3. DIVISION OF THE
SKELETAL SYSTEM
The skeleton is divided into
two main parts:
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
4. AXIAL SKELETON
Consists of:
•Skull:
–8 Cranial bones
–13 facial bones
–Fuses together during childhood and
adolescence
•Vertebral column
–2 curves (cervical and lumbar) to deal
with pressure from being upright
–7 cervical vertebrae (unfused), 12
thoracic vertebrae (unfused), 5 lumbar
vertebrae (unfused), 5 fused sacral
vertebrae and the coccyx is 4 or 5 fused
vertebrae
•Rib Cage
–12 ribs
–Connect with vertebral column and
5. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Consists of:
•Upper limbs:
–60 bones (54 of which are in the hands and
wrist).
–Small in size allow flexible hand movements.
•Lower limbs:
–60 bones (54 of which are in the feet and
ankles).
–Large, strong and heavy with less flexibility.
•Shoulder:
–Includes the scapula, clavicle, sternum and
humerus
–Flexible and allows rotational movements
•Pelvis:
–3 bones: Ilium, Ishium and Pubis
–Weight bearing and child bearing (women)
6. 1. Support – gives the body shape
and provides structure for muscle
to work against.
2. Protection of Organs – the brain in
the skull, the heart, lungs, liver etc.,
in the ribcage.
3. Movement – the skeleton provides
the structure for muscles to pull
against and shorten, creating
FUNCTIONS OF BONES
7. FUNCTIONS OF BONES
4. Storage of Mineral Salts – a
large percentage of bone is
made from Calcium and
Phosphorus, which can be both
stored and released from bone
tissue.
5. Production of Red Blood Cells
– Red Blood Cells are produced
in the bone marrow
8. TYPES
OF BONES
A. Short Bones
B. Long Bones
C. Sesamoid Bones
D. Flat Bones
E. Irregular Bones
9. SHORT BONES
Short Bones – bones of
the hands and feet, i.e. the
carpal (hand) and tarsal
(foot) bones.
They have no shaft and
are as long as they are
wide.
10. LONG BONES
Long Bones – have a diaphysis
(shaft) and epiphysis (growth plate –
the bones of the limbs in particular)
e.g. the bones of the limbs –
humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia,
fibula.
Ribs, Phalanges, Metacarpals and
Metatarsals.
The femur is the largest bone in the
body.
12. FLAT BONES
Flat bones are bones that
are indeed flat in shape and
provide either protection for
organs or muscle
attachment sites.
e.g. scapula, skull bones,
sternum
13. IRREGULAR BONES
Irregular bones – “one of
a kind” bones
The spinal column is
comprised of 30 irregular
bones – no two are
exactly the same shape.
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral (fused)
Coccyx
14. BONE HEALTH
•Epiphyseal Plates (Growth Plates) are at the centre of
long bones.
–Can affect bones growth if injured
•Osteoporosis- condition where bones become porous
and brittle
–Weight-bearing activity assist with healthy bone
growth and length
–Resistance activities can strengthen bones but if
overtrained or injured (stress fractures) can lead to
16. JOINTS
Is where 2 or more bones meet.
Held together by ligaments.
Cartilage is found at the end of bones
Structure determines how it functions.
-Tightly fitting joints restrict movement and
are stronger.
-The looser the fit the greater the
movement, although the joint is weaker.
17. TYPES OF JOINTS
Synovial (moveable). Hip & knee, cervical and
thoracic vertebrae.
Cartilaginous (partially immoveable). Ribs and
sternum & lumbar vertebrae.
Fibrous (immovable). Skull, pelvis, radioulnar &
tibiofibular.
18. TYPES OF JOINT
Types of Joint Amount of movement Examples
Fixed or fibrous None
Skull, pelvis, radioulnar
and tibiofibular joint
Cartilaginous Slightly
Ribs attaching to sternum,
lumbar vertebrae
Synovial Freely
Hip and knee joints,
cervical and thoracic
vertebrae
19. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Joints are lubricated by "synovial"
fluid.
Connections called "synovial"
joints are sturdy enough to hold
the skeleton together and at the
same time permit a range of
motions.
The ends of these joints are
coated with cartilages which
20. TYPES OF
JOINTS
Ball and socket
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Saddle Joint
Gliding Joint
Condyloid Joint
