2.88 CNMG120412 MQL
Table-3: Detail of Second phase experimentation
Sr
No
Item Description
1 Machine Tool
Lathe Machine
( Kirloskar, INDIA) 5 hp
2 Work Specimen
EN-31 Alloy Steel, Size: φ48
X 600 mm
3 Cutting tool (insert):
SNMG120408, CNMG120408
and CNMG120412
4 Tool holder
PSDNN 2525M12, PCBNR
2525M12
5
Working tool
geometry
-70
, -70
, 70
, 70
, 450
, 450
, 0.8
mm & -70
, -70
, 70
, 70
, 750
, 150
,
1.2mm
6 Cutting velocity 1.20 - 2.88 m/s
7 Feed rate 0.088, 0.112 and 0.168mm/rev
8 Depth of cut 0.5 and 1mm
9
Cutting
Environments
Dry and MQL having
Vegetable Oil (Soybean oil)
and Mineral oil at 5 bar
pressure
10
Distance of
nozzle(mm)
35mm targeted at rake face of
tool
11
Surface Roughness
tester
Talysurf -MITUTOYO
JAPAN
12 Air Compressor Single phase motor driven
S
r
N
o
Cutting
Speed(
m/s)
Feed
Rate
(mm/re
v)
Insert Type Cutting
Environment
Dry & MQL
1 1.15 0.088 SNMG12040
8
Vegetable Oil
2 1.78 0.088 SNMG12040
8
Vegetable Oil
3 2.76 0.088 SNMG12040
8
Vegetable Oil
4 1.15 0.112 SNMG12040
8
Vegetable Oil
5 1.78 0.112 SNMG12040
8
Vegetable Oil
6 2.76 0.112 SNMG12040
8
Vegetable Oil
7 1.15 0.168 SNMG12040
8
Vegetable Oil
8 1.78 0.168 SNMG12040
8
Vegetable Oil
9 2.76 0.168 SNMG12040
8
Vegetable Oil
1
0
1.15 0.088 SNMG12040
8
Mineral Oil
1
1
1.78 0.088 SNMG12040
8
Mineral Oil
1
2
2.76 0.088 SNMG12040
8
Mineral Oil
1
3
1.15 0.112 SNMG12040
8
Mineral Oil
1
4
1.78 0.112 SNMG12040
8
Mineral Oil
1
5
2.76 0.112 SNMG12040
8
Mineral Oil
1
6
1.15 0.168 SNMG12040
8
Mineral Oil
1
7
1.78 0.168 SNMG12040
8
Mineral Oil
1
8
2.76 0.168 SNMG12040
8
Mineral Oil
Nozzle
Dynamometer
Tool Holder
Work piece
MQL Supply tube
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1034
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this present study MQL with Soybean oil has been used for
cooling and lubrication purpose because Conventional cutting
fluid application (flood lubrication) fails to cool and lubricate
the tool as effectively as required because the fluid particles
does not reaches in cutting zone where cooling is required, but
scatter nearby area thus reduces its cooling ability. So there
must be a medium which push these fluid particle towards the
cutting zone for increasing cooling and lubrication ability.
That’s why air mixed with cutting fluid has been used for
cooling and lubrication in present application of MQL with
vegetable oil. During experimentation surface roughness has
been measured in both environments like dry and MQL. In
first phase experimentation cutting speed, Cutting inserts and
cutting environments has been changed and surface roughness
is measured in each case. The surface roughness results
obtained from first phase experimentation has been plotted in
the form of graphs. Second phase has been conducted in Dry
& MQL environments by changing cutting speed and Feed
rate. The Surface roughness results of Vegetable oil and
Mineral oil has been compared in this phase. The
Experimental results shows that..
i. As the cutting speed increases the surface roughness
decreases because of more cutting temperature,
plastic deformation at tool chip interface. This high
cutting temperature tends to soften the material ahead
of cutting tool means easily cutting (Lower cutting
forces) as compared to lower cutting speed.
3.1 Comparison of Surface roughness in Different
Cutting Environments and Inserts
Fig- 2: Comparison of Dry and MQL Surface roughness in
SNMG120408 insert at 1mm doc
Fig -3: Comparison of Dry and MQL Surface roughness in
CNMG120408 insert at 1mm doc
ii. As the feed rate increases the surface roughness
increases which is due to increase in chip load on
cutting tool and chip thickness during cutting operation.
Fig 4 Comparison of Dry and MQL Surface roughness in
CNMG120412 insert at 1mm doc
iii. There is considerable difference between surface
roughness of dry and MQL environment. The major
difference has been reported in CNMG120408
cutting insert.
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1035
iv. Better surface roughness has been reported in
CNMG120412 insert during MQL.
v. MQL in present investigation has reduced the surface
roughness by 20- 40% as compared to dry machining
during different cutting conditions.
3.2 COMPARISON OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS
IN VEGETABLE OIL AND MINERAL OIL-
As it is clear from fig 8, the surface roughness of Vegetable oil
is less or sometimes equal to the surface roughness of mineral
oil. This indicates that the vegetable oil can also be used as a
lubricant. This is mainly possible due to lubricity action of
vegetable oil and cooling action of air mixed with it.
As shown in Fig 5-6, at speed of 1.78 and 2.7m/s almost same
values has of surface roughness has been recorded during feed
rate of 0.168mm/rev.
3.3 EFFECT OF NOSE RADIUS ON SURFACE
ROUGHNESS IN DIFFERENT CUTTING
ENVIRONMENTS
Nose radius is an important parameter which effect Cutting
Forces, Surface roughness and tool life so therefore this
important parameter has also been included in this present
study by taking inserts of different nose radius. CNMG120408
Fig 5 Comparison of Vegetable oil and Mineral oil Surface
roughness
Fig 6 Comparison of Dry and Vegetable oil MQL Surface
roughness
cutting insert has nose radius of 0.8mm and CNMG120412
insert has niose radius of 1.2mm. The last two digit of Insert
coding indicates the nose radius.
From fig 7, it is clear that CNMG120412 has less surface
roughness as compared to CNMG120408. As the cutting
speed increases the gap of surface roughness between two
inserts decreases.
Again in case of MQL Environment the better results of
surface roughness has been obtained as compared to dry
cutting shown in fig 8.
Fig 7 Effect of Nose radius on Surface roughness in Dry
cutting at 1mm doc
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 06 | Jun-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 1036
Fig 8 Effect of Nose radius on Surface roughness in MQL
cutting at 1mm doc
CONCLUSIONS
The main objectives of present investigation were to compare
the performance of Vegetable and Mineral performance in
terms of Surface roughness by using Different cutting
environments and different cutting inserts at different cutting
parameters. The effect of nose radius on surface roughness in
dry and MQL cutting environment has also been presented in
this study. The results of Surface roughness obtained during
dry and MQL cutting has also been compared for exploring
the role of MQL. The Experimental results confirms that
i. The Surface roughness results obtained by using
Vegetable oil are within close proximity to that of
Mineral oil. There is hardly difference of 1-10 %.
Experimental investigations show that vegetable oil
has some times better results than mineral oil in terms
of surface finish.
ii. As the Cutting Speed increases the difference
between surface roughness of vegetable oil and
mineral oil decreases.
iii. As the Nose radius increases the surface roughness
decreases due to better rounding of cutting insert. For
finishing operation larger nose should be selected.
iv. MQL in present investigations has reduced the
Surface roughness by 20- 40% as compared to dry
machining. Least Surface roughness has been
reported in CNMG120412 insert during MQL.
v. Better results of surface roughness in case of MQL
may be possible due to cutting & healing,
Evaporative cooling, lubricity and hydrogen
embrittlement action of Vegetable based cutting
fluid.
vi. MQL by vegetable oil also protects environment
pollution by discharging minute amounts of fumes,
mist, oxides as compared to mineral oil which is non
biodegradable.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The work presented in this paper is the outcome of thesis done
by the first author during Master of Technology (Production
Engineering) Degree under the guidance of Second author.
The authors are thankful to faculty and staff of Guru Nanak
Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana (India) for support and
encouragement.
BIOGRAPHIES
Gurpreet Singh is Currently Working as a
Lecturer in Department of Mechanical
Engineering at Rayat Polytechnic College,
Rail Majra, Punjab, India. He has obtained
his M Tech degree in Production
Engineering from PTU Jallandhar. He has
published numbers of papers in National
and International Conferences.
Sehijpal Singh is Currently Working as
Professor and Head in Department of
Mechanical Engineering at Guru Nanak
Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana. He
has vast teaching experience and Published
numbers of papers in international, national
Journals and conferences. His area of
research is Non Traditional Machining, Metal machining and
Advanced Manufacturing processes.
Manjot Singh is a Post Graduate
Student in Production Engineering at
Guru Nanak Dev engineering College,
Ludhiana. After completing his B.Tech
currently he is doing M.Tech in
Production Engineering at Guru Nanak
Dev engineering College, Ludhiana,
India.
Ajay Kumar is currently working as
Lecturer in Department of Mechanical
Engineering at Rayat Polytechnic
College, Rail Majra, Punjab. After
completing his B.Tech in Mechanical
Engineering, currently he is doing
M.Tech at Beant College of Engineering
and Technology, Gurdaspur (India).