This presentation covers the basics of preparing a research proposal in Social Sciences.
A Malayalam video explaining this presentation can be accessed at https://youtu.be/acg9Y3mQs9A
Note: This is not suitable for preparing a proposal for research funding
What is and what isn’t a good research question? Discover how to develop an impactful and significant research question by asking the right questions related to your field and area of study. This is a presentation developed through the Graduate Resource Center at the University of New Mexico.
What is and what isn’t a good research question? Discover how to develop an impactful and significant research question by asking the right questions related to your field and area of study. This is a presentation developed through the Graduate Resource Center at the University of New Mexico.
This is the Topic 1 of Res1-Methods of Research for the undergraduate course in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration offered at Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College, Santiago City Philippines. If this PowerPoint presentation can be of help to teachers in Research, they can download it for their use.
Qualitative Research Questions and MethodologyLevelwing
Big Data isn't just about numbers and charts; qualitative research provides rich insight to help with any business question you may have. This presentation provides an overview of qualitative research methodology and the importance and process of developing scalable research questions. Learn more about Levelwing's research capabilities: http://ow.ly/gcSXU
This is the Topic 1 of Res1-Methods of Research for the undergraduate course in Bachelor of Science in Business Administration offered at Cagayan Valley Computer and Information Technology College, Santiago City Philippines. If this PowerPoint presentation can be of help to teachers in Research, they can download it for their use.
Qualitative Research Questions and MethodologyLevelwing
Big Data isn't just about numbers and charts; qualitative research provides rich insight to help with any business question you may have. This presentation provides an overview of qualitative research methodology and the importance and process of developing scalable research questions. Learn more about Levelwing's research capabilities: http://ow.ly/gcSXU
An introduction to the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) for those who wish to explore the possibilities for scholarly research and publishing.
This presentation accompanies a Malayalam video on writing literature reviews in Social Sciences.
The video can be found at https://www.youtube.com/c/DrChinchuC
Research ethics in behavioural sciences 05 01 2022Dr. Chinchu C
This is a presentation on Research Ethics in Behavioural Sciences, presented as a part of 18 days FDP on Research Methods in Behavioural Sciences, conducted by ASCENT
Identifying journals for publication youtubeDr. Chinchu C
The presentation is about how to be careful while selecting academic journals for publication.
Malayalam YouTube video based on this presentation is available at https://youtu.be/z5_LD7qqzbw
Content:
When to start searching for journals
General and Specialized Journals
Acceptance Rates
Journal Selection Tools
Journal Indexing
Web of Science
Scopus
Medline, PubMed, and PubMed Central
UGC CARE
Journal Metrics
Impact Factor
CiteScore
Checklist for Journal Selection
Predatory Journals
Cloned/Hijacked Journals
Some Useful Places
Jamovi is a free and open source statistical data analysis software, built upon 'R'.
It is an easy-to-use alternative to proprietary data analysis software and is a community driven project, with new features being added regularly.
This presentation is about shortlisting and choosing journals for publishing. It also discusses quality issues, including predatory and hijacked journals. Most appropriate for Social Science students.
Structured observation as research_methodDr. Chinchu C
Structured observation is a predominantly quantitative tool. Here it is being introduced as a standalone research method in Qualitative Psychological Research
A guide to preparing Research Reports/Dissertations in Qualitative Psychology. The Structure, format and features of a report are underlined. Simple language
Qualitative methods in Psychology ResearchDr. Chinchu C
An introduction to Qualitative Methods in Psychology. Intended mostly for UG/PG students. Conveys the essentials of Ontology and Epistemology and moves on to the popular methods in Qualitative Psychological Research
Interviewing in qualitative psychology researchDr. Chinchu C
Interview is probably the most widely used tool in Qualitative Psychological Research. A step-by-step guide to conducting Interviews for Qualitative Research in Psychology is given. An Introduction to Interview Data Analysis is also provided. The Do's and Don'ts of Interviewing are outlined in detail.
Focus group discussions in psychological researchDr. Chinchu C
Explains the Why, How and When of Focus Group Discussion as a Research Method in Qualitative Psychological Research. A Practical guide with necessary points to be remembered
Familiarizing Case Study as a Research Method in Qualitative Psychological Research. Design, Conduction and Reporting are Covered. A step-by-step guide with a Philosophical justification
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Research Problem/Problem Statement
• Research Problem is a statement
• It points out an area of concern, an issue to be overcome, a problem to be
solved etc. in scientific, researchable terms.
• It underscores the importance of the topic.
• Places the context of the problem
• Indicates the framework of reporting results
• The Problem Statement should be able to withstand the ‘So What’
question
3. Features of a good Research Problem
• Clear and Precise (Avoid sweeping generalizations)
• A researchable topic
• Objective description of variables
• Key concepts and terms will be included
• Leads to the research question(s)
• Implication of findings/outcome/results
4. Research Question
• Converting the curiosity into a structured query
• A research question can be refined multiple times before being
finalized
• A proposal may have one/multiple Research Questions
• For a PhD proposal, one question may suffice
• The Research Question may decide the sample, research
methods, and data analysis tools
5. Significance of Research Question
• Helps narrow down our broad research interest (the curiosity
questions) to a falsifiable question
• Quantitative hypotheses may be framed from the research question
• Helps set the limits, boundaries, and theoretical considerations of the
proposed study
• A Problem Statement may be used as a precursor to the research
question
6. Types of Research Questions
*Based on nature, not on methods
• Quantitative
• Precise, and specific to a population
• May refer the variables too
• Qualitative
• Need not be directional
• More flexible than quantitative questions
• Mixed Method
7. Quantitative Research Questions
• Mostly finalized at the initial stage of a study
• They attempt to quantify attitudes/experiences/processes within a
particular context/location
• Descriptive questions
• Measure the responses of a sample to variable(s)
• Comparative questions
• Uncover differences (or similarities) between groups on a variable
• Also, comparison of situations based on presence and absence of a variable
• Relationship questions
• Explore the relationships between variables
8. Qualitative Research Questions
• Descriptive
• Describing the nature and/or experience of a phenomenon
• Emancipatory
• Knowledge production with social action
• Evaluative
• Assess the effectiveness of something from a specific standpoint
• Explanatory
• Exploratory
• Lesser known facets of a topic; In-depth case
• Generative
• Generating new ideas, or even new questions
• Ideological
9. Mixed Method Studies
• Can use a combination of research questions
• Especially when the focus is not on integrative outcomes
• A single question can also be framed
• When the outcome will be integrated, such as a triangulation
10. Quantitative Qualitative
How does gender influence Mental
Health status of College students?
What are the Mental Health related
experiences of Transgender College
students?
What is the relationship between birth
order and career choice among
Malayalee Youth?
What are the experiences of Malayalee
Youth who are only children with regard to
making career choices?
What type of content are followed by
Baby Boomers from India on Facebook?
How do Baby Boomers from India spend
their time on Facebook?
What is the level of uncertainty among
frontline health workers in Kerala?
How do frontline health workers
experience uncertainty in Kerala?
Framing Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Questions
12. Developing a Research Question from Scratch
1. Start from the broad topic of interest
• Your own interest matters – It will keep you glued to the topic
• The interest of research community matters – While defending the proposal,
and in publication
2. Conduct the preliminary search
• You will know what is being published and discussed on the topic
• Also, the gaps in knowledge that exists
• Systematic reviews on a topic and suggestions for future research are key
• State of The Art papers may also be helpful
• There are proprietary tools like the Essential Science Indicator too
13. Developing a Research Question from Scratch
3. Formulate potential research questions
• Gap-spotting, Problematization, and Personal experience approaches can be
employed
• Gap-spotting is the convention in social sciences
4. Interrogate your research question candidates
• The “So What” analysis
• FINER (Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant) Test
14. Developing a Research Question from
Scratch
5. Finalize the research question
• PICOT (Population, Indicator/Intervention, Comparison, Outcome,
Timeframe of interest) Framework
• Is there a difference in Happiness between College going Youth who
Consume Mandhi and those who Consume Biryani?
• PEO (Population, Exposure/Intervention, Outcome) framework
• What is the influence of Financial literacy on Self-Efficacy and Quality
of Life of Working Women?
• Both approaches are most appropriate for Clinical research
15. Other things to be noted
• Avoid Yes/No questions, if possible
• “How does Social Media influence people’s behaviour?”
• Do not frame a method as a research question
• “What are the results of SEM on XXX and YYY among ZZZ?”
• Avoid words or terms that do not add to the meaning
• A Central Question/Sub Questions format can also be used
17. Research Design
• The overall strategy chosen to integrate different components of a
study
• Needs to be logical and coherent
• Enables us to address the research question(s)
• Also gives a blueprint for collection, measurement, analysis, and
interpretation of data
• No single, universally accepted way to categorize research designs.
• Different textbooks/websites may provide different typologies
• Hence, the point is to understand the ‘how’, than the ‘what’
• Fancy terms may not serve much purpose
18. Types of Research Design
• Research design can be defined on the basis of different criteria:
• The standpoint of the researcher (Positivist, Constructivist etc.) can define
the research design
• Nature/Purpose of the study (Descriptive, Correlational, Experimental, Meta-
Analytic, Action Research etc.) can be used
• Based on the Methodology (Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods)
• Based on grouping (Cohort, Cross-sectional, Longitudinal, Cross-sequential)
• The distinction between Cohort and Cross-sectional studies are blurred in Social
Sciences, and more pronounced in Medical Sciences, Epidemiology etc.
• Can be classified as Fixed and Flexible too
• Other terms used: Exploratory, Field Research, Historical, Observational,
Philosophical etc.
19. Mixed Method Designs
Typology by Creswell et al (2003)
• Transformative Sequential
• Either order; Primacy to Theory; Results integration during interpretation
• Explanatory Sequential
• Conducting Quantitative study first; following up with Qualitative study
• Exploratory Sequential
• Qualitative first; followed by Quantitative
• Concurrent Triangulation
• Data collection together; Confirmation, Cross-Validation, or Corroboration
• Concurrent Nested
• One primary method; other one nested ‘within’
• Concurrent Transformative
• Based on a specific theoretical perspective; Order/Preference of method is flexible
20. Writing the Research Design section
1. Describe the design based on the Nature/Purpose first
• Descriptive: Describing what is existing in the field, or a phenomenon
• Case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation etc.
• Correlational: Describing the relationship between variables
• Case control studies, observation etc.
• Experimental: Observing influence of IV(s) on DV(s)
• Field experiment, Controlled experiment, quasi-experiment etc.
• Diagnostic/Causal: Examining underlying causes of phenomena
• Explanatory: In-depth explanation of unexplored/unknown
phenomena
21. Writing the Research Design section
2. Use the other classification terminology to define the study more
precisely
• For example, your study can have a Descriptive design, while employing a
cross-sectional survey, following quantitative methodology.
• The coherence among these is crucial, than the title of the design
22. Where to place the research design?
• As part of the Introduction
• After Literature Review
• Either as an independent section, or as part of Method(s)/
Methodology section
• APA Publication Manual places Design as part of
Method section
24. Writing a proposal
• There is No Single concrete structure to be followed universally
• But some elements are necessary to be included
• Focus on methodological rigour and cohesion of the proposal than
the uniqueness/fancy/variety of the topic
• Research is not about creating ‘breaking news’ (not always, at least)
• Ensure consistency/flow of ideas throughout
• Be realistic; avoid making grand claims
• Use impartial and objective language; keep superlatives to minimum;
check for vagueness
25. A
Suggested
Format
• Abstract (Optional)
• Introduction/Background/Context
• Research Problem/Problem Statement/ Research Question (Can be part
of Methods section too)
• Objectives/Hypotheses (Can be part of Methods section too)
• Background/Need and Significance can be a separate section
• Literature Review/Research Background
• Method/Methodology
• Design
• Ethical Considerations
• Variables/Operational Definition
• Setting/Participants
• Sample (Sampling technique, Inclusion/Exclusion, Sample Size…)
• Methods/Tools
• Procedure
• Data Analysis
• Results and Discussion (Optional)
• Implications
• References
26. References
• Follow APA style
• Ensure reference entries for each in-text citation
• You may use a software such as Zotero or Mendeley, but be
aware of the basics of the style
• If adding more entries than citations, name the section as
Bibliography
• Not advised in Psychology, because of convention
27. Further Reading
• APA Style Sample papers: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-
guidelines/paper-format/sample-papers
• Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Gutmann, M. L., & Hanson, W. E.
(2003). Advanced Mixed Methods Research Designs. In A. Tashakkori
& C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook on Mixed Methods in the Behavioral
and Social Sciences (pp. 209–240). Sage Publications.
• Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2011). Designing and Conducting
Mixed Methods Research. SAGE.
• Abdulai, R. T., & Owusu-Ansah, A. (2014). Essential Ingredients of a
Good Research Proposal for Undergraduate and Postgraduate
Students in the Social Sciences. SAGE Open, 4(3), 2158244014548178.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014548178