The document provides information on various types of business research, including their definitions, objectives, and differences. It discusses descriptive research, exploratory research, applied research, fundamental research, quantitative research, qualitative research, conceptual research, empirical research, experimental research, and historical research. The key purposes of business research are to identify and solve business problems through systematic and objective processes like defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and making informed decisions.
This document provides an overview of business research methods. It defines business research as obtaining and analyzing data to better manage a company. The objectives of business research are to gain insights, describe phenomena, and study relationships. The business research process involves identifying problems, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Both primary and secondary data collection methods are discussed.
The document discusses different types of research designs used in marketing research. It describes exploratory research design which aims to formulate problems or develop hypotheses through literature reviews, experience surveys, and case studies. Descriptive research design aims to describe characteristics of populations through cross-sectional or longitudinal studies using structured data collection and probability sampling. Causal research design aims to determine cause-and-effect relationships through experiments and controlled data collection and analysis to establish evidence of relationships between variables. The document compares exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs and their objectives, characteristics, and methods.
This document discusses different approaches to theory and research. It outlines three levels of theory (grand, mid-range, narrow) and three components (concepts, relationships, goals). It then describes three major approaches to knowing - positivist/empirical, interpretive, and critical - and how they differ in their views of ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Finally, it discusses three approaches to theory-building - covering law, rules, and systems - and describes the differences between pure and applied research.
Research can be defined as a systematic investigation to establish facts and answer questions through gathering and interpreting data. The goal of research is to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge. It involves formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Research design refers to the overall strategy used to integrate different components of a study to ensure the study is conducted properly. The key components of research design include sampling, observational techniques, statistical analysis, and operational procedures.
The document discusses research design, which is a framework that specifies the procedures needed to structure and solve a research problem. It defines the information required and outlines measurement, sampling, data collection, and analysis plans. The document compares exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs and cross-sectional vs longitudinal studies. Key factors like objectives, characteristics, findings, and outcomes are contrasted for different design types. Common errors in research are also outlined.
Theory guides research by shaping what researchers look at and how they make sense of data. It provides concepts and questions and suggests how to connect findings. Research also informs theory by testing it and potentially revising it. The relationship is dynamic, with theory and research informing each other in an ongoing process. Researchers use both deductive and inductive approaches, with deductive drawing on existing theory and inductive allowing theory to emerge from data analysis.
This document discusses various aspects of research, including:
1. What is research and its key characteristics such as being systematic and aimed at finding new knowledge.
2. Examples of activities that can and cannot be classified as research. Participating in a workshop would not be considered research, while systematically investigating an issue like car dashboard sounds through data collection and analysis would be.
3. The basic steps involved in the research process from defining the problem to analyzing and reporting findings.
4. Additional topics covered include the objectives, problems, and types of research. The document provides an overview of researching as a systematic process for discovering new knowledge.
Summary and conclusion - Survey research and design in psychologyJames Neill
This document provides an overview and summary of a lecture on survey research and design in psychology. It covers the following key points:
- Survey research involves using standardized questionnaires to collect data on psychological phenomena. It has become a popular social science method since the 1920s.
- Survey design considerations include whether the survey is self-administered or interview-based, the types of questions used, and response formats. Proper sampling and minimizing biases are also important.
- Analysis of survey data involves descriptive statistics, graphs, and correlations to describe and explore relationships in the data. Tools like exploratory factor analysis can be used to develop psychometric instruments. Multiple linear regression allows predicting outcomes from multiple variables.
This document provides an overview of business research methods. It defines business research as obtaining and analyzing data to better manage a company. The objectives of business research are to gain insights, describe phenomena, and study relationships. The business research process involves identifying problems, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Both primary and secondary data collection methods are discussed.
The document discusses different types of research designs used in marketing research. It describes exploratory research design which aims to formulate problems or develop hypotheses through literature reviews, experience surveys, and case studies. Descriptive research design aims to describe characteristics of populations through cross-sectional or longitudinal studies using structured data collection and probability sampling. Causal research design aims to determine cause-and-effect relationships through experiments and controlled data collection and analysis to establish evidence of relationships between variables. The document compares exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs and their objectives, characteristics, and methods.
This document discusses different approaches to theory and research. It outlines three levels of theory (grand, mid-range, narrow) and three components (concepts, relationships, goals). It then describes three major approaches to knowing - positivist/empirical, interpretive, and critical - and how they differ in their views of ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Finally, it discusses three approaches to theory-building - covering law, rules, and systems - and describes the differences between pure and applied research.
Research can be defined as a systematic investigation to establish facts and answer questions through gathering and interpreting data. The goal of research is to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge. It involves formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. Research design refers to the overall strategy used to integrate different components of a study to ensure the study is conducted properly. The key components of research design include sampling, observational techniques, statistical analysis, and operational procedures.
The document discusses research design, which is a framework that specifies the procedures needed to structure and solve a research problem. It defines the information required and outlines measurement, sampling, data collection, and analysis plans. The document compares exploratory, descriptive, and causal research designs and cross-sectional vs longitudinal studies. Key factors like objectives, characteristics, findings, and outcomes are contrasted for different design types. Common errors in research are also outlined.
Theory guides research by shaping what researchers look at and how they make sense of data. It provides concepts and questions and suggests how to connect findings. Research also informs theory by testing it and potentially revising it. The relationship is dynamic, with theory and research informing each other in an ongoing process. Researchers use both deductive and inductive approaches, with deductive drawing on existing theory and inductive allowing theory to emerge from data analysis.
This document discusses various aspects of research, including:
1. What is research and its key characteristics such as being systematic and aimed at finding new knowledge.
2. Examples of activities that can and cannot be classified as research. Participating in a workshop would not be considered research, while systematically investigating an issue like car dashboard sounds through data collection and analysis would be.
3. The basic steps involved in the research process from defining the problem to analyzing and reporting findings.
4. Additional topics covered include the objectives, problems, and types of research. The document provides an overview of researching as a systematic process for discovering new knowledge.
Summary and conclusion - Survey research and design in psychologyJames Neill
This document provides an overview and summary of a lecture on survey research and design in psychology. It covers the following key points:
- Survey research involves using standardized questionnaires to collect data on psychological phenomena. It has become a popular social science method since the 1920s.
- Survey design considerations include whether the survey is self-administered or interview-based, the types of questions used, and response formats. Proper sampling and minimizing biases are also important.
- Analysis of survey data involves descriptive statistics, graphs, and correlations to describe and explore relationships in the data. Tools like exploratory factor analysis can be used to develop psychometric instruments. Multiple linear regression allows predicting outcomes from multiple variables.
This document provides an overview of sampling techniques and procedures. It begins with definitions of key terms like population, sample, and sampling. It then outlines the sampling design process, which includes defining the target population, determining the sampling frame, selecting a sampling technique, determining sample size, and executing sampling. The document categorizes sampling techniques into non-probability and probability methods. It provides examples and descriptions of specific techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and snowball sampling. Tables summarize and compare the strengths and weaknesses of different sampling approaches.
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
This document provides an overview of research approaches, design, and methodology. It defines key terms like research methodology, methods, design, and approach. It discusses the philosophical underpinnings of quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research focuses on measurement and generalization while qualitative research aims to understand behavior from an insider's perspective. The document also provides examples of empirical studies using quantitative and qualitative methods and discusses when each may be most appropriate based on the research question. Mixed methods that combine quantitative and qualitative approaches are also introduced.
This document discusses strategic marketing and outlines 15 key topics related to developing a market-driven strategy. It focuses on two sections in particular: 1) becoming a market-oriented organization through customer focus, competitor intelligence, cross-functional coordination and achieving performance benefits; and 2) determining an organization's distinctive capabilities by leveraging outside-in processes, spanning processes, and inside-out processes. Developing distinctive capabilities that provide disproportionate customer value in a compelling, difficult to duplicate manner is an important part of a strategic market-driven approach.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand social phenomena through natural settings and the meanings and experiences of participants. Qualitative research employs descriptive data from real-world contexts and inductive analysis to describe findings from the participants' perspectives. Some key methods are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and asks open-ended questions to get complex responses. It can help interpret quantitative data by explaining real-world situations.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, scientific search for knowledge on a topic. Research objectives are described as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, or hypothesis-testing. Motivations for research include obtaining degrees or intellectual fulfillment. Types of research include descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Key aspects of the research process are identified as formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting results. Qualities of good research noted are being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. Common problems faced by researchers in India are also outlined.
Exploratory Research Design - Meaning and MethodsSundar B N
This ppt contains Exploratory Research Design which covers Introduction to Exploratory Research, Meaning of Exploratory Research, Techniques of Exploratory Research, Examples of Exploratory Research, Methods of Designing Exploratory Research
The document discusses theories, approaches to knowing, and the research process. It defines a theory as a system of concepts and relationships that help understand a phenomenon. There are three main approaches to knowing - positivist/empirical, interpretive, and critical. The research process involves asking questions systematically and building knowledge through a cyclical process of testing, reflection, and generating new questions.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions of research, the nature and types of business research, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses scientific research processes and characteristics. The key points are:
- Business research is defined as the systematic and objective process of generating information to aid decision-making. It can describe efforts to investigate and solve specific problems encountered in business settings.
- There are differences between qualitative research, which focuses on depth, meaning and subjectivities, and quantitative research, which relates to numbers that can be quantified.
- Research should be undertaken when time allows, information is inadequate, decisions are important, and research benefits outweigh costs. Ethical considerations like informed consent,
Research methodology theory chapt. 1- kotthariRubia Bhatia
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methodology. It discusses what research is, the objectives of research methodology, and the importance and significance of research in management. It also outlines some key aspects of research methodology, including marketing research, making government policy, operational research, motivational research, and its scope. The document aims to give the reader a high-level understanding of the key concepts and components of research methodology.
The document discusses various types of research designs. It describes exploratory research design as research undertaken when little is known about a problem to gain background information and develop hypotheses. Descriptive research design aims to describe and measure phenomena at a point in time. Qualitative research design uses informal techniques to gather and analyze non-numerical data to understand perceptions and opinions. Interventional research design controls variables to test hypotheses and determine causal relationships.
Role of theory in research by priyadarshinee pradhanPriya Das
This document discusses the role of theory in research. It defines research as a systematic investigation to find answers to problems, and theory as a system of interconnected ideas that organizes knowledge about a topic. The relationship between theory and research is described - theory frames what is studied, suggests ways to make sense of data, and allows links between abstract concepts and empirical evidence. There are two approaches to the relationship between theory and research: inductive theory emerges from data analysis, while deductive theory guides study design and interpretation of results. Overall, the document outlines how theory is important in framing research questions and interpreting findings.
The document provides an overview of a course on qualitative research methods. It discusses key topics that will be covered in the lectures, including what qualitative research is, different qualitative research strategies and how to implement them, methods for collecting data through observation and interviews, and analyzing qualitative data. The lectures will cover theory, qualitative research strategies and processes, data collection techniques, and critiques of qualitative research approaches.
This document provides an overview of key topics from Chapter 1 of a research methods textbook. It discusses the definition of research, the types of research including applied and basic research, the importance of research for managers, and the relationship between managers and consultants. It also addresses ethics and the importance of ethical conduct in business research.
The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including defining the research problem, reviewing literature, and formulating hypotheses. It provides details on:
1) Defining the research problem involves identifying and selecting a problem and then precisely formulating it.
2) Reviewing literature helps gain background knowledge and identify relationships between concepts to form hypotheses. Literature is recorded systematically.
3) A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between variables. It predicts the influence of independent variables on dependent variables.
The document outlines the typical steps involved in the research process: 1) formulating the research problem, 2) conducting an extensive literature review, 3) developing hypotheses, 4) preparing a research design, 5) determining sample design, 6) collecting data, 7) executing the project, 8) analyzing data, 9) testing hypotheses, 10) generalizing and interpreting results, and 11) preparing a report. Some key aspects include formulating a specific topic or research question, reviewing prior studies and hypotheses, developing a methodology for collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating findings.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including:
1. It defines research as an organized and systematic process of finding answers to questions through a defined set of steps and procedures.
2. It discusses different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, basic, applied, longitudinal, descriptive, classification, comparative, exploratory, explanatory, causal, theory testing, and theory building research.
3. It also discusses alternatives to research-based knowledge such as relying on authority, tradition, common sense, media, and personal experience.
The document discusses research design and different types of research designs. It covers exploratory research, descriptive research including cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, and causal research. Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics or functions, while causal research determines cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables. Exploratory research provides insights and understanding to define problems or generate hypotheses. Descriptive research such as surveys and panels can estimate behaviors or determine perceptions. Causal research uses experiments to test hypotheses by controlling variables. Cross-sectional designs collect one-time data from samples, while longitudinal designs track the same samples over time.
The document outlines the key topics covered in Chapter 15, which include frequency distribution, measures of location, variability and shape related to frequency distributions, hypothesis testing procedures, and cross-tabulation. It provides examples of computing common statistics like the mean, median, range and standard deviation. The chapter cover introduces hypothesis testing methodology, outlining steps like formulating hypotheses, selecting a test, and determining significance levels and types of errors. Examples are given of computing test statistics and determining probabilities. Cross-tabulation and related statistics like chi-square are also listed as chapter topics.
The document discusses business research, including its meaning, types, and process. It defines business research as identifying business problems and steps to solve them. The research process is outlined as defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, developing a research design including sampling, data collection, analysis and interpretation, and reporting. Different types of research are described such as descriptive, exploratory, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, empirical, experimental, and historical. Objectives, methods, techniques and characteristics of good research are also discussed.
This document provides an outline for a course on business research methods. It covers 7 chapters that introduce key concepts in research methodology. Chapter 1 defines research and distinguishes between research methods and methodology. It also discusses research types and processes. Chapter 2 addresses selecting research topics and problems. Chapter 3 focuses on literature reviews and hypothesis formulation. Chapter 4 examines research designs, approaches, data collection and analysis. Chapter 5 is about writing research proposals. Chapter 6 discusses data analysis and interpretation. Chapter 7 is on communicating research results. The evaluation scheme includes a research proposal, article review, and final exam worth varying points totaling 100.
This document provides an overview of sampling techniques and procedures. It begins with definitions of key terms like population, sample, and sampling. It then outlines the sampling design process, which includes defining the target population, determining the sampling frame, selecting a sampling technique, determining sample size, and executing sampling. The document categorizes sampling techniques into non-probability and probability methods. It provides examples and descriptions of specific techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and snowball sampling. Tables summarize and compare the strengths and weaknesses of different sampling approaches.
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
This document provides an overview of research approaches, design, and methodology. It defines key terms like research methodology, methods, design, and approach. It discusses the philosophical underpinnings of quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research focuses on measurement and generalization while qualitative research aims to understand behavior from an insider's perspective. The document also provides examples of empirical studies using quantitative and qualitative methods and discusses when each may be most appropriate based on the research question. Mixed methods that combine quantitative and qualitative approaches are also introduced.
This document discusses strategic marketing and outlines 15 key topics related to developing a market-driven strategy. It focuses on two sections in particular: 1) becoming a market-oriented organization through customer focus, competitor intelligence, cross-functional coordination and achieving performance benefits; and 2) determining an organization's distinctive capabilities by leveraging outside-in processes, spanning processes, and inside-out processes. Developing distinctive capabilities that provide disproportionate customer value in a compelling, difficult to duplicate manner is an important part of a strategic market-driven approach.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as seeking to understand social phenomena through natural settings and the meanings and experiences of participants. Qualitative research employs descriptive data from real-world contexts and inductive analysis to describe findings from the participants' perspectives. Some key methods are participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Qualitative research is flexible and asks open-ended questions to get complex responses. It can help interpret quantitative data by explaining real-world situations.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as a systematic, scientific search for knowledge on a topic. Research objectives are described as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, or hypothesis-testing. Motivations for research include obtaining degrees or intellectual fulfillment. Types of research include descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. Key aspects of the research process are identified as formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting results. Qualities of good research noted are being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. Common problems faced by researchers in India are also outlined.
Exploratory Research Design - Meaning and MethodsSundar B N
This ppt contains Exploratory Research Design which covers Introduction to Exploratory Research, Meaning of Exploratory Research, Techniques of Exploratory Research, Examples of Exploratory Research, Methods of Designing Exploratory Research
The document discusses theories, approaches to knowing, and the research process. It defines a theory as a system of concepts and relationships that help understand a phenomenon. There are three main approaches to knowing - positivist/empirical, interpretive, and critical. The research process involves asking questions systematically and building knowledge through a cyclical process of testing, reflection, and generating new questions.
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions of research, the nature and types of business research, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods. It discusses scientific research processes and characteristics. The key points are:
- Business research is defined as the systematic and objective process of generating information to aid decision-making. It can describe efforts to investigate and solve specific problems encountered in business settings.
- There are differences between qualitative research, which focuses on depth, meaning and subjectivities, and quantitative research, which relates to numbers that can be quantified.
- Research should be undertaken when time allows, information is inadequate, decisions are important, and research benefits outweigh costs. Ethical considerations like informed consent,
Research methodology theory chapt. 1- kotthariRubia Bhatia
This document provides an introduction and overview of research methodology. It discusses what research is, the objectives of research methodology, and the importance and significance of research in management. It also outlines some key aspects of research methodology, including marketing research, making government policy, operational research, motivational research, and its scope. The document aims to give the reader a high-level understanding of the key concepts and components of research methodology.
The document discusses various types of research designs. It describes exploratory research design as research undertaken when little is known about a problem to gain background information and develop hypotheses. Descriptive research design aims to describe and measure phenomena at a point in time. Qualitative research design uses informal techniques to gather and analyze non-numerical data to understand perceptions and opinions. Interventional research design controls variables to test hypotheses and determine causal relationships.
Role of theory in research by priyadarshinee pradhanPriya Das
This document discusses the role of theory in research. It defines research as a systematic investigation to find answers to problems, and theory as a system of interconnected ideas that organizes knowledge about a topic. The relationship between theory and research is described - theory frames what is studied, suggests ways to make sense of data, and allows links between abstract concepts and empirical evidence. There are two approaches to the relationship between theory and research: inductive theory emerges from data analysis, while deductive theory guides study design and interpretation of results. Overall, the document outlines how theory is important in framing research questions and interpreting findings.
The document provides an overview of a course on qualitative research methods. It discusses key topics that will be covered in the lectures, including what qualitative research is, different qualitative research strategies and how to implement them, methods for collecting data through observation and interviews, and analyzing qualitative data. The lectures will cover theory, qualitative research strategies and processes, data collection techniques, and critiques of qualitative research approaches.
This document provides an overview of key topics from Chapter 1 of a research methods textbook. It discusses the definition of research, the types of research including applied and basic research, the importance of research for managers, and the relationship between managers and consultants. It also addresses ethics and the importance of ethical conduct in business research.
The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including defining the research problem, reviewing literature, and formulating hypotheses. It provides details on:
1) Defining the research problem involves identifying and selecting a problem and then precisely formulating it.
2) Reviewing literature helps gain background knowledge and identify relationships between concepts to form hypotheses. Literature is recorded systematically.
3) A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between variables. It predicts the influence of independent variables on dependent variables.
The document outlines the typical steps involved in the research process: 1) formulating the research problem, 2) conducting an extensive literature review, 3) developing hypotheses, 4) preparing a research design, 5) determining sample design, 6) collecting data, 7) executing the project, 8) analyzing data, 9) testing hypotheses, 10) generalizing and interpreting results, and 11) preparing a report. Some key aspects include formulating a specific topic or research question, reviewing prior studies and hypotheses, developing a methodology for collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating findings.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology, including:
1. It defines research as an organized and systematic process of finding answers to questions through a defined set of steps and procedures.
2. It discusses different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, basic, applied, longitudinal, descriptive, classification, comparative, exploratory, explanatory, causal, theory testing, and theory building research.
3. It also discusses alternatives to research-based knowledge such as relying on authority, tradition, common sense, media, and personal experience.
The document discusses research design and different types of research designs. It covers exploratory research, descriptive research including cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, and causal research. Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics or functions, while causal research determines cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables. Exploratory research provides insights and understanding to define problems or generate hypotheses. Descriptive research such as surveys and panels can estimate behaviors or determine perceptions. Causal research uses experiments to test hypotheses by controlling variables. Cross-sectional designs collect one-time data from samples, while longitudinal designs track the same samples over time.
The document outlines the key topics covered in Chapter 15, which include frequency distribution, measures of location, variability and shape related to frequency distributions, hypothesis testing procedures, and cross-tabulation. It provides examples of computing common statistics like the mean, median, range and standard deviation. The chapter cover introduces hypothesis testing methodology, outlining steps like formulating hypotheses, selecting a test, and determining significance levels and types of errors. Examples are given of computing test statistics and determining probabilities. Cross-tabulation and related statistics like chi-square are also listed as chapter topics.
The document discusses business research, including its meaning, types, and process. It defines business research as identifying business problems and steps to solve them. The research process is outlined as defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, developing a research design including sampling, data collection, analysis and interpretation, and reporting. Different types of research are described such as descriptive, exploratory, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, empirical, experimental, and historical. Objectives, methods, techniques and characteristics of good research are also discussed.
This document provides an outline for a course on business research methods. It covers 7 chapters that introduce key concepts in research methodology. Chapter 1 defines research and distinguishes between research methods and methodology. It also discusses research types and processes. Chapter 2 addresses selecting research topics and problems. Chapter 3 focuses on literature reviews and hypothesis formulation. Chapter 4 examines research designs, approaches, data collection and analysis. Chapter 5 is about writing research proposals. Chapter 6 discusses data analysis and interpretation. Chapter 7 is on communicating research results. The evaluation scheme includes a research proposal, article review, and final exam worth varying points totaling 100.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and thesis, discusses the objectives and importance of research. It also outlines the main types of research such as descriptive, applied, quantitative, qualitative, and fundamental. Additionally, it explains the key steps of the research process including identifying a problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and presenting findings. The document aims to give students an introduction to best practices in conducting and communicating scientific research.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and thesis, discusses the objectives and importance of research. It also outlines the main types of research such as descriptive, applied, quantitative, qualitative, and fundamental. Additionally, it explains the key steps of the research process including identifying the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and presenting the final report. The document provides details on each step to clearly explain the overall research methodology process.
The document discusses key aspects of research methodology including defining research, the research process, types of research, and approaches to research. It provides details on topics like the objectives and significance of research, as well as the various steps involved in the research process such as developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Additionally, it differentiates between qualitative and quantitative research, and explores conceptual versus empirical research.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a research methodology course. The course covers key concepts of research including types of research, qualities of researchers, and statistical analysis tools. It is divided into 5 units: research fundamentals, data collection methods, statistical analysis, statistical applications, and research reports. The objectives are to introduce students to management information needs, the scientific research process, and statistical data analysis techniques.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a research methodology course. The course aims to enable students to understand the information needs of management, introduce scientific research methods, and statistical data analysis tools. The 5 units cover topics like research components, data collection methods, statistical analysis techniques, statistical applications, and structuring research reports. Key aspects discussed include the meaning of research, objectives of research, qualitative and quantitative approaches, types of research, and qualities of a good researcher.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a research methodology course. The course aims to enable students to understand the information needs of management, introduce scientific research methods, and statistical data analysis tools. The 5 units cover topics like research components, data collection methods, statistical analysis techniques, statistical applications, and structuring research reports. Key aspects discussed include the meaning of research, objectives of research, qualitative and quantitative approaches, types of research, and qualities of a good researcher.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a research methodology course. The course aims to enable students to understand the information needs of management, introduce scientific research methods, and statistical data analysis tools. The 5 units cover topics like research components, data collection methods, statistical analysis techniques, statistical applications, and structuring research reports. Key concepts discussed include the meaning of research, objectives of research, qualitative and quantitative approaches, descriptive vs analytical research, and important qualities of researchers.
This document discusses research methodology and provides definitions and types of research. It describes the key components of research including objectives, requirements, and challenges. It defines a literature review and outlines the steps to conduct one. Specifically, it provides:
1) Definitions of research methodology as a systematic approach to solving research problems and research as the investigation of finding solutions to problems.
2) An overview of the main types of research: descriptive, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical.
3) The objectives of research as gaining insights, generating knowledge, investigating situations or testing hypotheses.
4) The requirements for good research including clearly defined purpose, detailed process, stated aims and objectives, appropriate
Research is the systematic efforts of gathering, analyzing & interpreting the problems confronted by humanity.
this ppt contains following points :-
Meaning of research
Characteristics of Research
Objectives of Research
Motivation in Research
Importance of Research
Types of Research
Research Process
Difference Between Research Methods & Research Methodology
Meaning of Business Research
Role of Business Research
Factors Affecting Business Research
This document outlines the key steps and concepts in the research methods process. It discusses (1) defining the research problem, which involves understanding the nature of the problem and formulating clear research objectives; (2) conducting a literature review to understand previous work; (3) developing hypotheses; (4) designing the research methodology; (5) determining sampling methods; (6) collecting primary and secondary data; (7) analyzing the data and testing hypotheses; (8) interpreting findings and generalizing results; and (9) preparing the final research report. The overall goal is to systematically investigate an issue, analyze collected information, and draw objective conclusions to address the stated research problem.
The document outlines key aspects of research methodology including:
1. The objectives of research such as defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and evaluating data, making deductions, and testing conclusions.
2. The different types of research including descriptive, applied, quantitative, conceptual, empirical, qualitative, fundamental, and analytical research.
3. The methods of collecting data including primary methods like questionnaires, observations, interviews, and schedules and secondary methods of collecting published and unpublished data from various sources.
The document provides an overview of the course contents for a research methods in management course. The course is divided into 5 sections that cover various topics related to the research process including research design, data collection methods, sampling, data analysis, interpretation, and reporting. The sections will provide information on conceptualizing research problems, designing studies, collecting and analyzing data, interpreting results, and communicating findings in a written report. References are also provided for additional resources on research methodology.
The document discusses the meaning, objectives, characteristics, types, and steps of research. It defines research as a systematic, directed search for knowledge. The main objectives of research are to gain new insights or accurately describe characteristics. Research is characterized by careful investigation and testing of conclusions. The main types discussed are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, and qualitative research. Key steps include formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Research design involves determining what, why, where, when of a study. It is important for testing hypotheses and controlling for extraneous variables.
The document discusses research design and provides details on different types of research designs. It begins by defining research design and outlines the key decisions that must be made, including what, where, when, how much, and how data will be collected and analyzed. It then discusses different types of research designs for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Specific methods for qualitative and quantitative research designs are also outlined.
1. The document discusses the definition, objectives, types, and process of research. It defines research as a systematic process of investigating a problem to find a solution through scientific inquiry and hypothesis testing.
2. The objectives of research include gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, representing characteristics, determining frequencies, testing hypotheses, and finding hidden truths.
3. The main types of research discussed are pure/fundamental research, applied research, descriptive research, analytical research, quantitative research, and qualitative research.
4. The research process involves formulating a problem, reviewing literature, developing a hypothesis, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing the hypothesis, interpreting results, and reporting findings.
An introduction to research methodologyASIM MANZOOR
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic search for information on a specific topic. The key aspects covered include:
- Research methodology is the process of systematically solving a research problem through various steps like literature reviews and evaluating questions.
- There are different types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, and qualitative.
- The objectives, techniques, and process of research involving defining the problem, literature reviews, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and preparing a report are outlined.
- The qualities of good research include being systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable.
QUEENS COLLEGE BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS.pptxAsegidHmeskel
This document outlines the key steps in the research process:
1. Formulating the research problem by precisely defining the issue to be studied and determining its significance.
2. Conducting an extensive literature review to understand previous work.
3. Developing testable hypotheses to address the research problem.
4. Designing the research methodology including sampling, data collection methods, and data analysis.
5. Collecting and analyzing data to test the hypotheses.
6. Interpreting the findings, conclusions, and limitations to determine how the research adds to knowledge.
The overall goal is to systematically investigate an issue to produce generalizable answers.
The document provides an overview of the insurance market in India. It notes that India ranks 11th in the global life insurance business and 21st in the non-life insurance market. Both the life and non-life insurance premium markets have grown rapidly in recent years at a CAGR of 14% and 16.3% respectively. The market share of private sector companies in non-life insurance has increased from 9.6% to 41% over the period FY03 to FY16. Crop, health and motor insurance are expected to drive future market growth.
This document contains the notes on marketing management from Sanjeev Kumar Singh, an assistant professor. It includes 16 questions and answers on topics related to the nature and scope of marketing management, the various marketing orientations adopted by firms, the differences between marketing and selling, the marketing environment, marketing challenges in a global context, factors influencing buying behavior, consumer and industrial buying decision processes, types of consumer buying decisions, differences between organizational and household buying, the Consumer Protection Act of 1986, target marketing strategies, market segmentation, differences between market aggregation and segmentation, differences between consumer and industrial markets, and bases for identifying target customers.
The document summarizes key highlights from the Union Budget 2015 in India. It covers 10 areas: 1) Taxation, 2) Agriculture, 3) Infrastructure, 4) Education, 5) Defence, 6) Welfare Schemes, 7) Renewable Energy, 8) Tourism, 9) Gold, and 10) Financial Sector. Some major points include reducing the corporate tax rate, increasing rural infrastructure funding, allocating more funds for education and defence, expanding welfare programs, and setting renewable energy targets.
Money originated from barter systems and metals and now each country has its own currency to facilitate transactions. Money has static functions like being a medium of exchange and unit of account, and dynamic functions like determining economic trends and consumption. Money is classified based on physical form, acceptability, money of account versus money proper, and types including commodity, fiat, credit, and digital. A country's money supply includes currencies and various deposits. The Reserve Bank of India uses credit control methods like quantitative and qualitative tools to monitor money supply and support economic development and stability.
This document discusses economic policies in India, including fiscal policy and monetary policy. It defines fiscal policy as the government's policy on public revenue, expenditure, and debt. The objectives of fiscal policy are to maintain economic stability and attain full employment. Monetary policy refers to measures to control money supply and achieve economic goals. The tools of monetary policy include bank rate, open market operations, and cash reserve ratio. Both quantitative and qualitative instruments are used to influence the quantity and allocation of credit in the economy.
Globalization refers to the integration of economies across the world through increased economic, political, and cultural exchanges enabled by advances in communication, transport, and infrastructure. Some key features of globalization include a borderless world, sharing of information and technology, growth of commercialization and international cooperation. Globalization allows firms to access new markets but also faces barriers from government policies, high costs, and trade barriers. The document then discusses foreign trade, its characteristics and types, and India's trends in exports and imports. It provides an introduction to the World Trade Organization, its objectives and rules, and impacts on India and its industries.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) brings money into a country from foreign companies to invest in things like factories, infrastructure, or services. FDI is important because it brings new jobs, technology, skills, and improves quality and competitiveness. The key factors that influence FDI include market size, political stability, infrastructure, labor skills, and export potential. Major sectors that attract FDI in India include retail, infrastructure, pharmaceuticals, insurance, banking, and automobiles. However, infrastructure sometimes faces challenges from political influence and delays in approvals between departments.
Module 6 4 textile and other industriesIndependent
The document provides an analysis of several key industries in India, including textiles, electronics, automobiles, FMCG, telecom, and pharmaceuticals. It summarizes the textile industry, noting that it is one of India's oldest and largest industries, and contributes significantly to GDP and exports. It also faces issues like outdated machinery, competition, and government controls. Similarly, it outlines factors like technology changes, competition, materials, and policies that influence the electronics, automobiles, and other industries. Across all industries, it identifies the five forces of industry analysis: threats from new entrants, supplier bargaining power, buyer bargaining power, substitution threats, and competitive rivalry.
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The 1991 Industrial Policy in India aimed to liberalize and integrate the economy by removing unnecessary bureaucratic controls. It abolished industrial licensing, diluted the role of public sector enterprises, removed limits on dominant firms under the MRTP Act, and encouraged foreign direct investment and technology transfers. The policy's goals were to improve efficiency, competitiveness, and modernize Indian industries for globalization. However, it also had limitations like dominance of foreign firms, risks of inferior technology, and social issues around employment.
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The document provides information on business cycles, inflation, price indices, and a SWOT analysis of the Indian economy. It defines business cycles as alternating periods of economic expansion and contraction. There are typically four phases in a business cycle: expansion, peak, contraction, and trough. Causes of business cycles include under/over consumption, innovations, and natural disasters. Inflation is defined as a persistent rise in general price levels. Price indices measure changes in prices between periods. The SWOT analysis identifies strengths like agriculture and skilled workforce, weaknesses like population growth and literacy, opportunities in infrastructure and FDI, and threats like global recession and growing inflation.
National income refers to the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time, usually one year. There are three main approaches to measuring national income: the production or output approach, the expenditure approach, and the income approach. The key measures of national income are Gross National Product (GNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Net National Product (NNP). GNP is the total market value of all final goods and services produced domestically and abroad by a country's citizens and companies in a year. GDP is similar but excludes income earned abroad. NNP is GNP minus depreciation.
1. The document provides an overview of the Indian economy, including key economic indicators and statistics from 2015.
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2. The law of diminishing marginal returns states that adding more of one variable input, while holding other inputs fixed, will eventually result in smaller increases in output.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. 1
RM – 14MBA23 Notes M1
Business Research – Meaning, types, process of
research- management problem, defining the
research problem, formulating the research
Hypothesis, developing the research proposals,
research design formulation, sampling design,
planning and collecting the data for research, data
analysis and interpretation. Research Application
in business decisions, Features of good research
study.
2. 2
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
“Business Research is identifying „Business Related
Problems‟ and steps to solve, or minimize the problem”.
Business Research is said as searching, gathering
information and establishing objectives to reach or achieve
the specific pre determined goal in business.
Business Research is used to solve business related problems
arising from time to time, which requires adequate planning,
discussion/ meetings with related heads to conclude on
steps, policies to be adopted to reach or achieve the specific
objectives.
3. 3
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Business Research can be also defined, as the
systematic and objective process of gathering,
recording and analysing data for aid in making
decisions.
Business Research can also be defined, as a
systematic inquiry that provides information to
guide business decisions.
4. 4
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Objectives of research:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomena or to achieve
new insights,
2. To promote better decision makings,
3. To identify problem areas and form basis for
innovations,
4. To test causal relationships between variables,
5. To aid for forecasting, planning and decision
making in an organizations,
5. 5
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Objectives of research:
6. To develop new tools, concepts and
theories for studing unknown phenomena,
7. To determine the association or
independence of an activity,
8. To extend knowledge of human beings, social
life and environment
9. To establish generalization laws and contribute
to theory building in various fields,
6. 6
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Objectives, and Research study:
Now lets relate the objective with different types
of researches:
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomena or to
achieve new insights,
This study with a object which is termed as
Exploratory Research or Formulative Research
studies.
7. 7
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Objectives and Research study:
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of
an individual, situation or a group,
This study is termed as Descriptive Research
Studies.
8. 8
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Objectives and research study:
3. To determine the frequency with which
something occurs or with which it is associated
with something else.
This study would be termed as Diagnostic
Research.
9. 9
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Objectives and research study:
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship
between the variables.
Such study are known as Hypothesis Testing
Research Studies.
10. 10
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Characteristics of a Good Research:
Clearly defined purpose,
Objectivity,
Systematic,
Empirical,
Generalisability,
Replicability, (Repeat research again and again)
Adequate Analysis,
Finding presentated unambiguos,
High ethical standards
11. 11
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Significance of research: Every research need
to emphasize on the following:
Government Policies in a economic system,
Government's allocation of the natural resources,
Research need to collect, gather information on the
economic and social structure of the nation, (Statistical
data)
Research is helpful in the welfare and progress of
humanity and the society.
In brief, Research should not be against the government, the
organization represented and of the society and it need to
update the on-going progress of the nation and eradicate the
wrong notions in the society.
12. 12
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Purpose of Research:
There are various types of researches and now we shall
go ahead with comparative study of each two types
of researches:
Descriptive Vs Analytical Research.
Applied Vs Fundamental (Pure) Research,
Qualitative Vs Quantitative Research,
Conceptual Vs Empirical Research,
One Time Vs Longitudinal Research,
Field Setting Research Vs Laboratory Research,
13. 13
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Purpose of Research:
Conceptual Vs Empirical Research,
One Time Vs Longitudinal Research,
Field Setting Research Vs Clinical or Laboratory
Research,
Historical Research and so on
(Last Two not so important)
(TYPES OF RESEARCH MENTIONED
BELOW, HERE ONLY COMPARITIVE)
14. 14
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Deseciptive Vs Analytical Research:
Descriptive Research would refer to surveys
and fact finding enquiries from different
kinds, while,
Analytical Research on the other hand, would
mean that the researcher has to use the facts
or information already available and analyze
these to make a critical evaluation of a material.
15. 15
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Applied Vs Fundamental Research:
Applied Research aims at finding a solution to
an immediate problem facing a society or
industry/ organization, on the other hand,
Fundamental research is mainly concerned
with generalization and formulation of the
theory. Gathering information for the sake of
knowledge is also termed as Fundamental
Research.
16. 16
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Quantitative Vs Qualitative Research:
Quantitative Research is based on Quantitative
Measurement of some characteristics. It is
expressed in the terms of Quantities. While.
Qualitative Research is concerned with the
Qualitative Phenomena.
17. 17
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Conceptual Vs Empirical Research:
Conceptual Research is related to some
abstract or an idea or an theory. It is generally
used by Philosophers and Thinkers to develop
new concepts or to interpret the existing ones,
while,
Empirical Research relies on experiences or
observations alone, often without due regard for
system and theory. It is also called as Data
Based Research.
18. 18
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
One Time Research Vs Longitudinal
Research:
One time Research is confined to one single
time period, while,
Longitudinal Research is the research which is
carried over several time period.
19. 19
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
What is Research Methods?:
Research Methods or Research Techniques are the
Methods/ Techniques used by the researcher for
conducting a Research. These can be grouped into three:
1. The First group are concerned with methods 'Collection
of Data, but is insufficient to arrive at the required
solution'.
2. The Second group consist of those 'statistical
techniques which are used for establishing relationships
between the data and the UNKNOWNs,
3. The Third group consist of those methods which are used
to evaluate the accuracy of the results obtained.
20. 20
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
What is Research Methods and Research
Techniques?.
Research Methods would refer to the behavior
and instruments used in selecting and
constructing the research technique, while
Research Techniques would refer to the
behavior and instruments used in performing
research operations, Ex: Observations,
Recording data, or Techniques for processing
the data.
21. 21
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Example 1 on Methods and Techniques:
For Library Research (Type 1), the 'Method is
Analysis of the historical records', while the
'Technique is Recording of Notes, Contents,
Tapes and Film Listening and Analysis'.
Again for Library Research (Type 2), the
'Method is Analysis of Documents', while the
'Technique is Statistical Compilation and
Manupulations, References and Abstract
Guides and Content Analysis'.
22. 22
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Example 2 on Methods and Techniques:
Field Works (Type 1), The Method can be
'Personal Interview', while the 'Technique can
be Interviewer uses a detailed schedule with
open and closed ended questions'.
Field Work (Type 2), The Method can be
'Group Interview' and the Technique used can
be that the small groups of respondents are
interviewed simultaneously.
23. 23
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
What is Research Methodology?
Research Methodology on the other hand, can be
said as a science of studying how research can
be scientifically.
Here in Research Methodology, the researcher
need to not only know the 'METHODS and
TECHNIQUES' but also the METHODOLOGY,
which means that the researcher may be knowing
various Methods or Techniques, like Mean, Median
or Mode or Standard Deviations or Chi Square, but
they should also know which technique can be
used and which are relevant.
24. 24
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Conclusion on Research Methods and
Research Methodology:
'Research Methodology has various
dimensions, while Research Methods constitute
a part of the Research Methodology.
The scope of Research Methodology is wider
than Research Methods.
25. 25
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
SOME TYPES OF RESEARCH:
Research are of various types for different
situations, like, a) Descriptive Research, b)
Exploratory Research, c) Applied Research, d)
Fundamental Research, e) Quantitative
Research, f) Qualitative Research, g)
Conceptual Research, h) Empirical Research, i)
Experimental Research, j) Historical Research.
(Explaination follows:)
26. 26
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH: a) Descriptive
Research is the simpliest form of Research, identifies
relevant variables but does not aim at testing
hypothesis and applies simple statistical techniques like
Averages and Percentages.
b) Descriptive Research provides accurate description of
observations of a phenomena.
c) Descriptive Research is the fact finding investigation with
accurate investigation,
d) Descriptive Research is designed to gather descriptive
information (data) and provide information for formulating
sophisticated studies.
27. 27
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
2. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH: a) Exploratory
Research is the priliminary study of an unfamiliar problem,
about which the researcher has little or no knowledge,
b) Exploratory Research objective is to identify the Key
Issues and Key Variables, by exploring certain unfamiliar
problem. Hence Exploratory Research is broad in focus
but rarely provides definite answer to specific
research issues,
c) The purpose of Explotratory Research is to generate new
ideas, to increase the researcher's familiarity with the
problem, to make a precise formulation of the problem, to
determine whether it is feasible to attempt for the study.
28. 28
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
3. APPLIED RESEARCH: Applied Research is
designed to solve practical problems in the day-to-day
activity, Applied Research is solving practical issues rather
than to acquire knowledge, Applied Research is meant to
solve real life issues and make the social and business
environment better, Applied Research can be in large
scale basis.
Applied Research is classified into 2:
a) Problem Oriented Research,
b) Problem Solving Research.
29. 29
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
4. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH OR PURE
RESEARCH: Fundamental Research or Pure Research
explains the how the world operates, what makes things
happen, why social relations are in a certain way and why
society changes.
Fundamental Research is concerned with the Fundamental
Knowledge about the human world.
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH MAY BE EXPLORATORY, OR
DESCRIPTIVE OR EXPLANATORY.
Fundamental Research generates new ideas, principles and
theories for modern progress and development in different
fields.
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH CAN ALSO SAID AS
"GATHERING INFORMATIONS FOR KNOWLEDGE SAKE".
30. 30
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
5. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH:
a) Quantitative Research is based on measurement of
quantity or amount.
b) Quantitative Research refers to the systematic empirical
investigation of quantitaive properties and phenomena and
their relationships.
c) Quantitative Research is the study to provide the
fundamental connection between empirical observations
and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships.
31. 31
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
6. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:
a) Qualitative Research is the research concerned with the
qualitative phenomena.
b) Qualitative Research, refers to explain the meaning,
defination, characteristics, types and descriptions of
things.
c) Qualitative Research is concerned with collecting
informations about individuals in depth like Individual
Interview in depth, or Group interviews.
d) Qualitative Research is important in the study of
behavioural sciences.
32. 32
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
7. CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH:
a) Conceptual Research is used in research to outline
possible courses of action or to present a preferred
approach to an IDEA or THOUGHT.
b) Conceptual Research involves investigation of thought
and ideas and developing new ideas or interpretating the
old ones based on logical reasonings.
c) Conceptual Research is related to some abstract, idea
or theory and is the preferred method in Social Sciences
and Philosophy, to reach or produce better results.
33. 33
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
8. EMPIRICAL RESEARCH:
a) Empirical Research is the research based on Experience/
experiments and Observation.
b) Empirical Research is a data-based research.
c) Researchers where the study is not possible in a
laboratory setting, they combine Qualitative and
Quantitative forms of analysis for better solutions to the
problems,
d) Empirical Research requires evidence gathering through
experiments or Empirical studies which is considered as
one of the powerful support for a given hypothesis.
34. 34
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
9. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH:
a) Experimental Research is based/ designed on
experiments, to access the effects of particular
variables on a phenomena.
b) Experimental Research is the study on how, and at what
manner the variables are related to each other. There is a
dependable, which are influenced by other factor while the
independent factors are the other factors which is not been
influenced.
c) In Experimental Research, the researcher manipulates
conditions for the purpose of determining their effect on
behavior. Hence the results depend on the 'Subject'.
35. 35
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
10. HISTORICAL RESEARCH: a) Historical
Research is the research where there is induction of
principles of the past and social forces which have shaped
the present.
b) It is the systematic studying the past records with an view
to reconstruct the origin and development of an institution
or system and discovering trends of the past,
c) The signifiance of Historical Research is to discover the
past, to get answers of certain unanswered questions, to
identify the relationship between the past and present, to
evaluate the individual, institution, or an agency and to
assist in understanding the culture in which we live.
36. 36
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
RESEARCH PROCESS:
1. Defining the research problem ,
2. Review of literature (Review concepts and Theories and
Review previous research findings),
3. Formulation of Hypothesis,
4. Developing the research design (Including sample design),
5. Data Collection (Execution)
6. Data Analysis and Interpretation (Test Analysis, if any),
7. Research Reporting.
37. 37
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
1. Defining the Research Problem: Problem
may be any situation a gap between the actual
and desired results. And defining a Research
Problem shall include that the problem must
be clear, precise and the 'investigated
(Problem)' must have a gap of finding an
answer or solution.
The component in designing shall include:
1. The Research Problem must state that
Individuals or a Group or Institutions must
be facing some difficulty.
38. 38
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Defining the Research Problem:
The component in designing shall include:
2. The Research Problem must have an
objective or objectives to be attained,
3. There must be alternative course of action
to attain the objectives,
39. 39
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Defining the Research Problem:
The Criteria for selecting the Research Problem
can be in five steps:
1. Identify a broad problem area,
2. Literature Review,
3. Identifying the research question,
4. Refining the research question (Defined
research question can be re-defined),
5. Developing investigative questions
40. 40
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Defining the Research Problem:
What is a research proposal?
"A research proposal is a manuscript written by
the researcher that provides a detailed
description of the proposed program. Its the
outline of the entire research process that gives
the reader a summary of the information
discussed in a project".
41. 41
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Defining the Research Problem:
What are the elements in developing a research
proposal?
1. Title of the research,
2. Abstract, (Normally its in 250-300 words),
3. Introduction (Back ground information and
purpose),
4. Objective of the study (Need to be general and
specific),
42. 42
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Defining the Research Problem:
What are the elements in developing a research
proposal?
5. Variables (Identify the key variables and method of
measuements – There are 4 types of variables
namely, a) Independent Variables, b) Dependent
Variables, c) Mixed Influence Variables and d) Basic
Variables like Sex, Education and so on...
6. Questions and/ or Hypothesis and,
7. Methodology adopted,
43. 43
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
2. Review of Literature: Review of literature is
the 'Literature Survey', (the secondary sources
of past literature), in the area of interest of the
researcher. It is to identify the document/
articles relevant for the proposed study, Its to
enable the researcher to develop the problem
statement in a precise and clear manner, It
helps the researcher to identify the research
gap (Actuals and Desired Results), Its to
motivate/ stimulate the researcher to go ahead
with the study and so on....
44. 44
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
2. Review of Literature: This basically has three
steps:
1. Identifying the sources – Library or on-line sources like
EBSCO, Prowess, Google Scholar, Science Direct and so
on, (Science Direct too has a number of articles in Social
Science Subjects),
2. Gathering relevant information – The Citing and
References can help to further sources of information,
3. Presenting the Literature Review – The presentation
need to be clear, precise and in a logical manner by citing
the author, year of study, objective of the research, major
findings and implications.
45. 45
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
3. Formulation of Hypothesis:
A hypothesis may be defined as a logically conjectured
relationship between two or more variables, expressed
in the form of a testable statement. Relationship is
proposed by using a strong logical argumentation.
This logical relationship may be put of theoretical
framework of the study.
"A hypothesis can be said as a tentative prediction
or explanation of relationship between 2 or more
variables".
46. 46
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
3. Formulation of Hypothesis:
Why is Hypothesis important in Reseach:
1. Hypothesis guide the direction of study,
2. Hypothesis identifies facts that are relevant
and those that are not,
3. Hypothesis suggests which form of research
design is likely to be most appropriate,
4. Hypothesis provides a framework for
organizing the conclusions of the findings.
47. 47
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
3. Formulation of Hypothesis:
What are the characteristics of a Hypothesis?
1. Hypothesis must be conceptual clear,
2. Hypothesis must have impirical referents (Can be tested
by observations, experiments etc)
3. Hypothesis must be specific,
4. Hypothesis must be related to the available techniques of
research,
5. Hypothesis must be related to the body of the theory.
(Go through on, Hypothesis in the earlier slides too)
48. 48
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
3. Formulation of Hypothesis:
What are the types of Hyposthsis:
A hypothesis can be a:
1. Descriptive Hypothesis: Also called Univariate
Hypothesis – Describing in detail the variables, may be a
Individual, a Situation, Institution, Group or an Association,
2. Rational Hypothesis: Describes the relationship between
two variables,
3. Co-relational Hypothesis: Various variables occur
together in similar or some specific manner,
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RM – 14MBA23 Notes
3. Formulation of Hypothesis:
What are the types of Hyposthsis:
A hypothesis can be a:
4. Explanatory or Causal Hypothesis: Implies the Cause
and Effect of variables,
5. Null Hypothesis: (Denoted H0) Hypothesis formulated by
researcher for testing. Researcher treat evidence that
supports differently from the evidence that opposes it.
Example: H0 = There is no relationship between the level of
job commitment and the level of efficiency (or)
H0 = The relationship between the level of job commitment
and the level of efficiency is Zero.
50. 50
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
3. Formulation of Hypothesis:
What are the types of Hyposthsis:
A hypothesis can be a:
6. Alternative Hypothesis: The Alternative Hypothesis is
the alternative to Null Hypothesis, where there is
relationship between the variables of study.
51. 51
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
4. Developing the research Design:
A Research Design is the specification of the
methods and procedures for acquiring the
information needed to structure or to solve
problems.
A Research Design must be simple, economical,
Reliable, Flexible, Accurate, Calculatable or
Measurable and Validity.
A Researcher must consider 4 factors, which
include:
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RM – 14MBA23 Notes
4. Developing the research Design:
A Research Design will include, the researcher
should consider:
1) The Design Technique,
2) The Type of Data,
3) The Sampling Methodology and Procedure,
and
4) The Schedule and the Budget.
53. 53
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
4. Developing the research Design:
Process of a Research Design: (9 Steps)
Step 1 – Selection and Definition of the problem,
Step 2 – Sources of Data,
Step 3 – Nature of Study (Scientific, Social
Sciences, etc),
Step 4 – Object of Study (Objective (s) of the
study)
54. 54
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
4. Developing the research Design:
Process of a Research Design:
Step 5 – Socio-Cultural Context,
Step 6 – Temporal Context (Temporal means,
matter related to ordinary and not religious or
spritual issues),
Step 7 – Dimension,
Step 8 – Basis of Selection,
Step 9 – Techniques of Data Collection.
55. 14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 1: Selection and Definition of the problem:
Step 2: Sources of Data:
Step 3: Nature of Study:
Step 4: Objective of Study:
Step 5: Socio and Cultural Context:
Step 6: Comporal Context:
Step 7: Dimension:
Step 8: Basis of selection:
Step 9: Technique of Data Collection:
56. 14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 1: Selection and Definition of the problem:
The Researcher need to
1. Define the problem clearly, so to what is his objective,
2. Which data is relavance for his study,
3. The researcher need to define clearly on operational terms
too.
57. 14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 2: Sources of Data:
Second step in Research Design Process is the
a. Primary Sources of Data Collection and/ or
b. Secondary sources of data collection, relavant for his
study.
58. 14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 3: Nature of Study: This will include, whether it is
1. Experimental type of study,
2. Comparitive type of study, or
3. Statistical type of study.
59. 14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 4: Objective of Study: The objective of the study can
be
a. Welfare notion or
b. Theoritical understanding or
The researcher can express the objective of his study to
enable respondents to be sincere on the responses.
60. 14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 5: Socio and Cultural Context:
The researcher can base the socio-cultural basis, Ex: Study
of the fertility rate in the economically backward areas.
61. 14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 6: Comporal Context:
This refers that the research is specific to the population and
the area selected. (Geographical Limit and Applicable to
specific group)
62. 14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 7: Dimension:
This refers to the specific selected respondent, who can
provide a valid answers. Dimension is important as
research cannot be performed One by One and hence
Dimension is performed.
63. 14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 8: Basis of selection: The selection of respondents
can be,
a. Random,
b. Stratified and Purposive,
c. Double clustered or quota sample
This is done for arriving at a valid sample size.
64. 14MBA23 – Research Methods
Research Design Process (Also refer M1 – 9
steps in research design)
Step 9: Technique of Data Collection: Techniques can be
a. Observations,
b. Interview,
c. Questionnaire,
As it is collected/ gathered, it can be analyzed, interpreted.
65. 65
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
5. Data Collection: Data Collection or Data
Gathering begins with 'PILOT TESTING'.
What is a Pilot Testing?
A Pilot Testing is a small test comprising of 25 to 100
respondents, before the final or actual test is to be
exercised.
Example Questionnaire by email first 25 questionnaire
are sent by mail and after this exercise, the
questionnaire need to be redesigned with redefined
questions and procedures.
A Pilot test can be said as Pre Testing.
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RM – 14MBA23 Notes
5. Data Collection:
Data Collection can be done through Primary
Data or Direct Collection of Data personally
from the respondents and the other is
secondary data, where the data is already
available, which can include in different forms.
Primary data can be done through various ways
as stated below:,
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RM – 14MBA23 Notes
5. Data Collection:
Primary data can be done through various ways
as stated below:,
1. By Personal Interview,
2. By Questionnaire Method,
3. By Observations,
4. By Telephonic Interviews,
5. By Group Focus Interviews,
6. By Emailing of Questionnaire and so on...
68. 68
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
6. Data Analysis and Interpretation:
"Convertion of Raw Data to provide Information"
This is the most important phase where various
techniques is used (Statistical Tools/
Techniques), Tables, Graphs and so on....
Presently various softwares are available in the
Internet and the Market to convert the Raw
Data into Information...
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RM – 14MBA23 Notes
7. Research Reporting:
There is three phases in a report:
1. Preliminary Pages,
2. Main Text,
3. Conclusive Pages.
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RM – 14MBA23 Notes
7. Research Reporting:
There is three phases in a report:
1. Preliminary Pages: The preliminary pages
include:
a) Title, Author's Name and Address,
b) Acknowledgement, Thanks,
c) Foreword (Foreword, is the introduction by the
author or by someone else)
71. 71
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
7. Research Reporting:
There is three phases in a report:
2. Main Text: The main report consist of,
a) Introduction: Statement, Scope, Limitations.,
b) Summary of findings,
c) Main Report: Presented in logical sequence,
d) Conclusions: The researcher pens down his final sum
of the research.
72. 72
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
7. Research Reporting:
There is three phases in a report:
3. Conclusive Pages.:
a) Appendices, (in respect to technical data,
references for Important Contents with Page Nos)
b) Bibliography, (List of books, Journals etc,
referred by the Author with complete
information).
c) Charts/ Questionnaire and other Annexures
as desired by the researcher
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RM – 14MBA23 Notes
The End
Module 1
The contents are the basic information
for the entire syllabus......
74. 74
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
ASSIGNMENT AND PRESENTATION 1
3 Groups of 18 Students each as per attendance order,
scheduled for Thursdays only.
Preparing a questionnaire,
1. A Open Ended Questionnaire and
2. A Closed Ended Questionnaire, on the same topic.
Students are premitted to use devices/ books, for
references....
TO BE PRESENTED AND SUBMITTED INDIVIDUALLY
BY NEXT THURSDAY
75. 75
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Team 1: Prepare a questionnaire on 'Brand
Awareness' of any consumer product in Rural
India. (Marketing Topic) (US No: 1 to 18)
Team 2: Prepare a questionnaire on
'effectiveness of training in a Public Sector
Organization'. (HR Topic) (US No: 19 to 36)
Team 3: Prepare a questionnaire on 'Investors
Attitude towards Mutual Funds in any financial
institution. (Finance Topic) (US No: 37 to 57)
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RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Each Group Need to prepare 36 Questions,
comprising of 18 open ended and 18 closed
ended questions, with 4 point scaling.
Each question is asked to the other groups, to
complete the process of the questionnaire,
On completion of the 'question and answer
session', every group need to 'Analyze and
Interpret' the data collected, and finally
present the data in the form of
PRESENTATION IN NEXT THURSDAY
CLASS.
77. 77
RM – 14MBA23 Notes
Along with the questionnaire assignment, students need to
submit answers for the following in your own words:
1. a. Importance of Research in Business Decisions, and in
Government.
b. What are the features for good research study?
2. What means Continious Variables and Non Continious
Variables, Endogeneous and Exogeneous Variables, &
Extraneous Variables.
3. What are the difficulties faced by the researchers in
Primary and Secondary Sources of Data.
All 4 (Questionnaire + 3 Questions) comprise the 1st
Assignment and Presentation...