This document discusses key concepts in research design. It defines research design as a plan or strategy to obtain answers to research questions and test hypotheses. There are different types of research designs, including exploratory, descriptive, experimental, and observational. The document outlines important elements of research design like dependent and independent variables, control of extraneous variables, research hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments. Overall, it provides an overview of fundamental concepts in research methodology and design that are important for conducting rigorous academic research.
The document provides an overview of hypothesis testing, including:
- Definitions of hypothesis as an assumption that can be tested, and characteristics of a good hypothesis.
- The process of hypothesis testing including formulating the null and alternative hypotheses, selecting a significance level, calculating a test statistic, and deciding whether to reject the null hypothesis.
- Sources of hypotheses such as previous studies, observations, theories.
- Types of hypotheses like universal/descriptive versus statistical, and errors that can occur in hypothesis testing like Type I and Type II errors.
In summary, the document outlines the key concepts and steps involved in hypothesis testing.
This document discusses key concepts in research design. It defines research design as a plan or strategy to obtain answers to research questions and test hypotheses. There are different types of research designs, including exploratory, descriptive, experimental, and observational. Key elements of research design include identifying dependent and independent variables, controlling for extraneous variables, developing research hypotheses, and determining experimental and control groups. Research design provides the framework and methodology for conducting scientific research.
This document provides information on sampling methods for research. It defines key sampling concepts and discusses both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Specifically, it describes simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, multi-phase sampling, sampling proportional to size, convenience sampling, judgment sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. It also outlines the purposes and steps of developing a sampling plan, and notes factors that influence sample size and the merits and demerits of sampling.
The document discusses business research, including its meaning, types, and process. It defines business research as identifying business problems and steps to solve them. The research process is outlined as defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, developing a research design including sampling, data collection, analysis and interpretation, and reporting. Different types of research are described such as descriptive, exploratory, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, empirical, experimental, and historical. Objectives, methods, techniques and characteristics of good research are also discussed.
The document provides information on various types of business research, including their definitions, objectives, and differences. It discusses descriptive research, exploratory research, applied research, fundamental research, quantitative research, qualitative research, conceptual research, empirical research, experimental research, and historical research. The key purposes of business research are to identify and solve business problems through systematic and objective processes like defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and making informed decisions.
The document discusses various aspects of research including definitions, purposes, types, methods, and processes. It defines research as a systematic effort to gain new knowledge and notes that the goal of research is to find solutions to problems. The types of research covered include descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, and conceptual. Research methods can be quantitative using experiments or qualitative using techniques like interviews. The key steps of the research process are outlined as formulating the problem, literature review, developing hypotheses, research design, data collection, analysis, and reporting.
This document discusses research design and methods for collecting data. It begins by defining a research design as the conceptual structure for conducting research that aims to balance relevance and economy. The key components of a research design are then outlined, including the research problem, data collection procedures, population, and data analysis methods. The document also discusses types of research designs such as exploratory, descriptive, and experimental designs. It provides details on methods for collecting primary data, such as experiments, surveys, observation, and interviews. Secondary data collection from published sources is also mentioned.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
The document provides an overview of hypothesis testing, including:
- Definitions of hypothesis as an assumption that can be tested, and characteristics of a good hypothesis.
- The process of hypothesis testing including formulating the null and alternative hypotheses, selecting a significance level, calculating a test statistic, and deciding whether to reject the null hypothesis.
- Sources of hypotheses such as previous studies, observations, theories.
- Types of hypotheses like universal/descriptive versus statistical, and errors that can occur in hypothesis testing like Type I and Type II errors.
In summary, the document outlines the key concepts and steps involved in hypothesis testing.
This document discusses key concepts in research design. It defines research design as a plan or strategy to obtain answers to research questions and test hypotheses. There are different types of research designs, including exploratory, descriptive, experimental, and observational. Key elements of research design include identifying dependent and independent variables, controlling for extraneous variables, developing research hypotheses, and determining experimental and control groups. Research design provides the framework and methodology for conducting scientific research.
This document provides information on sampling methods for research. It defines key sampling concepts and discusses both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Specifically, it describes simple random sampling, systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, multi-phase sampling, sampling proportional to size, convenience sampling, judgment sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. It also outlines the purposes and steps of developing a sampling plan, and notes factors that influence sample size and the merits and demerits of sampling.
The document discusses business research, including its meaning, types, and process. It defines business research as identifying business problems and steps to solve them. The research process is outlined as defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, developing a research design including sampling, data collection, analysis and interpretation, and reporting. Different types of research are described such as descriptive, exploratory, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, empirical, experimental, and historical. Objectives, methods, techniques and characteristics of good research are also discussed.
The document provides information on various types of business research, including their definitions, objectives, and differences. It discusses descriptive research, exploratory research, applied research, fundamental research, quantitative research, qualitative research, conceptual research, empirical research, experimental research, and historical research. The key purposes of business research are to identify and solve business problems through systematic and objective processes like defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and making informed decisions.
The document discusses various aspects of research including definitions, purposes, types, methods, and processes. It defines research as a systematic effort to gain new knowledge and notes that the goal of research is to find solutions to problems. The types of research covered include descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, and conceptual. Research methods can be quantitative using experiments or qualitative using techniques like interviews. The key steps of the research process are outlined as formulating the problem, literature review, developing hypotheses, research design, data collection, analysis, and reporting.
This document discusses research design and methods for collecting data. It begins by defining a research design as the conceptual structure for conducting research that aims to balance relevance and economy. The key components of a research design are then outlined, including the research problem, data collection procedures, population, and data analysis methods. The document also discusses types of research designs such as exploratory, descriptive, and experimental designs. It provides details on methods for collecting primary data, such as experiments, surveys, observation, and interviews. Secondary data collection from published sources is also mentioned.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
This document provides an overview of the typical components and structure of a research paper. It discusses what should be included in the introduction chapter such as the research problem, locale, framework, statement of the problem, assumptions, scope and limitations, significance, and definition of terms. The second chapter typically involves a review of related literature and studies. This chapter establishes the background and justification for the research. The third chapter outlines the research methodology, including the research design, respondents, instruments, validation of instruments, data gathering procedures, and treatment of data.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE Meaning, definition, purpose and components of research design.
Difference between the terms research method and research methodology.
steps in nursing research include several points
1) terminologies related to nursing research
2) phases of nursing research
3) conceptual phase
4) planning phase
5) analytic phase
6) communication phase
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including:
- The benefits of research to students and practitioners for designing studies, understanding literature, and participating in evaluations.
- Definitions of key terms like method, methodology, and the differences between them.
- The characteristics of high-quality research like having a clearly defined scope and reproducible design.
- The typical steps in the research process from identifying a problem to interpreting data and revising hypotheses.
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at___ https://healthkura.com
Data Collection (Methods/ Tools/ Techniques), Primary & Secondary Data, Assessment of Qualitative Data, Qualitative & Quantitative Data, Data Processing
Presentation Contents:
- Introduction to data
- Classification of data
- Collection of data
- Methods of data collection
- Assessment of qualitative data
- Processing of data
- Editing
- Coding
- Tabulation
- Graphical representation
If anyone is really interested about research related topics particularly on data collection, this presentation will be the best reference.
For Further Reading
- Biostatistics by Prem P. Panta
- Fundamentals of Research Methodology and Statistics by Yogesh k. Singh
- Research Design by J. W. Creswell
- Internet
Research methodology Notes for B.com,BBA,MBA_Madurai Kamaraj University and f...Manoj Kumar
This PPT is designed to introduce students to the basic concepts of business research methods. This ppt material focuses on the research process in management research. It also focuses on the importance of selection of an appropriate research methods .It is concerned with understanding and application of the variety of research methods, This ppt is structured to cover f: a) nature of research, research design and planning; b) quantitative research design and data collection; d) data interpretation and analysis; and e) writing up research report. The module helps the student to critically examine issues of the selection of an appropriate research method and basic understanding of other research process
This PPt helps you to understand the Re search Methodlogy concepts like Introduction of Research, Research Problem, Literature review
Research types and process, Variables & Hypothesis
Data Collection Methods
Sampling Methods & Process
Scales & Scaling Technique
Data Processing
Analysis & Interpretation
Report Writing
For Unit wise notes use the below links
Unit-I
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodology-unitiresearch-and-its-various-process
Unit-II
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodology-unit-iidata-collection
Unit-iii
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitiiisampling
Unit-IV
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitivmeasurement-and-data-preperationfor-bbabcommba-and-for-other-ug-and-pg-students
Unit-V
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitvreseach-report-for-bcom-bba-mba-and-other-ug-and-pg-courses
Introduction to Quantitative Research MethodsIman Ardekani
This document provides an introduction to quantitative research methods. It discusses key concepts like research methodology, variables, hypotheses, experimental design, and statistical analysis. Specifically, it covers:
- The difference between research methodology and methods, and examples of methodology scopes.
- Key terms like variables, hypotheses, and types of errors in hypothesis testing.
- How to plan, conduct, and analyze experiments, including best-guess experiments and one-factor-at-a-time experiments.
- Basic statistical concepts like mean, variance, normal distribution, and the t-distribution.
- Types of experimental designs like factorial experiments and comparative experiments.
Research methodology provides guidance on conducting research systematically and scientifically. It explains both qualitative and quantitative research methods and the steps of the research process, including defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Key aspects of research methodology include formulating testable hypotheses, designing studies (e.g. experiments) to test hypotheses, and using statistical analysis to accept or reject null hypotheses.
This document discusses research design and defines key terms like reliability, validity, and threats to validity. It describes several types of research designs including experimental designs like pretest-posttest control group design and posttest only control group design. It also covers quasi-experimental designs like non-equivalent control group design and time series design. The purpose of choosing an appropriate research design is to minimize errors and reach valid conclusions by considering factors like random assignment, control groups, pretesting, and posttesting.
This document discusses quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as using numerical data to obtain objective information. The goals of quantitative research are to generalize findings, be objective, and test theories. The quantitative research process involves 10 steps: developing a theory and hypotheses, research design, defining concepts and variables, selecting respondents, data collection, data preparation, analysis, conclusions, and reporting. Several data collection methods are also discussed, including surveys, structured interviews, structured observations, and questionnaires.
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data in research. It describes two types of data: primary and secondary. Primary data is collected directly by the researcher, while secondary data was previously collected by someone else.
The document outlines several methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on observation and interview methods. Observation can be structured, unstructured, participant, or non-participant. Interviews can be personal or over the telephone. The document also discusses distinguishing features of experiments and surveys.
This document discusses experimental research designs. It describes pre-experimental designs like one-shot case studies which lack random assignment and controls. True experimental designs, like pretest-posttest control group designs, manipulate variables and use random assignment and controls. Quasi-experimental designs, such as non-equivalent control groups, lack random assignment. Factorial designs examine effects of manipulating two or more independent variables simultaneously. The document provides examples and discusses threats to validity for different designs.
The document discusses key aspects of research methodology. It begins by defining research and methodology. It then covers the basic elements of research, including empiricism, determinism, and skepticism. Several definitions of research from different authors are provided. The key steps of the scientific method and research methodology cycle are outlined. It also discusses formulating hypotheses, including expressing hypotheses and guidelines for framing hypotheses. Experimental testing of hypotheses is discussed, including collecting and analyzing results and concluding research. Finally, it provides examples of potential science project topics and factors to consider for a good science research method.
Ed200 research chapter 3 methodology(jan282012)Maria Theresa
This document discusses research design and methodology. It begins by defining research design as the plan or blueprint of a study that guides how data will be collected and analyzed. The document then covers various types of research designs including descriptive research, which aims to describe characteristics or phenomena. Descriptive research can be quantitative using surveys or qualitative with narrative descriptions. The key steps of historical research and descriptive research methods are also outlined.
The document discusses research design and methods of data collection. It defines research design as a plan to answer research questions and identifies common types like historical, descriptive, case study, experimental, and ethnographic designs. It also discusses sampling methods, both probability and non-probability. Primary and secondary data collection methods are covered, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and surveys. Guidelines for developing questionnaires and conducting surveys are provided.
There are three main types of research: basic research, epidemiological research, and clinical research. The basic steps of research involve identifying the problem, planning the study design, implementing the plan by collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and reporting findings. Key aspects of the research process include formulating hypotheses, selecting appropriate study variables and objectives, choosing a study design, collecting and processing data, analyzing results, and writing proposals.
This document provides information on research design. It begins by defining research design and its key elements. Research design aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. It indicates decisions regarding what, where, when, how much, and by what means for a research study.
The document then discusses the need for research design, which includes facilitating smooth research operations, minimizing bias and maximizing reliability of results, providing guidance to researchers, and preventing misleading conclusions without a design. Key features of a good research design are also outlined.
Finally, the document outlines different types of research design including exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, experimental, laboratory experiments, and field experiments. The differences between exploratory and descriptive research designs
This document discusses different types of study designs used in research. It begins by defining research and study design. There are two main types of study designs: observational studies and experimental/interventional studies. Observational studies include descriptive studies like case reports and case series, as well as analytical studies like cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies. Experimental studies manipulate variables and include randomized controlled trials. The document provides examples and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each type of study design.
This document discusses different types of research designs used in marketing research. It describes exploratory research as research conducted when little is known about a problem to gain insights and hypotheses. Descriptive research aims to describe important variables like who, what, where, and how. The goal is to determine frequencies and relationships between variables. Longitudinal research involves repeated measurements of a panel over time, while cross-sectional research measures a sample only once to generate summary statistics. Exploratory and descriptive designs use methods like secondary data analysis, interviews, and focus groups to collect data.
The document outlines the key steps in the research process:
1) Establish the need for research and define the problem.
2) Conduct an extensive literature review to understand previous work.
3) Formulate clear research objectives and questions.
4) Determine an appropriate research design including data collection methods.
5) Collect, analyze, and interpret the data to draw conclusions and answer the research questions.
This document discusses various methods of exploratory marketing research. It defines exploratory research as initial research conducted to clarify and define the nature of a problem without providing conclusive evidence. Some common exploratory research methods discussed include secondary data analysis, expert surveys, case studies/ethnographies, pilot studies, and focus groups. The document provides examples and details about how and why each of these methods may be used in exploratory marketing research.
This document provides an overview of the typical components and structure of a research paper. It discusses what should be included in the introduction chapter such as the research problem, locale, framework, statement of the problem, assumptions, scope and limitations, significance, and definition of terms. The second chapter typically involves a review of related literature and studies. This chapter establishes the background and justification for the research. The third chapter outlines the research methodology, including the research design, respondents, instruments, validation of instruments, data gathering procedures, and treatment of data.
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE Meaning, definition, purpose and components of research design.
Difference between the terms research method and research methodology.
steps in nursing research include several points
1) terminologies related to nursing research
2) phases of nursing research
3) conceptual phase
4) planning phase
5) analytic phase
6) communication phase
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including:
- The benefits of research to students and practitioners for designing studies, understanding literature, and participating in evaluations.
- Definitions of key terms like method, methodology, and the differences between them.
- The characteristics of high-quality research like having a clearly defined scope and reproducible design.
- The typical steps in the research process from identifying a problem to interpreting data and revising hypotheses.
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at___ https://healthkura.com
Data Collection (Methods/ Tools/ Techniques), Primary & Secondary Data, Assessment of Qualitative Data, Qualitative & Quantitative Data, Data Processing
Presentation Contents:
- Introduction to data
- Classification of data
- Collection of data
- Methods of data collection
- Assessment of qualitative data
- Processing of data
- Editing
- Coding
- Tabulation
- Graphical representation
If anyone is really interested about research related topics particularly on data collection, this presentation will be the best reference.
For Further Reading
- Biostatistics by Prem P. Panta
- Fundamentals of Research Methodology and Statistics by Yogesh k. Singh
- Research Design by J. W. Creswell
- Internet
Research methodology Notes for B.com,BBA,MBA_Madurai Kamaraj University and f...Manoj Kumar
This PPT is designed to introduce students to the basic concepts of business research methods. This ppt material focuses on the research process in management research. It also focuses on the importance of selection of an appropriate research methods .It is concerned with understanding and application of the variety of research methods, This ppt is structured to cover f: a) nature of research, research design and planning; b) quantitative research design and data collection; d) data interpretation and analysis; and e) writing up research report. The module helps the student to critically examine issues of the selection of an appropriate research method and basic understanding of other research process
This PPt helps you to understand the Re search Methodlogy concepts like Introduction of Research, Research Problem, Literature review
Research types and process, Variables & Hypothesis
Data Collection Methods
Sampling Methods & Process
Scales & Scaling Technique
Data Processing
Analysis & Interpretation
Report Writing
For Unit wise notes use the below links
Unit-I
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodology-unitiresearch-and-its-various-process
Unit-II
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodology-unit-iidata-collection
Unit-iii
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitiiisampling
Unit-IV
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitivmeasurement-and-data-preperationfor-bbabcommba-and-for-other-ug-and-pg-students
Unit-V
https://www2.slideshare.net/ManojKumar730/research-methodlogy-unitvreseach-report-for-bcom-bba-mba-and-other-ug-and-pg-courses
Introduction to Quantitative Research MethodsIman Ardekani
This document provides an introduction to quantitative research methods. It discusses key concepts like research methodology, variables, hypotheses, experimental design, and statistical analysis. Specifically, it covers:
- The difference between research methodology and methods, and examples of methodology scopes.
- Key terms like variables, hypotheses, and types of errors in hypothesis testing.
- How to plan, conduct, and analyze experiments, including best-guess experiments and one-factor-at-a-time experiments.
- Basic statistical concepts like mean, variance, normal distribution, and the t-distribution.
- Types of experimental designs like factorial experiments and comparative experiments.
Research methodology provides guidance on conducting research systematically and scientifically. It explains both qualitative and quantitative research methods and the steps of the research process, including defining the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Key aspects of research methodology include formulating testable hypotheses, designing studies (e.g. experiments) to test hypotheses, and using statistical analysis to accept or reject null hypotheses.
This document discusses research design and defines key terms like reliability, validity, and threats to validity. It describes several types of research designs including experimental designs like pretest-posttest control group design and posttest only control group design. It also covers quasi-experimental designs like non-equivalent control group design and time series design. The purpose of choosing an appropriate research design is to minimize errors and reach valid conclusions by considering factors like random assignment, control groups, pretesting, and posttesting.
This document discusses quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as using numerical data to obtain objective information. The goals of quantitative research are to generalize findings, be objective, and test theories. The quantitative research process involves 10 steps: developing a theory and hypotheses, research design, defining concepts and variables, selecting respondents, data collection, data preparation, analysis, conclusions, and reporting. Several data collection methods are also discussed, including surveys, structured interviews, structured observations, and questionnaires.
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data in research. It describes two types of data: primary and secondary. Primary data is collected directly by the researcher, while secondary data was previously collected by someone else.
The document outlines several methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on observation and interview methods. Observation can be structured, unstructured, participant, or non-participant. Interviews can be personal or over the telephone. The document also discusses distinguishing features of experiments and surveys.
This document discusses experimental research designs. It describes pre-experimental designs like one-shot case studies which lack random assignment and controls. True experimental designs, like pretest-posttest control group designs, manipulate variables and use random assignment and controls. Quasi-experimental designs, such as non-equivalent control groups, lack random assignment. Factorial designs examine effects of manipulating two or more independent variables simultaneously. The document provides examples and discusses threats to validity for different designs.
The document discusses key aspects of research methodology. It begins by defining research and methodology. It then covers the basic elements of research, including empiricism, determinism, and skepticism. Several definitions of research from different authors are provided. The key steps of the scientific method and research methodology cycle are outlined. It also discusses formulating hypotheses, including expressing hypotheses and guidelines for framing hypotheses. Experimental testing of hypotheses is discussed, including collecting and analyzing results and concluding research. Finally, it provides examples of potential science project topics and factors to consider for a good science research method.
Ed200 research chapter 3 methodology(jan282012)Maria Theresa
This document discusses research design and methodology. It begins by defining research design as the plan or blueprint of a study that guides how data will be collected and analyzed. The document then covers various types of research designs including descriptive research, which aims to describe characteristics or phenomena. Descriptive research can be quantitative using surveys or qualitative with narrative descriptions. The key steps of historical research and descriptive research methods are also outlined.
The document discusses research design and methods of data collection. It defines research design as a plan to answer research questions and identifies common types like historical, descriptive, case study, experimental, and ethnographic designs. It also discusses sampling methods, both probability and non-probability. Primary and secondary data collection methods are covered, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and surveys. Guidelines for developing questionnaires and conducting surveys are provided.
There are three main types of research: basic research, epidemiological research, and clinical research. The basic steps of research involve identifying the problem, planning the study design, implementing the plan by collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and reporting findings. Key aspects of the research process include formulating hypotheses, selecting appropriate study variables and objectives, choosing a study design, collecting and processing data, analyzing results, and writing proposals.
This document provides information on research design. It begins by defining research design and its key elements. Research design aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. It indicates decisions regarding what, where, when, how much, and by what means for a research study.
The document then discusses the need for research design, which includes facilitating smooth research operations, minimizing bias and maximizing reliability of results, providing guidance to researchers, and preventing misleading conclusions without a design. Key features of a good research design are also outlined.
Finally, the document outlines different types of research design including exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, experimental, laboratory experiments, and field experiments. The differences between exploratory and descriptive research designs
This document discusses different types of study designs used in research. It begins by defining research and study design. There are two main types of study designs: observational studies and experimental/interventional studies. Observational studies include descriptive studies like case reports and case series, as well as analytical studies like cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies. Experimental studies manipulate variables and include randomized controlled trials. The document provides examples and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each type of study design.
This document discusses different types of research designs used in marketing research. It describes exploratory research as research conducted when little is known about a problem to gain insights and hypotheses. Descriptive research aims to describe important variables like who, what, where, and how. The goal is to determine frequencies and relationships between variables. Longitudinal research involves repeated measurements of a panel over time, while cross-sectional research measures a sample only once to generate summary statistics. Exploratory and descriptive designs use methods like secondary data analysis, interviews, and focus groups to collect data.
The document outlines the key steps in the research process:
1) Establish the need for research and define the problem.
2) Conduct an extensive literature review to understand previous work.
3) Formulate clear research objectives and questions.
4) Determine an appropriate research design including data collection methods.
5) Collect, analyze, and interpret the data to draw conclusions and answer the research questions.
This document discusses various methods of exploratory marketing research. It defines exploratory research as initial research conducted to clarify and define the nature of a problem without providing conclusive evidence. Some common exploratory research methods discussed include secondary data analysis, expert surveys, case studies/ethnographies, pilot studies, and focus groups. The document provides examples and details about how and why each of these methods may be used in exploratory marketing research.
This document provides an overview of different types of statistical tests used for data analysis and interpretation. It discusses scales of measurement, parametric vs nonparametric tests, formulating hypotheses, types of statistical errors, establishing decision rules, and choosing the appropriate statistical test based on the number and types of variables. Key statistical tests covered include t-tests, ANOVA, chi-square tests, and correlations. Examples are provided to illustrate how to interpret and report the results of these common statistical analyses.
This document discusses exploratory research and provides guidance on conducting it. It summarizes Boyer's model of scholarship and Dewey's theory of evidence-based learning. It then outlines four methods for exploratory research: focus groups, literature reviews, expert surveys, and open-ended questions. The document notes that exploratory research does not provide conclusive evidence but helps define problems and can lead to further research. It also discusses qualitative vs. quantitative research and provides examples of exploratory research techniques like pilot studies, case studies, and focus group interviews.
The document discusses the managerial value of business research. It defines research and different types including basic and applied business research. Business research is important as it facilitates identifying issues, gathering relevant information, and analyzing data to help decision-making. Research reduces uncertainty and improves decision-making by providing information to identify problems, diagnose issues, select and implement solutions, and evaluate actions. The quality of decisions depends on the quality of research information.
Exploratory research is useful when researchers lack clarity on problems and objectives. It allows researchers to develop clearer concepts, establish priorities, define operations, and improve research design. The primary goal is to gain insights and understanding of the problem. Information needs are loosely defined and the process is flexible. Descriptive research assumes prior knowledge of the problem situation. The goals are to describe characteristics or functions, with clearly defined information needs and a pre-planned, structured design. Survey research encompasses any measurement using questions, from short forms to in-depth interviews. Diagnostic research aims to describe characteristics or frequencies of groups, with a rigid design similar to surveys to describe, analyze, interpret, and suggest remedies. Experimental research tests hypotheses through replication,
This document discusses different types of descriptive research studies including normative surveys, educational surveys, and psychological research studies. It provides examples of each type of descriptive study including the purpose, procedures, and key findings. A normative survey examines typical conditions and practices to establish norms. An educational survey looks at factors related to the teaching and learning process. A psychological research study compares behaviors and reactions in different situations. Descriptive research aims to describe current conditions and phenomena without manipulating variables.
The 7 step research process includes: 1) defining the research problem, 2) reviewing relevant literature, 3) formulating testable hypotheses, 4) designing the research methodology, 5) collecting primary data through methods like surveys and interviews, 6) analyzing the collected data, and 7) interpreting the findings and reporting the results. The overall goal is to gather information to initiate, modify, or terminate investments or projects through a systematic process of exploring an issue, collecting evidence, and drawing conclusions.
DIstinguish between Parametric vs nonparametric testsai prakash
This document summarizes parametric and nonparametric tests. Parametric tests make assumptions about the population based on known parameters, while nonparametric tests make no assumptions about the population. Some examples of parametric tests provided are t-test, F-test, z-test, and ANOVA, while examples of nonparametric tests include Mann-Whitney, rank sum test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The key differences between parametric and nonparametric tests are that parametric tests are based on population parameters and distributions while nonparametric tests are not, and parametric tests can only be applied to variable data while nonparametric tests can be used for variable or attribute data.
This document discusses research design. It begins by defining research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economical procedures. The document then outlines the key parts of research design including sampling, observational, statistical, and operational design. It also discusses important concepts such as independent and dependent variables, extraneous variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments. The document concludes by describing three main types of research design: exploratory, descriptive/diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing designs. It provides examples of methods used for each type of design.
The document discusses different aspects of research design including what research design is, its key components, and types of research design. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with efficient procedures. The main components of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. It also outlines features of a good research design and key concepts like dependent and independent variables, extraneous variables, control, and research hypotheses. Finally, it discusses research design for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing research studies.
The document discusses key concepts in research design, including dependent and independent variables, extraneous variables, control, experimental and non-experimental designs, experimental and control groups, treatments, and experimental units. A good research design minimizes bias, maximizes reliability of data, and considers the objective, nature, and resources of the research problem. The design should allow for examining relationships between variables while limiting the effects of unrelated, confounding factors.
: A Research design is a logical and systemic plan prepared for directing research. It specifies the objectives of the study, the methodology and techniques to be adopted for achieving the objectives. It constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. It is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions. A research design is the program that guides the investigator in the process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting observations.
This document discusses research design and sampling. It begins with an introduction to research design, noting that a research design specifies the objectives, methodology, and analysis plan of a study. It then discusses the needs and characteristics of a good research design, including components like independent and dependent variables. The document outlines different types of research designs such as experimental, observational, diagnostic, and exploratory designs. It concludes by discussing sampling, including the purpose and advantages of sampling as well as types of sampling methods.
The research approach indicates the basic procedure for conducting research.
Research approach is the technique which the researcher uses to structure a study in order to gather and analyze information relevant to the research question .
The document provides an overview of different types of research designs including experimental, quasi-experimental, ex-post facto, correlational, and their key features. Experimental designs aim to test hypotheses and establish causation through random assignment and manipulation of independent variables. Quasi-experimental designs are similar but do not use random assignment. Ex-post facto designs examine causes of effects that have already occurred. Correlational designs measure relationships between non-manipulated variables. Different designs have advantages for different research questions depending on feasibility and need for control.
Solving research problem_3539ce35db1215c11a780b1712d47e46Kæsy Chaudhari
1. The document discusses research design, which is a plan for conducting research to answer questions or solve problems. It outlines the steps, methods, and strategies used to collect and analyze data.
2. Research design provides answers to questions like what is being studied, why it's being studied, where and when data will be collected, what techniques and sources will be used, and how results will be analyzed and reported.
3. Different types of research designs are explored, including those for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Key concepts discussed include variables, hypotheses, experimental setup, and treatments.
usiness research serves a number of purposes. Entrepreneurs use research to make decisions about whether or not to enter a particular business or to refine a business idea. Established businesses employ research to determine whether they can succeed in a new geographic region, assess competitors or select a marketing approach for a product. Businesses can choose between a variety of research methods to achieve these ends.
1. Research design involves determining what, where, when, how, and by what means data will be collected and analyzed for a research study.
2. Key components of a research design include the sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. It must also specify the research problem, data collection and analysis methods, and population.
3. Research design can be exploratory, descriptive, or experimental. Exploratory research generates hypotheses, descriptive research observes characteristics, and experimental research tests hypotheses by manipulating variables.
1. Research design involves determining what, where, when, how, and by what means data will be collected and analyzed for a research study.
2. Key components of a research design include the sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. It must also specify the research problem, data collection and analysis methods, and population.
3. Research design can be exploratory, descriptive, or experimental. Exploratory research generates hypotheses, descriptive research observes characteristics, and experimental research tests hypotheses by manipulating variables.
The slides will help you in knowing the components of research design in brief what is research design, components of research design, differnt types of research design
This document discusses quantitative research and different types of variables used in quantitative research. It describes experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental research designs. Experimental research allows controlling variables to determine causation, while quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs observe phenomena naturally. The document also defines independent, dependent, intervening, control, and confounding variables and provides examples of each.
1. The document discusses key concepts in research design including exploratory, descriptive, and quasi-experimental designs. It also covers variables, hypotheses, and different types of research approaches.
2. Key variable types are discussed such as independent, dependent, covariates, and how they relate to research studies.
3. The concepts of correlation versus causation are explained, noting that a correlation does not necessarily indicate one variable causing a change in another.
The document discusses different types of research methods. It defines research as a systematic, scientific effort to gain new knowledge through processes like defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, making deductions, and testing conclusions. Quantitative research is based on measurement and is suited for phenomena that can be expressed numerically using methods like surveys and statistical analysis. Qualitative research seeks in-depth understanding through naturalistic inquiry and methods like interviews. Experimental research strictly follows the scientific method to test hypotheses and determine causal relationships between variables. Nonexperimental research lacks manipulation of variables or random assignment.
The document discusses key aspects of research design and types of research. It provides definitions and explanations of important concepts in research design including variables, experimental and control groups, and treatments. It also summarizes several major types of rural research such as survey research, case studies, ex-post facto research, and qualitative vs. quantitative research. Finally, it outlines the typical format for a research proposal.
The document provides an overview of research design, including:
1. Research design involves planning how a study will be conducted to answer research questions and control variance. It specifies data sources, approaches, and time/cost budgets.
2. Key concepts in research design include independent and dependent variables, control of extraneous variables, and experimental and control groups.
3. There are different types of research design including exploratory, causal, descriptive, and experimental designs. Experimental designs further include pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi-experimental approaches.
The document discusses research design, which is the plan or blueprint for how a research study will be conducted. It involves determining what questions the research aims to answer, what type of data is needed, where to find that data, and how to analyze results. The key aspects of research design discussed include variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments. Different types of research design are also outlined, such as exploratory, causal, descriptive, and experimental designs. Experimental design specifically aims to determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
The document provides an overview of research design, including:
1. Research design involves planning how a study will be conducted to answer research questions and control variance. It specifies data sources, approaches, and time/cost budgets.
2. Key concepts in research design include independent and dependent variables, control of extraneous variables, and experimental and control groups.
3. Common types of research design are exploratory, causal, descriptive, and experimental designs. Experimental designs manipulate independent variables to measure their effects on dependent variables.
The document provides an overview of the insurance market in India. It notes that India ranks 11th in the global life insurance business and 21st in the non-life insurance market. Both the life and non-life insurance premium markets have grown rapidly in recent years at a CAGR of 14% and 16.3% respectively. The market share of private sector companies in non-life insurance has increased from 9.6% to 41% over the period FY03 to FY16. Crop, health and motor insurance are expected to drive future market growth.
This document contains the notes on marketing management from Sanjeev Kumar Singh, an assistant professor. It includes 16 questions and answers on topics related to the nature and scope of marketing management, the various marketing orientations adopted by firms, the differences between marketing and selling, the marketing environment, marketing challenges in a global context, factors influencing buying behavior, consumer and industrial buying decision processes, types of consumer buying decisions, differences between organizational and household buying, the Consumer Protection Act of 1986, target marketing strategies, market segmentation, differences between market aggregation and segmentation, differences between consumer and industrial markets, and bases for identifying target customers.
The document summarizes key highlights from the Union Budget 2015 in India. It covers 10 areas: 1) Taxation, 2) Agriculture, 3) Infrastructure, 4) Education, 5) Defence, 6) Welfare Schemes, 7) Renewable Energy, 8) Tourism, 9) Gold, and 10) Financial Sector. Some major points include reducing the corporate tax rate, increasing rural infrastructure funding, allocating more funds for education and defence, expanding welfare programs, and setting renewable energy targets.
Money originated from barter systems and metals and now each country has its own currency to facilitate transactions. Money has static functions like being a medium of exchange and unit of account, and dynamic functions like determining economic trends and consumption. Money is classified based on physical form, acceptability, money of account versus money proper, and types including commodity, fiat, credit, and digital. A country's money supply includes currencies and various deposits. The Reserve Bank of India uses credit control methods like quantitative and qualitative tools to monitor money supply and support economic development and stability.
This document discusses economic policies in India, including fiscal policy and monetary policy. It defines fiscal policy as the government's policy on public revenue, expenditure, and debt. The objectives of fiscal policy are to maintain economic stability and attain full employment. Monetary policy refers to measures to control money supply and achieve economic goals. The tools of monetary policy include bank rate, open market operations, and cash reserve ratio. Both quantitative and qualitative instruments are used to influence the quantity and allocation of credit in the economy.
Globalization refers to the integration of economies across the world through increased economic, political, and cultural exchanges enabled by advances in communication, transport, and infrastructure. Some key features of globalization include a borderless world, sharing of information and technology, growth of commercialization and international cooperation. Globalization allows firms to access new markets but also faces barriers from government policies, high costs, and trade barriers. The document then discusses foreign trade, its characteristics and types, and India's trends in exports and imports. It provides an introduction to the World Trade Organization, its objectives and rules, and impacts on India and its industries.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) brings money into a country from foreign companies to invest in things like factories, infrastructure, or services. FDI is important because it brings new jobs, technology, skills, and improves quality and competitiveness. The key factors that influence FDI include market size, political stability, infrastructure, labor skills, and export potential. Major sectors that attract FDI in India include retail, infrastructure, pharmaceuticals, insurance, banking, and automobiles. However, infrastructure sometimes faces challenges from political influence and delays in approvals between departments.
Module 6 4 textile and other industriesIndependent
The document provides an analysis of several key industries in India, including textiles, electronics, automobiles, FMCG, telecom, and pharmaceuticals. It summarizes the textile industry, noting that it is one of India's oldest and largest industries, and contributes significantly to GDP and exports. It also faces issues like outdated machinery, competition, and government controls. Similarly, it outlines factors like technology changes, competition, materials, and policies that influence the electronics, automobiles, and other industries. Across all industries, it identifies the five forces of industry analysis: threats from new entrants, supplier bargaining power, buyer bargaining power, substitution threats, and competitive rivalry.
Module 6 3 private sector, ssi and industry analysisIndependent
The document discusses the growth of the private sector in India and analyzes small-scale industries and industrial sectors. It notes that trade and investment policies have encouraged growth in telecom, transport, and energy sectors. It also outlines some problems private players face, like focusing only on profitable sectors. Small-scale industries are noted as playing a vital role by generating employment and utilizing local resources. Porter's Five Forces model for industry analysis is introduced as assessing the threat of new entrants, bargaining powers of suppliers and customers, threat of substitutes, and competitive rivalry.
The 1991 Industrial Policy in India aimed to liberalize and integrate the economy by removing unnecessary bureaucratic controls. It abolished industrial licensing, diluted the role of public sector enterprises, removed limits on dominant firms under the MRTP Act, and encouraged foreign direct investment and technology transfers. The policy's goals were to improve efficiency, competitiveness, and modernize Indian industries for globalization. However, it also had limitations like dominance of foreign firms, risks of inferior technology, and social issues around employment.
Module 6 1 - efm - industrial policies and structureIndependent
The document classifies industries based on ownership into five categories: public enterprises, joint sectors, private enterprises, service sector, and cooperative societies. It describes the key features of each category including advantages and disadvantages. Public enterprises are fully owned and controlled by the government, while private enterprises are established and operated by private individuals. Joint sectors involve a partnership between government and private entities. The service sector produces services rather than goods. Cooperative societies are voluntary associations formed to meet common economic and social needs.
The document provides information on business cycles, inflation, price indices, and a SWOT analysis of the Indian economy. It defines business cycles as alternating periods of economic expansion and contraction. There are typically four phases in a business cycle: expansion, peak, contraction, and trough. Causes of business cycles include under/over consumption, innovations, and natural disasters. Inflation is defined as a persistent rise in general price levels. Price indices measure changes in prices between periods. The SWOT analysis identifies strengths like agriculture and skilled workforce, weaknesses like population growth and literacy, opportunities in infrastructure and FDI, and threats like global recession and growing inflation.
National income refers to the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time, usually one year. There are three main approaches to measuring national income: the production or output approach, the expenditure approach, and the income approach. The key measures of national income are Gross National Product (GNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Net National Product (NNP). GNP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced domestically and abroad by a country's citizens and companies in a year. GDP is similar but excludes income earned abroad. NNP is GNP minus depreciation.
1. The document provides an overview of the Indian economy, including key economic indicators and statistics from 2015.
2. It outlines the structure and characteristics of the Indian economy, such as its developing status, agricultural base, and economic reforms since the 1990s that have liberalized the economy.
3. The economic reforms have transformed India into one of the fastest growing economies in the world with an average growth rate of 7% over the past two decades.
This document provides an overview of market structures and types of markets. It discusses the key features of perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, and monopolistic competition. It also describes different types of markets based on geographical area (local, regional, national, world) and time period (very short period, short period, long period, very long period).
This document discusses profit analysis and break-even analysis. It defines accounting profit and economic profit, explaining that economic profit includes both explicit and implicit costs. Short-run profit is maximized using fixed inputs, while long-run profit allows variable inputs to change. Break-even analysis determines the sales volume needed for total revenue to equal total costs. The key components of profit analysis and assumptions of break-even analysis are described. Approaches to measuring profits and uses of break-even analysis are also summarized.
This document defines key concepts related to production analysis, including:
1. Production functions relate inputs like labor, capital, and technology to the quantity of output. They show the technical relationship between inputs and maximum possible output.
2. The law of diminishing marginal returns states that adding more of one variable input, while holding other inputs fixed, will eventually result in smaller increases in output.
3. Total, average, and marginal product are used to analyze how output changes with variable inputs. Total product is total output. Average product is total output divided by the input. Marginal product is the change in total output from an extra unit of input.
This document provides model question bank solutions for Managerial Economics. It covers key concepts like demand, elasticity of demand, and the responsibilities of a managerial economist. Specifically:
1. It defines demand, derived demand, and income elasticity of demand.
2. It states that a managerial economist is responsible for achieving organizational objectives with limited resources and optimizing resource use.
3. It describes the nature and scope of managerial economics, including its relationship to microeconomics, its normative approach, and its focus on aiding management decisions.
The document discusses the process of forming a public limited company in India. It involves four main stages: 1) promotion, 2) incorporation, 3) capital subscription, and 4) commencement of business. The promotion stage involves organizing the company and drafting required documents. Incorporation requires registering the company with the registrar. For a public company, the capital subscription stage involves issuing a prospectus and raising minimum capital. Finally, a certificate to commence business must be obtained from the registrar before the company can begin operations. Private companies can begin business immediately after incorporation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Syllabus: Types of Business Research Design: Exploratory
and Conclusive Research Design Exploratory Research:
Meaning, purpose, methods –secondary resource
analysis, comprehensive case methods, expert opinion
survey, focus group discussions. Conclusive research
Design - Descriptive Research - Meaning, Types – cross
sectional studies and longitudinal studies. – Experimental
research design – Meaning and classification of
experimental designs- Pre experimental design, Quasi-
experimental design, True experimental design, statistical
experimental design. Observation Research – Meaning – Uses
– Participation and Non-participation – Evaluation – Conducting
an Observation study – Data collection
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
The research design is a plan of action indicating the
specific steps that are necessary to provide answers
to those questions, test the hypothesis and thereby
achieve the research purpose that helps choose
among the decision alternatives to solve the
management problems or capitalize on the market
opportunity.
Kerlinger defines, "Research Design is a plan,
structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as
to obtain answers to the research questions and to
control variance".
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Features of Research Design:
1. Plan of Action ('Blue Print')
2. Provide answers to those questions, (A
structure or a plan, strategy of investigation)
3. Test the Hypothesis,
4. Purpose that helps among the alternatives to
solve the management problems or capitalize
the market opportunity.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Qualities of a good Research Design:
1. Research Design must be based solving the problem (The
objective of the solving problem – Objective based),
2. Research Design must be reliable (Reliablity means the
answers must not be biased, if the same question is
repeatedly asked the respondent must give the same
answer)
3. Research Design must follow a valid instrument/
technique expected to measure. (A valid measuring
scale)
4. Research design need to select the respondents which
can represent a large population's thoughts
(Generalization)
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Characteristics of a good Research Design:
1. Must be simple and easily understandable by the
respondent,
2. Must be economical, incure less expenses, in brief, Cost
Effective.,
3. Must use techniques which are reliable, during Analysis
and intrepretation,
4. Must rely on techniques which are workable for the given
research,
5. Must be possible to measure or considered from
various dimensions,
6. Must be able to give accurate results (Accuracy).
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Why Research Design is important?
1. A research design is the 'Blue Print' of the study.
2. A research design of a study defines the study type
(may be descriptive, co-relational, semi-experimental,
experimental, review, meta-analytical and so on) and its
sub-type (may be descriptive-longitudinal case study,
research question, hypothesis, independent and
dependent variables, experimental designs) and if
applicable, data collection methods and statistical
analysis plan.
3. Research design is the frame work that has been
created to seek answers to research questions.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Basic or Fundamental Questions by Social
researchers in Reseach Design, in research:
1. What is going on? (Descriptive Research)
2. Why is it going on? (Explanatory Research)
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
PARTS IN RESEARCH DESIGN:
1. Sampling design (Method of selecting items to be
observed)
2. Observation design (Relates to the conditions for
observation to be created)
3. Statistical Design (Concerned with how the data
collected to be analyzed)
4. Operational Design (Techniques by which the
procedure satisfies the sampling)
(You can add, Mailing (Post or email) Design,
Telephonic, SMS Group focus and so on)
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
CONCEPTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN:
1. Dependent and Independent Variables,
2. Extraneous Variables,
3. Control,
4. Confounded Relationship,
5. Research Hypothesis,
6. Experimental and Non-Experimental Hypothesis Testing Research,
7. Experimental and Control Groups,
8. Treatments,
9. Experiment, and
10. Experimental Units.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
1. Dependent and Independent Variables:
1. What is a variable?
The magnitude that varies is known as a variable.
2. What are the basic concepts of dependable
and independable variables in Reseach
Design?
Concepts of dependable and independable
variables in Research Design can be
Quantitative or Qualitative.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
1. Dependent and Independent Variables
The Quanlitative Variables are measurable and
is represented in numbers, for instance Age,
Height, Weight, Income and so on (in numbers),
while the Qualitative Variables are expressed
in terms of expression and are not strictiest
terms to measure, but quality the presence or
absence of the attribute considered.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
1. Dependent and Independent Variables:
The Quantitative Variable can be,
a. Continious Variable (Also known as
Endogeneous Variable) are those which appear in
fractions or decimals like a year can be expressed in
years and months, similarly a peron's age can be in
years and months, also days. (Ex: 32.6 feets, 400
years and 1 month)
b. Non-Continious Variable are those which are
qualified as a whole number and are not in decimals,
they are the integer values. (Ex: 33 feet, 400 years old
etc). In statistical terms is also called as Discrete
Variables.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
1. Dependent and Independent Variables:
Common Example for Continious and Non
Continious Variables:
Age of students in a class is a 'Continious Variable',
while number of students in a class is a 'Non-
Continious Variable'.
The age of the students is a continious variable as the
average will appear in decimals, while number of
students is non-continious variable as they are fixed
whole number and will not change.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
1. Dependent and Independent Variables:
Common Example for Continious and Non
Continious Variables:
Age of students in a class is a 'Continious Variable',
while number of students in a class is a 'Non-
Continious Variable'.
Independent Variable or Explanatory Variable or
Exogeneous Variables are the variables which cause
change in the dependable variables, while the
Depedent Variables or Endogeneous variables are
variables which depend on variables change on other
variables.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
1. Dependent and Independent Variables:
Example for Dependent Variable and
Independent Variable,
"Demand is a dependable variable as it is
determined by various independent variables
like the Price of the product, Income and the
Price of the substitutes".
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
2. Extraneous Variables:
a. The second concept in research design is Extraneous
Variables,
b. These are Independent Variables,
c. These are variables which are not directly related to
the purpose of study.
Example: If a reseasher wants to test the performance
and self concept of a child, where if the later is an
independent variable then the former is a dependent
variable, then in this context it would also include the
influence of the school performance. Here the self
concept will be a Extraneous Variable.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
3. Control:
a. Control is the third concept in Research
Design, where the researcher need to minimize
the Extraneous Variables. The term 'Control' is
used in experimental research to reflect the
restraints used in experimental conditions.
4. Confounded Relationship: The relationship
between the independent and interdependent
variables is said to be confounded by the
Extraneous Variables, when the dependent
variables is not free from its effects.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
5. Research Hypothesis:
Research Hypothesis is the fifth concept of
Research Design.
"When a prediction or a hypothesized relationship
is tested by adopting scientific methods is
known as Research Hypothesis". The
Research Hypothesis is the predictive
statement which relates to the dependent
variable and independent variable.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
6. Experimental and Non Experimental
Hypothesis Testing Research:
This is the 6th concept of Research Design,
a. When a objective of the research is to test the research
hypothesis is known as 'Hypothesis Testing Research'.
But it may not be possible for testing, due to the relationship
between the independent and interdependent variables.
Hence, when the independent variable is been
manipulated it is known as 'Experimental Hypothesis
Testing Research'.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
6. Experimental and Non Experimental Hypothesis
Testing Research:
b. While, "if the independent variable is not been
manipulated then it is known as 'Non-Experimental
Hypothesis Testing Research".
Example for Experimental and Non-Experimental
Hypothesis Testing Research, can be if a researcher
wants to examine the family income with school
attendance, here the family income is independent as it
cannot be changed (Non-Experimental Hypothesis Testing
Research), hence the researcher manipulates the income
into two a. Parents who have regular income and b.
Parents who do not have regular income, therefore he can
perform his research.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
7. Experimental and Control Groups:
The seventh concept of Research Design is
Experimental and Control Groups,
In a Experimental Hypothesis Testing Research,
a. When a group is exposed to a certain new or special
conditions is known as 'Experimental Group'.
b. While if the group is exposed on usual conditions
then it is called as 'Control Group'.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
8. Treatment: Treatment is the 8th concept in
Research Design,
"Treatment refers to the difficult conditions to
which the experimental and control groups are
subject to test".
Example, if a test need to be done on the
agricultural output in 3 different lands, then 3
different fertilizers are required exclusively
for 3 different lands, where the 3 different
fertilizers are the 3 different treatments.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
9. Experiment: Experiment is the 8th concept in
researchdesign,
'Experiment refers to the process of verifying the truth of a
statistical hypothesis relating to a given research
problem'.
Experiment can be of 2 types – Absolute and
Comparative.
"Absolute Experiment is the experiment, where the
researcher tries to find the impact of one variable to the
other is known as Absolute Experiment",
"While if the researcher compares two similar variable and
wishes to compare from one another it is Comparative
Experiment".
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
10. Experimental Units: This is the last concept
of Research Design,
"Experimental Units, are referred to the different
plots, characteristics or the blocks to which
different treatment is applied".
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 1: Selection and Definition of the problem:
Step 2: Sources of Data:
Step 3: Nature of Study:
Step 4: Objective of Study:
Step 5: Socio and Cultural Context:
Step 6: Comporal Context:
Step 7: Dimension:
Step 8: Basis of selection:
Step 9: Technique of Data Collection:
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 1: Selection and Definition of the problem:
The Researcher need to
1. Define the problem clearly, so to what is his objective,
2. Which data is relavance for his study,
3. The researcher need to define clearly on operational
terms too.
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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 2: Sources of Data:
Second step in Research Design Process is the
a. Primary Sources of Data Collection and/ or
b. Secondary sources of data collection, relavant for his
study.
Where Primary Sources are data collected directly through
Observation, Discussion, Interview, Focus Group, Delphi
Method, which can be usually, in a form of Questionnaire,
sent by various sources, While Secondary Sources will
refer to those data which is already published.
29. 29
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 3: Nature of Study: This will include, whether it is
1. Experimental type of study,
2. Comparitive type of study, or
3. Statistical type of study.
30. 30
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 4: Objective of Study: The objective of the study can
be
a. Welfare notion or
b. Theoritical understanding or
The researcher can express the objective of his study to
enable respondents to be sincere on the responses.
31. 31
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9 steps
in research design)
Step 5: Socio and Cultural Context:
The researcher can base the socio-cultural basis,
Example:- Study of the fertility rate in the economically
backward areas.
Monthly Income and expense level of (2 variables) rural
areas or urban areas.
32. 32
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9 steps
in research design)
Step 6: Comporal Context:
"Comporal Context refers that the research is specific to
the population and the area selected". Which can be
'based on Geographical Limit' and can be 'Applicable to
specific group'.
33. 33
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9 steps in
research design)
Step 7: Dimension:
This refers to the specific selected respondent, who can
provide a valid answers. Dimension is important as research
cannot be performed One by One and hence Dimension is
performed.
These respondent selection process is crutial for the study as
each and every respondent's views and ideas must match the
collective view of a specific population. Example: A village
leader's views may match with the view of the complete village.
34. 34
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 8: Basis of selection:
The selection of respondents can be,
a. Random,
b. Stratified and Purposive,
c. Double clustered or quota sample
This is done for arriving at a valid sample size.
35. 35
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 9: Technique of Data Collection: Techniques can be
a. Observations, (Direct or by pre-fixed camera)
b. Interview/ Discussion, (Walk and Talk, or within walls)
c. Questionnaire,
All based on objective of study.....
As it is collected/ gathered, it can be analyzed, interpreted.
36. 36
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
Research Design can be as follows:
1. Exploratory Research Design (Unknown study by
an idea, thought),
2. Conclusive Research Design (Further and deeper in
compared to Exploratory),
3. Experimental Research Design. (Pre-Experimental
Design, Quasi Experimental Design, True Experimental Design and
Statistical Experimental Design)
37. 37
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
Research Design can be as follows:
1. Exploratory Research Design: Exploratory
Research is conducted,
When the researcher does not know, how and why certain
phenomenon occurs, here the hypothetical solutions or
actions are explored and evaluated by the decsion maker.
This is the first step in the research process.
Example: Quality of service in a Hotel/ Bank/ Airline, here
being the quality of service (tangible feature) cannot be
available or accessed directly.
38. 38
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
Research Design can be as follows:
1. Exploratory Research Design: Exploratory
Research is the first step in the research process hence it is
used for,
1. To define the problem more precisely,
2. To identify relevant course of action, (that is to find the most
likely alternatives which can be turned into hypothesis)
3. Isolate key variables and relationships for further examinations,
4. Gain insights for developing an approach to a problem,
5. Establish Priorities for FURTHER RESEARCH.
39. 39
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
1. Exploratory Research Design's objectives provide insights to,
a. Identify the problems or opportunities,
b. Defining the problems more precisely,
c. Gaining deeper insights to variables operating in a situations,
d. Identify relevant alternative course of action,
e. Establishing priorities regarding potential significance of the problem
or opportunities,
f. Gaining additional insignts before an approach can be adopted,
g. Gaining information on the problem associated with doing conclusive
research.
40. 40
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
1. Exploratory Research Design's Purpose:
a. Exploratory Research is the initial research,
b. Exploratory Research is an Idea or observation which the
researcher seeks to understand further,
c. Exploratory Research is an attempt to lay the groundwork
for further studies,
d. Exploratory Research comes out with 2 big forms – 1. A
new topic or a 2. A new angle,
41. 41
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
1. Exploratory Research Methods:
Exploratory Research Methods can be,
a. Secondary Resources Analysis (Further study),
b. Comprehensive Case Methods (Include everything that is
needed, This study started with Mental Study),
c. Expert Opinion Survey (Delphi Method, gathering
Experts),
d. Focus Group Discussion (A Group of villagers, Specific
Student's Group),
42. 42
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
1. Exploratory Research Methods:
a. Secondary Resources Analysis:
Secondary Research Analysis can be one of the method to
expore the seondary data, which was originally presented
elsewhere and involves further analysis and evaluation of
the original information.
These secondary source is attempted to provide a broader
introductory overview of a topic.
43. 43
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
1. Exploratory Research Methods:
b. Comprehensive Case Methods:
The 'Case Management' originally designed as a service for
people with 'Severe and Persistent Mental Illness'. Prior to
1950s it was provided mainly in public mental hospitals
and included mental health services and day-to-day
supports.
These case management is attempted on the existing case
management models and how to prepare case managers
to provide these services.
44. 44
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
1. Exploratory Research Methods:
c. Expert Opinion Survey:
The Delphi Method is a structured communication technique,
originally developed as a systematic, interactive
forecasting method, which relies on a panel of experts.
The experts answer questionnaires in two or more
rounds, where the facilator/ reseacher provides the
summary of the experts from the different rounds to be
measured for final judgement.
45. 45
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
1. Exploratory Research Methods:
d. Focus Group Discussion (FGD):
This FCD is to gather together people from
similar backgrounds or experiences to discuss a
specific topic of interest. The group of
participants are guided by a moderator who
introduces a topic for discussion and helps the
participants in a lively and natural discussion
amongst them.
46. 46
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
Research Design can be as follows:
2. Conclusive Research Design: (2nd Type)
a. Conclusive Research Design is typically more formal and
structured.,
b. Conclusive Research Design is based on large sample
and market information, subjected to for quantitative
analysis.
c. Conclusive Research is designed to assist the researcher
or decision maker in determining, evaluating and selecting
the best course of action to a given situation.
47. 47
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
2. Conclusive Research Design:
Conclusive Research Design is classified into 2:
a. Descriptive Research and
b. Causal Research
(Outline explanation, also given in Module 1)
48. 48
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
2. Conclusive Research Design:
a. Descriptive Research:
1. The objective of the descriptive research is to
get the answers for Who, What, When, Where
and How of the subject under investigation.
2. Descriptive Research is undertaken, when the
researcher desires to know the characteristics
of certain group, such as Age, Sex, Occupation,
Income or Education.
49. 49
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
2. Conclusive Research Design:
a. Descriptive Research:
3. Majority of Research studeis are based on Descriptive
Research.
4. Descriptive Research deals directly with the people in
the market hence extreme caution has to be exercised
in developing this study,
5. Descriptive Research requires sufficient knowledge
on the nature and type of statistical technique to be
used.
50. 50
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
2. Conclusive Research Design:
a. Descriptive Research Uses:
1. To describe the characteristics of people, group,
2. To estimate the %age of units in a specified
population exhibiting a certain behavior,
3. To collect the demographic informations of the users,
4. To discover the relationship between the variables
(Ex: Rural, Semi-Urban and Urban Population),
51. 51
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
2. Conclusive Research Design:
a. Descriptive Research Uses:
5. To determine the degree to which the marketing
variables are associated,
6. To determine the perception (Choice Criteria) of
product characteristics,
52. 52
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
2. Conclusive Research Design:
a. Descriptive Research is classified into 2
namely,
1. Longitudinal Research and
2. Cross Sectional Research
(Already discussed in Module 1 – Longitudinal
and One time Research)
53. 53
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
2. Conclusive Research Design:
b. Causal Research:
1. Causal Research is designed to investigate the
cause and effect relationship between two or
more variables.
2. Causal Research is also known as
'Independent-Interdependent Relationship or
Predictive Relationship.
54. 54
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Experimental Research Design:
Experimental Research studies generally require
testing of hypothesis for causal relationship
amongst the variables.
It is based on Principles or Statistical Procedures.
Basic Principles of Experimental Research
Design include,
55. 55
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Experimental Research Design PRINCIPLES:
a. Principle of replication: This is the Principle of
Repeating the same experiment more than onces to
arrive at accuracy.
In this the researcher repeats the same experiment
again and again to arrive at an exact conclusion.
56. 56
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Experimental Research Design PRINCIPLES:
b. Principle of Randomization:
This is the Principle that provides researcher protection
against the effect of extraneous factors,(Variables,
which have no much effect in research) when he
undertakes any experiment.
57. 57
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Types of Experimental Research Design:
There are two types of Experimental Research
Design:
a. Formal Experimental Research Design and
b. Informal Experimental Research Design.
58. 58
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Types of Experimental Research Design:
a. Formal Experimental Research Design:
i) Completely Randomized Design,
ii) Randomized Block Design,
iii) Latin Square Design, and
iv) Factorial Design
59. 59
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Types of Experimental Research Design:
a. Formal Experimental Research Design:
i) Completely Randomized Design:
This is based on Principle of Replication and Principle of randomization (Shall vary from
experiment to experiment on repeatation and randomization).
The easiest possible experimental design, and procedure of analysis is also simple.
The basic characteristics is that the subjects are randomly assigned to experimental
treatments.
The analysis can be One way analysis of variance and completely randomized
design.
60. 60
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Types of Experimental Research Design:
a. Formal Experimental Research Design:
i) Completely Randomized Design:
If we have 8 patients, and need to provide Treatment A and
Treatment B, and if the patients are randomly selected for
Treatment A and Treatment B, then such analysis
procedure required design is called 'ONE WAY
ANALYSIS VARIANCE'. Such design is possible when the
experimental areas are homogeneous.
61. 61
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Types of Experimental Research Design:
a. Formal Experimental Research Design:
i) Completely Randomized Design:
When all possible variation due to uncontrollable
experimental factors is included under chance variation,
then such design is known as 'COMPLETELY
RANDOMIZED DESIGN'.
62. 62
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Types of Experimental Research Design:
a. Formal Experimental Research Design:
ii) Randomized Block Design: The term
'Randomized Block', is emanated (Emanate
means the strong sense, derived from) from
Agronomics Research (Agri-Economics, study
of growing and harvesting of crops),
63. 63
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Types of Experimental Research Design:
a. Formal Experimental Research Design:
ii) Randomized Block Design: In Randomized Block
Design, several variables or treatments are applied for
different blocks of land to study the effects of replication
(Replication means Repeating the same) on experimental
effort, such as yield of different types of sugarcane by using
effect variables like WATER, but also fertility of SOIL is
considered Hence different blocks are randomly selected
for treatment.
Similar to Agriculture, now the same is practically applied on
determining the output from various machines.
64. 64
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Types of Experimental Research Design:
a. Formal Experimental Research Design:
iii) Latin Square Design:
This design too is emanated from Agronomic
Experimentation and is extensively used where
there is a need to ELIMINATE the trend of soil
fertility in two directions, that is the Rows and
Columns.
65. 65
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Types of Experimental Research Design:
a. Formal Experimental Research Design:
iii) Latin Square Design:
One major draw back in this design is that the
treatments must be equal in both rows and
columns, also when the treatment is more than
7, latin square design is hardly utilized, as it is
slightly compex than an analysis for
Randomized Block Design.
66. 66
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Types of Experimental Research Design:
a. Formal Experimental Research Design:
iv) Factorial Design:
"Factorial Design is the design where it allows the researcher
to evaluate the combination effect of two or more
variables, when used simultaneously".
Factorial Design is more common in recent times with a view
to improve rational foundation of scientific experimentation.
67. 67
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Types of Experimental Research Design:
b. Informal Experimental Research Design:
i) Before and Without Control Design,
ii) After and Only with Control Design,
iii) Before and After with Control Design.
68. 68
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Types of Experimental Research Design:
b. Informal Experimental Research Design:
i) Before and Without Control Design,:
This Design is a design, where 'a set of Single Test
Group is selected', and Dependent variable is
measured prior to a Specific Treatment'. Subsequently
Treatment is introduced and dependable variables are
again measured.
Example: 'To check bacteria in a swimming pool, before
and after Chlorination Treatment'.
69. 69
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Types of Experimental Research Design:
b. Informal Experimental Research Design:
ii) After and Only with Control Design,:
In this design, Two areas are selected – Test Area and Control Area,
where Treatment is applied only to the Test Area, but 'Dependable
Variable is measured in both the areas at the same time', leading to
eliminate the Extrageneous Variations. The impact of this treatment is
assessed by substracting the value of dependable variable in the
control area from the value obtained in the test areas.
Example: Two fields of same size, is used where one with the use of
fertilizer and other without fertilizer and measure the output. Common
extraneous variables like Rain, Water Supply and Climate is common
to both.
70. 70
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Types of Experimental Research Design:
b. Informal Experimental Research Design:
iii) Before and After with Control Design.: This design is the
combination of the first and second design.
2 Areas are selected and dependable variables are measured
before the Treatment. Treatment is applied only in the test area
and the dependable variables are again measured in both the
test and control areas, after introduction of the treatment.
This design is superior to the first 2 design as it avoids the
extrageneous variations and also the variations of non-
comparability of the test area and control area.
71. 71
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Experimental Research Design:
Types of Experimental Research Designs
include:
1. Pre-Experimental Research Design,
2. Quasi Experimental Design,
3. True Experimental Design,
4. Statistical Experimental Design.
72. 72
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Experimental Research Design:
1. Types of Pre-Experimental Research Designs:
a. One-shot - Case Study Design,
b. One-Group – Pre-Test and Post-Test Design,
c. Static-Group Comparison
73. 73
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Pre-Experimental Research Design: Types of Pre-
Experimental Research Designs:
a. One-shot - Case Study Design,:
In this Case Study Design we include the following:
i) One single Group is considered,
ii) Studied at a single point of time (Specific time),
iii) Presumed some treatment can CAUSE change,
iv) No group or Comparison is employed.
74. 74
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Pre-Experimental Research Design: Types of Pre-
Experimental Research Designs:
b. One-Group – Pre-Test and Post-Test Design,:
In this design it includes the following:
i) No control or Comparison is employed,
ii) Treatment is conducted before and after,
iii) And results is presumed, due to treatment.
75. 75
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
3. Pre-Experimental Research Design: Types of Pre-
Experimental Research Designs:
c. Static-Group Comparison,:
Static Group includes,
i) There are 2 groups,
ii) One Group is given treatment, while other isn't,
iii) Compare both,
iv) Differences is presumed to be the result of the treatment.
76. 76
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
Experimental Research Design:
2. Quasi Experimental Design: (Quasi is used to
form, that is described something as being in many ways
like something else, without actually being that thing)
i) Extensively used in social science and psychology,
ii) Unscientific and Unreliable, but useful method to measure
social variables,
iii) There is no validity of the data,
iv) It resembles quantitative and qualitative experiments, but
Lacks Group Allocation and Control.
77. 77
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
Experimental Research Design:
3. True Experimental Design : True Experimental
Design has the following features:
i) This research is designed statistically (in numbers)
ii) This research tries to prove or disprove a hypothesis
mathematically,
iii) This research has little or no arguments on its
results.,
78. 78
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
Experimental Research Design:
3. True Experimental Design :
i) In True Experimental Design the sample is selected randomly.,
ii) There must be a viable control group (A group which is capable
to serve the purpose of the researcher).,
iii) Only one group is manipulated (Viable Group).
79. 79
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
Experimental Research Design:
4. Statistical Experimental Design:
i) Statistical Experimental Design is designed on
statistical figures,
ii) The researcher may or may not have control
on the vaibles present, but it has control as its
experiments are concerned with statistical
informations gathered for the research.
80. 80
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Types of Research Design:
Other Research Designs:
Observational Research: Observational
Research is a field work where the reseacher
studies the on-going behaviour, and identifies
the strengths and weakness.
Observational Research can be Participative
Observational Study or Non-Participative
Study.