Dementia can sometimes be caused by reversible conditions. This document discusses several potential reversible causes of dementia, including thyroid disorders, vitamin deficiencies, infections, and side effects of medications like steroids. It provides details on specific disorders and how treatment of the underlying condition may resolve cognitive and behavioral symptoms. Reversible dementias are estimated to account for 18% of cases under 65 but only 5% of those over 65. While treatment can sometimes improve symptoms, complete reversion of cognitive impairment is unclear for certain conditions like Cushing's syndrome.
Aging is associated with cognitive decline, and older subjects can have demonstrable cognitive impairment without crossing the threshold for dementia.
This condition has been termed “mild cognitive impairment” (MCI), and these patients have an increased risk of developing dementia, especially Alzheimer disease (AD).
Studies conducted in referral clinics have shown that patients with MCI progress to AD at a rate of 10% to 15% per year, and 80% of these patients have converted to AD after approximately 6 years of follow-up.
The identification and classification of MCI can be a major challenge.
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of endocrine disordersDheeraj kumar
This is a subject seminar of neuropsychiatric manifesations of endocrine disorders.It took a lot of time to prepare,it helps fellow residents of Gen medicine to download and present as it is.
Aging is associated with cognitive decline, and older subjects can have demonstrable cognitive impairment without crossing the threshold for dementia.
This condition has been termed “mild cognitive impairment” (MCI), and these patients have an increased risk of developing dementia, especially Alzheimer disease (AD).
Studies conducted in referral clinics have shown that patients with MCI progress to AD at a rate of 10% to 15% per year, and 80% of these patients have converted to AD after approximately 6 years of follow-up.
The identification and classification of MCI can be a major challenge.
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of endocrine disordersDheeraj kumar
This is a subject seminar of neuropsychiatric manifesations of endocrine disorders.It took a lot of time to prepare,it helps fellow residents of Gen medicine to download and present as it is.
The association of neuropsychiatric disorders with cerebrovascular disease has been recognized by clinicians for over 100 years. Disease of the vascular system contribute greatly to the sum total of psychiatric disability, chiefly in the elderly population, mainly as a result of stroke, cerebrovascular accidents & subarachnoid haemorrhage.
John Kane - Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: New Guidelines on Diagnosis an...wef
Presentation made at the live webinar hosted by the Schizophrenia Research Forum on the 21st of February, 2017 - http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/forums/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia-new-guidelines-diagnosis-and-terminology
Most people with dementia undergo behavioral changes during the course of the disease. They may become anxious or repeat the same question or activity over and over. The unpredictability of these changes can be stressful for caregivers. As the disease progresses, your loved one's behavior may seem inappropriate, childlike or impulsive. Anticipating behavioral changes and understanding the causes can help you deal with them more effectively.
The association of neuropsychiatric disorders with cerebrovascular disease has been recognized by clinicians for over 100 years. Disease of the vascular system contribute greatly to the sum total of psychiatric disability, chiefly in the elderly population, mainly as a result of stroke, cerebrovascular accidents & subarachnoid haemorrhage.
John Kane - Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: New Guidelines on Diagnosis an...wef
Presentation made at the live webinar hosted by the Schizophrenia Research Forum on the 21st of February, 2017 - http://www.schizophreniaforum.org/forums/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia-new-guidelines-diagnosis-and-terminology
Most people with dementia undergo behavioral changes during the course of the disease. They may become anxious or repeat the same question or activity over and over. The unpredictability of these changes can be stressful for caregivers. As the disease progresses, your loved one's behavior may seem inappropriate, childlike or impulsive. Anticipating behavioral changes and understanding the causes can help you deal with them more effectively.
A guideline for discontinuing antiepileptic drugs in seizure-free patients – ...Dr. Rafael Higashi
Aula apresentada por Dr. Rafael Higashi, médico neurologista sobre quando retirar droga antiepilética. A guideline for discontinuing antiepileptic drugs in seizure-free patients – Summary Statement
The Effects of Alzheimer on AmericaBackgroundAlzheimer’s dis.docxmehek4
The Effects of Alzheimer on America
Background
Alzheimer’s disease is known to affect the brain, cells, and nerves, nervous and psychic-emotional system. Alzheimer’s is the progressive disorder which results in the loss of cognitive abilities. It is the most concerned structure of dementia. As of today, there is still no clue to why or what causes this disorder, but there are ample ideas and suggestions for this disorder.
One of the most relevant symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease is the reduction of the ability to interpret your sensory perceptions and to understand the meaning of things. There is no current treatment, but there are drugs that are been used to slow down its progression.
In 1906, Alexander Alois described this disorder as a pathological presenile of dementia. It is believed that by the 2015, there will be a diagnosis of 5.3 million with Alzheimer’s disease which will eventually cause death.
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to sever cognitive, memory and behavioral impairment.
Significance
This proposal is to show how and why there are research done on Alzheimer’s disease. This disease affects 500 million people in the U.S. This is known as the aging disease.
The testing of Alzheimer’s is important because it is a way to find the cause of it and ways to prevent it or either slows down the progression rate in AD.
The diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is an important research because it contributes to helping our aging America and onset of Dementia. Alzheimer’s could be cause by other significant disease that may be at bay in our mind and body.
The significance of this proposal is to give insight on ways to prevent AD. It may also be a cure for it as well as what causes it. It also details where in the brain Alzheimer’s may begin in its early stages.
Literature Review
Alzheimer’s is the most common form of dementia. It is assumed to grow as the population of the aging grows. So far there is no treatment to stop the growth of AD. The growth of AD gets worsen due to the cognitive ability, functional ability and behavioral and mood changes. Alzheimer’s has signs of mood changes, depression, anger and confusion when changes happen. Someone of normal aging process will exhibit decrease in coordinator and movement whereas AD recipient will exhibit halting in movement or coordination and loss of balance.
The criterion for diagnosis of AD is definite, probable, and possible. Definite syndrome is histopathological confirmed. Probable has two cognitive deficits and severity of deficits. Possible has atypical awareness. There will be more updates to include brain imaging and peripheral biomarkers. These interventions may have some evidence to reduce or delay the onset of Alzheimer disease and dementia. It could possibly change the effect of normal aging on the brain activity. Physical exercise has been suggested to reduce the risk of dementia by lessen deterioration and cognitive deficit by reversal. It ...
Late onset mania is a kind of Psychiatric illness in which Manic symptoms develops for the first time after the age of 60 years or the continuation of recurrent bipolar illness.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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2. What is
Dementia?
According to the
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual (DSM-
5) by American
Psychiatric association
2013, dementia is a
clinical syndrome
characterized by the
following
3. 1. Acquired loss of higher mental
functions affecting 2 or more of:
a) Short and /or long term memory
b) Language functions
c) Frontal executive functions
4. 2. Causing significant social or
occupational impairment
3. Being chronic and stable which
differentiate it from delirium
5. Epidemiology
Dementia is common among aging population, with
an estimated prevalence 6% above the age of 65
years and it increases to 20% above the age of 85
years
8. ■ Reversible dementias are conditions that are
associated with cognitive or behavioral symptoms
that can be resolved once the primary etiology has
been treated.
■ The prevalence of the potentially reversible
disorders has been reported 18% under the age of
65 years but only 5% in those above 65 years.
■ However, there is some confusion over the term
‘reversible’ dementia as many causes of dementia
‘especially endocrine’ overlap with delirium.
12. The link between thyroid hormones
with mood and cognition:
■ Chopra IJ, and his colleagues reported in their study
that one third of patients with depression admitted to
psychiatry unit are found to have suppressed TSH
levels, moreover, the nocturnal surge of TSH is
frequently absent in depressed patients resulting in
reduction of thyroid hormone secretion (central
hypothyroidism).
Chopra IJ, Solomon DH, Huang TS. Serum thyrotropin in hospitalized psychiatric patients: evidence for hyperthyrotropinemia as measured by an
ultrasensitive thyrotropin assay. Metabolism 1990;39(5):538–43.
Thyroid hormone regulates hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult rat brain mol cell neurosci. 2005;29(3):414-426
Hennessey JV, Jackson IM. The interface between thyroid hormones and psychiatry. Endocrinologist 1996;6:214–23.
13.
14. ■ Thyroid hormones found to have important role in
hippocampal neurogenesis, myelination,
synaptogensis and gliogensis.
■ The reason for blunted TSH is still a subject of much
debate, however, glucocorticoids, known to inhibit
HPA axis are elevated in depression and could be
responsible.
Thyroid hormone regulates hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult rat brain mol cell neurosci. 2005;29(3):414-426
Hennessey JV, Jackson IM. The interface between thyroid hormones and psychiatry. Endocrinologist 1996;6:214–23.
15. Hypothyroidism: overt and subclinical
■ 1% - 4% of patients with affective disorders are
hypothyroid and up to 40% have subclinical
hypothyroidism.
■ Treatment with levothyroxine improve
neuropsychiatric symptoms, although the pattern of
response in inconsistent and unpredictable.
Davis JD, Tremont G. Neuropsychiatric aspects of hypothyroidism and treatment reversibility. Minerva Endocrinol 2007;32(1):49–65.
Resta F, Triggiani V, Barile G, Benigno M, Suppressa P, Giagulli VA, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cognitive dysfunction in the elderly. Endocr
Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2012;12:260-7.
16.
17. ■ It was found that 30% - 40% of patients with
depression who do not respond to antidepressants
monotherapy, adjuvant therapy with levothyroxine
have been said to be logical when depression fails
to resolve after 6 weeks of adequate
antidepressant medication.
Hennessey JV, Jackson IM. The interface between thyroid hormones and psy- chiatry. Endocrinologist 1996;6:214–23
18.
19. Thyrotoxicosis: overt and subclinical
■ Patients with thyrotoxicosis present with wide array of
neuropsychiatric manifestations, however, in elderly
population the presentation may include lethargy and
depression (apathetic thyrotoxicosis).
■ The neuropsychiatric manifestations associated with
hyperthyroidism do not always resolve after treatment
and restoration of euthyroid state.
Trzepacz PT, McCue M, Klein I, et al. A psychiatric and neuropsychological study of patients with untreated Graves’ disease. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1988;
10(1):49–55.
20. Primary
hypoparathyroidism
Such patients usually
present with manifestations
related to hypocalcemia
(seizure, tetany, paresthesia
and muscle cramps),
however, atypical
presentation rarely
described including
neuropsychiatric
manifestations.
21. PUBLISHED CASES OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC MANIFESTATIONS
22. Hypercortisolism
Hypercortisolism and
chronic steroid
administration can cause
hippocampal atrophy.
Whitmer RA, Karter AJ, Yaffe K, Quesenberry CP Jr, Selby JV . Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of
dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2009;301:1565-72
23. ■ In 1932, Harvey Cushing highlighted the
neuropsychiatric disturbances in his original
description of a series of 12 Cushing syndrome
cases, he found emotional disturbances among
these patients.
■ The exact mechanism by which excess
glucocorticoids induce brain damage is not
known yet, however theories suggest that brain
damage may be related to decrease glucose
uptake by brain cells and suppression of
neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus.
24. ■ The most important neuropsychiatric
manifestations are major depression (up to 54% of
patients with Cushing syndrome), as well as
cognitive dysfunctions and anxiety.
■ Memory impairment has been reported in 83% of
patients with Cushing syndrome consisting in
difficulty in processing new information and
forgetfulness of information such as appointments,
names of people and places
Sonino, N., and Fava, G. A. (2001). Psychiatric disorders associated with Cush- ing’s syndrome. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment. CNS Drugs 15, 361–373.
doi: 10.2165/00023210-200115050-00003
25. ■ To date, the issue of whether remission of Cushing
syndrome may completely revert psychiatric and
neurocognitive dysfunction is controversial.
Hirsch, D., Orr, G., Kantarovich, V., Hermesh, H., Stern, E., and Blum, I. (2000) Cushing’s syndrome presenting as a schizophrenia-like psychotic
state. Isr. J. Psychiatry Relat. Sci. 37, 46–50
27. Steroids
■ Patients treated with steroids for prolonged
duration may develop impaired cognitive functions
that occur without psychosis.
■ This condition is rapidly reversible following steroids
tapering.
28. Anti-psychotic medications
■ Medications with anti-cholinergic properties as anti-
depressants and anti-psychotics can cause
cognitive and memory dysfunction
■ Benzodiazepines once considered safe
medications, however, a recent research found that
84% of patients attending psychiatric clinics are
chronic benzodiazepines users (more than 6
months).Gray SL, Anderson ML, Dublin S, Hanlon JT, Hubbard R, Walker R, et al. Cumulative use of strong anticholinergics and incident dementia: A prospective cohort study. JAMA
Intern Med 2015;175:401-7.
Billioti de Gage S, Moride Y, Ducruet T, Kurth T, Verdoux H, Tournier M, et al. Benzodiazepine use and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: Case-control study. BMJ
2014;349:g5205.
30. Thiamine (B1) deficiency
■ Vitamin B1 enables the body to utilize
carbohydrates as a source of energy, thus it is
essential for glucose metabolism in nervous
system, skeletal and cardiac muscle.
■ Thiamine deficiency can result in Wernicke’s
encephalopathy in chronic alcoholics, characterized
by a triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and
confusion.
■ Untreated Wernicke’s encephalopathy may
progress to Korsakoff syndrome characterized by
cognitive and memory dysfunction.Asada T, Takaya S, Takayama Y, Yamauchi H, Hashikawa K, Fukuyama H. Reversible alcohol-related dementia: A five-year follow-up study using FDG-PET
and neuropsychological tests. Intern Med 2010;49:283-7.
31. Cobalamin (B12) deficiency
■ Vitamin B12 is involved in the metabolism of every
cell of the human body, a cofactor in DNA synthesis,
and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.
■ Deficiency results in a plethora of neuropsychiatric
symptoms, ataxia, paresthesia and muscle
weakness.
Healton EB, Savage DG, Brust JC, Garrett TJ, Lindenbaum J. Neurologic aspects of cobalamin deficiency. Medicine (Baltimore) 1991;70:229-45
32. Iron deficiency
■ Recently, iron deficiency has been implicated in
cognitive dysfunction in elderly which is
independent of anemia.
■ Iron deficiency can promote reduction in systemic
and possibly central nervous system concentration
of growth factors and alter the expression and
function of insulin-growth-factor I & II.
Estrada JA, Contreras I, Pliego-Rivero FB, Otero GA. Molecular mechanisms of cognitive impairment in iron deficiency: Alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and
insulin-like growth factor expression and function in the central nervous system. Nutr Neurosci 2014;17:193-206.
33. Vitamin D and Dementia
■ In 2015 a study published in JAMA Neurology
involved 382 participants with mean age of 75.5
years, found that vitamin D insufficiency may be
associated with significantly faster decline in both
episodic memory and executive function
performance, that may correspond to elevated risk
for incident Alzheimer’s disease
JAMA Neurol. 2015;72(11):1295-1303
35. Chronic bacterial meningitis
■ Patients with suppressed immunity are at
increased risk of developing chronic meningitis
manifested with confusion, cognitive dysfunction,
hearing loss as well as symptoms similar to acute
meningitis (headache, fever, and neck stiffness)
36. Neurosyphilis
■ Neurologic involvement can occur
decades after T. pallidum infection
■ Clinical manifestations can include;
cranial neuropathies (sensory),
dementia, personality change,
pupillary changes, tabes dorsalis
Mehrabian S, Raycheva M, Traykova M, Stankova T, Penev L, Grigorova O, et al. Neurosyphilis with dementia
and bilateral hippocampal atrophy on brain magnetic resonance imaging. BMC Neurol 2012;12:96.
37. HIV infection
■ HIV associated neurocognitive disorder
(HAND) encompass a range of
progressively more severe patterns of
neurological involvement ranging from
asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment
(ANI) to minor neurocognitive disorder
(MND) to more severe HIV-associated
dementia (HAD) (also known as AIDS
dementia complex or HIV encephalopathy)
Kolson DL, González-Scarano F. HIV and HIV dementia. J Clin Invest 2000;106:11-3.
38. Neurocysticercosis
(NCC)■ NCC is a result of accidental ingestion of
eggs of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
■ In developing countries, it is the most
common parasitic disease of the nervous
system and is the main cause of acquired
epilepsy and neurospychiartic dysfunction.
Ramirez-Bermudez J, Higuera J, Sosa AL, Lopez-Meza E, Lopez-Gomez M, Corona T. Is dementia reversible in
patients with neurocysticercosis? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:1164-6.
40. ■ NPH is an idiopathic condition characterized by
progressive ventricular dilatation
■ Triad of ataxia, urine incontinence and potentially
reversible dementia
■ Dramatic improvement of symptoms is noted
following a trial of CSF removal
■ Surgical CSF shunting remains the main treatment
modality
Panagiotopoulos V, Konstantinou D, Kalogeropoulos A, Maraziotis T. The predictive value of external continuous lumbar drainage, with cerebrospinal fluid
outflow controlled by medium pressure valve, in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2005;147:953-8.
cognitive (thinking) skills, personality and social behaviour.
Subclinical hypothyroidism can produce significant cognitive impairment
Igf1 major mediator of growth hormone (GH)-stimulated somatic growth, as well as a mediator of GH-independent anabolic responses in many cells and tissues
IGF 2: FETAL DEVELOPMENT
j. Of american medical association
Chronic: bacterial, vi
Argyle Robertson pupil
Tabes: demyelination of posterior column and dorsal roots
Ttt: penicillin or doxycycline