The document outlines the key steps in formulating a research proposal, including: 1) Formulating the research problem by defining the purpose, scope, and variables of interest. 2) Conducting a literature review to understand previous work and identify gaps. 3) Developing research questions and objectives to guide the study. 4) Designing a methodology including selecting a research design, developing hypotheses, sampling approach, and data collection methods. 5) Analyzing data and writing a research report to communicate findings.

1. Writing a Research
Proposal

2. 1. Formulating the Research Problem:
• Step I : Formulating a Research Problem:
• Formulating a research problem is the first and fare most step in
the research process.
• A research problem initially is broad which describes the area of
interest of the researcher.
• It is mostly based upon the past research or the relationship
observed/conceived between two variables.
• It becomes clear and makes the topic more precise after the
researcher has undertaken an in depth literature review.
• The clearly defined problem helps in understanding the length,
width and depth of the problem.

3. Formulating the Research Problem: Contd.
Essentials of defining a problem:
• What is the purpose of the study?
• How much is already known?
• Is additional information necessary?
• How is it to be measured?
• How to collect data?
• Is time/money adequate for the research

4. Formulating the Research Problem: Contd.
Important considerations in formulating the research problem:
 Interest of the researcher
 Magnitude
 Measureable Concepts
 Level of Expertise
 Relevance
 Availability of Data
 Ethical Issues

5. 2. Literature Review
• Reviewing the available literature is one of the essential
preliminary tasks while undertaking a research study.
• It has the following functions:
• It provides a theoretical background to your study.
• It brings forth the relationship between what you propose to
study and what has already been studied earlier by the other
researcher.
• You can identify the existing gaps in the available literature and
come up with how your findings will contribute to the existing
body of knowledge in the discipline of your study.
• It also helps to contextualise your findings

6. Literature Review: Contd….
 Thus the final outcome of undertaking a review of literature is to bring clarity
 And focus to your research problem, improve your research methodology,
 Broaden your knowledge base in your research are and to contextualise your
findings by identifying gaps in the reviewed literature
 The literature review helps in framing objectives of the study

7. 3. Developing Research Questions and
Designing objectives
Raising Research Questions
The research questions are developed by dissecting the title of the research
problem into smaller sub areas. Once you have developed an exhaustive list of
the sub areas, you develop the research questions which you feel are relevant for
your study and are needed to be answered in the course of your study.

8. Developing Research Questions and Designing
objectives
Formulating Objectives
The objectives are generally listed under two headings:
• Main Objectives
• Sub objectives
It is usual to say for the researchers that their objectives are ‘SMART’
• ‘S’ Specific- states exactly what one needs to achieve.
• ‘M’ Measurable – includes an indicator to measure the concepts used.
• ‘A’ Achievable- objectives are achievable in a specific time frame.
• ‘R’ Realistic- Can be challenging but must be achievable.
• ‘T’ Time bound - with a clear end date or timescale.

9. Developing Research Questions and
Designing objectives
Establishing Operational Definitions
• In every research study you establish a set of rules, indicators to
clearly define the concepts used in the research problem,
research questions or objectives E.g. you need to define who all
will be the adolescents in your study if the study is on adolescents
etc.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
• The researcher needs to define the criteria for including/
excluding the sampling units in the research study in order to
maintain uniformity in selection/rejection of items. This criteria
needs to be clearly spelled before undertaking the study.

10. Developing Research Questions and
Designing objectives
Scope of the Study
• The scope of the study should also be decided before hand to geographically
demarcate the boundaries of the research study.

11. 4. Conceptualising a Research Design:
• An extremely important feature of research is the use of appropriate research
design.
• The main function of selecting the right research design will determine how you
will find answer to your research question?
• The research design sets out the logic of your inquiry. It helps you in deciding
the method of data collection, the sampling strategy or the frame of analysis.
• For any investigation, the selection of an appropriate research design is crucial to
enable you to arrive at valid findings, comparisons and conclusion.
• The research design can be Exploratory, Descriptive or Experimental depending
on the purpose and of the research study and its specified objectives.

12. 5. Formulating Hypothesis:
Hypothesis bring clarity, specificity and focus to a research problem, but are not
always essential for a study.
A Hypothesis is a hunch, assumption, suspicion, assertion or an idea about a
phenomenon, relationship or situation, the reality or truth of which is needed to
be tested. A researcher calls these assumptions as hypothesis which becomes the
basis of inquiry.
Hypothesis has following characteristics:
 It is a tentative preposition.
 Its validity remains unknown till it is empirically tested.
 It always specifies a relationship or comparison between two variables taken
together.

13. Formulating Hypothesis: Contd…….
• Broadly there are two hypothesis for each constructed assumption:
• Research hypothesis and Null Hypothesis.
• It is to be remembered that it is always the Null hypothesis (Ho)
which is mostly put to test and it is always neutral claiming that
there is no relationship between the two variables under study.
Based on the decision of rejecting/accepting Ho, the research
hypothesis (H1) is finally accepted/ rejected. These are two
hypothesis are always completely opposite in nature. The usual
steps followed in testing the hypothesis are always specific and the
order is followed.
• The research hypothesis in a study can be more than one (any
number) but for each research hypothesis an alternative null
hypothesis is constructed. Thus there are always equal number of
research hypothesis and null hypothesis.

14. 6. Universe and Sampling Design
• In most of the research studies a complete enumeration of
all the items in the ‘universe’ is not possible under many
circumstances, due to the requirement of great deal of
time, money and energy.
• It is a definite plan chalked out prior to actual collection of
data for obtaining a sample from the universe. The sample
selected must be adequate in size and also represent the
universe.
• There are three types of sampling designs:
Random/ Probability sampling design.
Non Random/ Non probability sampling designs and
Mixed sampling designs.

15. Universe and Sampling Design: Contd….
• There are different methods of selecting sample in the first two types of sampling
design. You need to be acquainted with different methods of selecting a sample
using these designs. You need to know the strengths and weakness of each and
the situations in which they can or cannot be applied in order to select the most
appropriate design. The type of sampling design you use also determines your
ability to generalise from the sample to the total population and the type of
statistical tests you can perform on the data.

16. 7. Methods and Tool of Data Collection:
• The data may be collected from either of the two sources –
secondary data and primary data.
• Secondary data are collected from books, journals, newspapers,
reports of the available studies.
• Primary data is always collected by the researcher , by
interviewing the subjects or by using the questionnaire or the
interviews schedule.
• Depending on the objectives of the research study, the
researcher will decide about the method and tool of data
collection.
• There are specific consideration which are needed to be kept in
mind while constructing the instrument ,type of questions to be
included/exclude in the instrument.

17. Methods and Tool of Data Collection: Contd….
• The degree of structuring needed to be done before actually
administrating the tool is also dependent on the plan of analysing
data.
• It needs to be remembered that collecting data through any one
of the methods may involve some ethical considerations which
must be kept in mind of the researcher.
• Further if you are planning to use a computer for data analysis,
you may wish to provide space for coding the data on the
research instrument.

18. 8. Data Processing and Analysis:
The information collected is called raw data. It required specific steps to
be followed before being able to draw inferences.
It includes
• Data Editing
• Coding Data : Developing a code book
• Developing a frame of analysis for questions studies.
• The researcher can analyse the data by processing it manually as well as
with the help of computers (Making use of SPSS Package)

19. 9. Writing Research Report:
• The last step in the research process is writing the
research report.
• As Burns writes ‘extremely valuable and interesting
practical work may be spoiled at the last minute by a
student who is not able to communicate the results
easily (1994).
• In addition to your undertaking of research
methodology, the quality of the report depends upon :
• Written communication skills
• Clarity of thought,
• Ability to express thoughts in a logical, rational and
sequential manner and also
• Knowledge base of the subject area is crucial.

20. Writing Research Report: Contd……
• Experience in conducting research
• Report Writing Skills
• The knowledge of statistical procedures
• The ability to make use of diagrams and graphs

21. Writing Research Report: Contd……
• The report must be followed by developing proper chapterization followed by an
academic style of referencing at the end. There are several well established
systems for writing a bibliography and your choice is dependent upon the
preference of the discipline and university. The most common styles used are
the American Psychological Association system (APA Style) and the Harvard
System.

22. Writing Research Report: Contd……
• In the end it can only be said that all the steps are formulated at the convenience
of the researcher. By and large they are all inter related and overlapping. The
neglect in any step is likely to affect the reliability and validity of findings.
Therefore, a scientific mind based on objective thinking is really needed in
undertaking any research study.