This document discusses quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as using numerical data to obtain objective information. The goals of quantitative research are to generalize findings, be objective, and test theories. The quantitative research process involves 10 steps: developing a theory and hypotheses, research design, defining concepts and variables, selecting respondents, data collection, data preparation, analysis, conclusions, and reporting. Several data collection methods are also discussed, including surveys, structured interviews, structured observations, and questionnaires.
Slides prepared for beginners of nursing research or novice researchers. it will enhance and clear there basic understanding about using research designs.
steps in nursing research include several points
1) terminologies related to nursing research
2) phases of nursing research
3) conceptual phase
4) planning phase
5) analytic phase
6) communication phase
Hisrorical evelotion and trends in nursing researchdeepakkv1991
AS AN NURSE THIS IS MY CONTRIBUTION TO ALL MY FELLOW NURSES SO THAT THEY GET AN OPPORTUNITY TO UNDERSTAND AND LEARN ABOUT THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING AND FUTURE TRENDS IN NURSING.
Slides prepared for beginners of nursing research or novice researchers. it will enhance and clear there basic understanding about using research designs.
steps in nursing research include several points
1) terminologies related to nursing research
2) phases of nursing research
3) conceptual phase
4) planning phase
5) analytic phase
6) communication phase
Hisrorical evelotion and trends in nursing researchdeepakkv1991
AS AN NURSE THIS IS MY CONTRIBUTION TO ALL MY FELLOW NURSES SO THAT THEY GET AN OPPORTUNITY TO UNDERSTAND AND LEARN ABOUT THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING AND FUTURE TRENDS IN NURSING.
It is a Presentation on the Meaning, types, methods of establishing validity, the factors influencing validity and how to increase the validity of a tool
It is a Presentation on the Meaning, types, methods of establishing validity, the factors influencing validity and how to increase the validity of a tool
The internet is being developed rapidly since last two decades, and with relevant digital economy that is driven by information technology also being developed worldwide. After a long term development of internet, which rapidly increased web users and highly speed internet connection, and some new technology also have been developed and used for web developing, those lead to firms can promote and enhance images of product and services through web site. Therefore, detailed product information and improved service attracts more and more people changed their consumer behaviour from the traditional mode to more rely on the internet shopping. On the other hand, more companies have realized that the consumer behaviour transformation is unavoidable trend, and thus change their marketing strategy. As the recent researches have indicated that, the internet shopping particularly in business to consumer (B2C) has risen and online shopping become more popular to many people. According to the report, The Emerging Digital Economy II, published by the US Department of Commerce, in some companies, the weight of e-commerce in total sales is quite high. For instance, the Dell computer company have reached 18 million dollars sales through the internet during the first quarter of 1999. As a result, about 30% of its 5.5 billion dollars total sales were achieved through the internet (Moon, 2004). Therefore, to understand internet shopping and its impact on consumer behaviour could help companies making use of it as a form of doing e-business.
There are many reasons for such a rapid developing of internet shopping, which mainly due to the benefits that internet provides. First of all, the internet offers different kind of convenience to consumers. Obviously, consumers do not need go out looking for product information as the internet can help them to search from online sites, and it also helps evaluate between each sites to get the cheapest price for purchase. Furthermore, the internet can enhance consumer use product more efficiently and effectively than other channels to satisfy their needs. Through the different search engines, consumers save time to access to the consumption related information, and which information with mixture of images, sound, and very detailed text description to help consumer learning and choosing the most suitable product (Moon, 2004). However, internet shopping has potential risks for the customers, such as payment safety, and after service. Due to the internet technology developed, internet payment recently becomes prevalent way for purchasing goods from the internet. Internet payment increase consumptive efficiency, at the same time, as its virtual property reduced internet security. After service is another way to stop customer shopping online. It is not like traditional retail, customer has risk that some after service should face to face serve, and especially in some complicated goods.
Online shopping is getting popular in Vietnam. The most popular segment is fashion area. Q&Me Vietnam market research has conducted the survey among Vietnam online shoppers.
This PowerPoint was presented at the 2012 Summer School on Fashion Management at the University of Antwerp. The lecture explains the concept of business models from a theoretical point of view, and illustrates this with an example from the fashion industry.
E-commerce in fashion industry
Apparel & accessories sales in US: Apparel has become an online success - Jeffrey Grau, eMarketer.
Fashion emerges as best-performing segment of ecommerce in UK - IMRG Capgemini e-Retail Sales Index.
Southeast Asia startup investments 2013: It’s all about e-commerce, fashion and women: Mobile commerce, online retail, payments, C2C marketplaces, flash sales.
eCommerce Benchmark for the Fashion Industry:
Where does the traffic come from in fashion? - Direct, Paid, Organic, CPS, CPC, Viral/Social, E-mail newsletter; social and viral media play a much bigger role in fashion.
Conversion ratios in fashion retail.
Platform for your e-store – why Magento?: Shopify, SquareSpace, Tictail, Magento; Bonobos, Nike, Christian Louboutin, MyTheresa.
Magento Enterprise Customer Success Story GANT: High performance and visual inspiration, Full screen experience, Custom campaign modules, Look book, Customized checkout, Flexible landing and content pages, Integration with multiple warehouse and ERP systems, Access rights management across multiple sites/stores, Localized payment and shipping methods;
290% increase in conversion rate, 13% increase in traffic, 35% reduction in page load time, 50% decrease in hosting costs.
Why choose Responsive Web Design?: U.S. Mobile Commerce Activities
Divante for fashion: SOLAR Company Case Study: http://divanteltd.com/blog/complex-e-commerce-implementation-fashion-brand/ .
Grounded Theory: A specific methodology developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) for the purpose of building theory from data. In their book the term grounded theory is used in a more sense to denote theoretical constructs derived form qualitative analysis of data.
Dr. Lani discusses all aspects of the dissertation methodology, including: selecting a survey instrument, population, reliability, validity, data analysis plan, and IRB/URR considerations.
The Next Chapter (The Evolving Relationship between America and Pakistan )AIMS Education
The Pakistan Policy Working Group is an independent, bipartisan group of American experts on U.S.–Pakistan relations. The group was formed in January 2008 to assess the state of U.S.–Pakistan relations and to offer ideas to the next U.S. President and his Administration on managing this critical partnership. The group’s efforts were guided by the understanding that Pakistan is and will remain one of the United States’ foremost foreign policy and national security challenges, deserving of heightened attention in the new Administration.
The group met regularly for eight months to discuss topics involving Pakistan’s domestic political situation, counterterrorism, and internal security challenges, relationships within the region, and economic development and assistance. To inform the group’s work, members traveled to Pakistan, where they interviewed government officials, academics, business leaders, and nongovernmental organization (NGO) workers. Various U.S. officials and Pakistani experts also joined the group’s regular meetings to brief members on their areas of expertise. This report presents the findings of those meetings and research trips.
InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG) Annual Report and Form 20-F 2016AIMS Education
We are one of the world’s leading hotel
companies, whose purpose is to create Great
Hotels Guests Love® through delivering our
promise of True Hospitality for everyone.
We have a diverse portfolio of differentiated brands that
are well known and loved by millions of guests around
the world. Whatever their needs, we have the right hotel
brands for both our guests and owners.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Bond Market
Trade Deficit
Inflation
Interest Rate
Literature Review
Instrument Data Methodology
Results And Analysis
Discussion And Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix
A Complete Survey Report on Technical Education & Vocational Training Authority [TEVTA] Working Under Government of The Punjab, Pakistan
History
Introduction
Mission Statement
Objectives
Courses
Organisational Structure
Powers of the Authority
Functions of the Authority
Reappointment and Resignation
Authority Funds, Budget, Audit and Accounts
Special Training Program
Salient Features
Training Delivery & Benefits
TEVTA Help-Desk at LCCI & It's Function
A short PowerPoint lecture given to two classes of 10th-grade English students during an internship at Davis Senior High. The purpose of this lecture was to familiarize students of varying English proficiency levels with one of three common argumentative appeals, and encourage critical thinking outside the classroom.
Complete Parafait – POS Training Manual
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Social Media - Evolution And Revolution - Start to TodayAIMS Education
Published on Apr 2, 2007
All request please fwd to umer.k.habib@gmail.com.
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How LinkedIn built a Community of Half a BillionaireAIMS Education
Published on Jun 12, 2017, 02:30 PM
Traction Conference 2017 - Since its 2003 inception, LinkedIn has transformed from a networking hub to a beacon of economic opportunity for more than 500 million global members. Vice President of Growth at LinkedIn, Aatif Awan, will explore vital contributors to its growth at milestones throughout LinkedIn’s history, from product innovations and team structure to international expansion. Sharing key lessons learned through this journey, Awan will discuss LinkedIn’s alignment of growth strategy to company vision rather than metrics, and the impact this approach has had on attracting, retaining and servicing its more than half billion members.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Simple computational elements forming a large network
Emphasis on learning (pattern recognition)
Local computation (neurons)
Configured for a particular application
Pattern recognition/data classification
ANN algorithm
Modeled after brain
Set goals and objectives for ERP implementation
Appoint an ERP selection team and include key users in the selection phase
Find out which ERP systems are able to be adapted to company specific requirements
Distinguish between “must-have” and “lower priority” functions
Concentrate on core functions
Talk to several key-users about their experience with the ERP package
Can the software be easily upgraded? Find out costs and duration of an upgrade?
ERP Introduction (Lecture)
Chapter 1-The Roots of Distribution Information Management
Chapter 2-Strategic Use of Distribution Information Systems
Chapter 3-Information System Tactical Planning
Chapter 4-Selecting the System
Chapter 5-ERP Implementation
Chapter 6-The ERP Components
Chapter 7-Automating Sales and Marketing
Chapter 8-Replenishment
Chapter 9-Operations Management
Chapter 10-Executive Information Systems
Chapter 11-Managing the System
Chapter 12-Standardization and Putting the System to Work
Chapter 13-Customer Relationship Management
Chapter 14-Logistics and Procurement Systems
Chapter 15-Building a Best in Class ERP
Understand the effect of induction and integration mechanism on employee retention and performance.
Identify the objectives and steps of induction and integration.
Differentiate between training and development.
Describe on the job and off the job training methods.
Demonstrate and design training programs after conducting TNA.
Evaluate the effectiveness of training and development programs
Understand employee development , need analysis and its approaches.
Describe the issues faced during employee development.
Recognize different career managing terms.
Comprehend why career development is necessary.
Explain the steps to manage career.
Understand and Differentiate between strategic recruitment and selection.
Identify the dual goals of recruiting.
Comprehend recruitment process from organizational as well as individual perspective.
Identify what strategic decisions are involved in recruiting.
Explain the major recruitment methods and analyze their advantages and disadvantages.
Identify the basic selection criteria.
Design and administer an effective selection process.
Evaluate the three methods e.g., information gathering, tests and interviewing used in employee selection.
Appreciate varied contemporary interviewing techniques used by interviewers.
Design interview form and evaluation matrix.
Understand Human Resource Planning (HRP) and purpose of HRP.
Identify the relationship between strategy and HRP.
Identify the steps of HR planning process.
Describe the approaches to understand the jobs.
Discuss the phases of job analysis, including what it is and how it’s used.
Design model for forecasting HR requirements and employee requisition form.
Develop job descriptions , including summaries and job functions, using the Internet and traditional methods by using Job analysis questionnaire.
Develop job specifications using the Internet as well as your judgment.
Explain job analysis in a “jobless” world, including what it means and how it’s done in practice.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
1. In the name of Allah Kareem,
Most Beneficent, Most Gracious,
the Most Merciful !
2.
3. Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is "a formal, objective, systematic process in
which numerical data are utilised to obtain information about the
world" (Burns and Grove cited by Cormack 1991). Quantitative
research is inclined to be deductive. In other words it tests theory.
General aims of quantitative research
•To generalize
•To be objective
•To test theories
SUPERIOR GROUP OF COLLEGES
4. Quantitative Research Process
1. Theory
2. Hypothesis
3. Research Design
4. Devise measures of concepts
5. Select research site / Respondents
6. Data Collection
7. Preparation of data
8. Analysis and interpretations
9. Drawing Conclusions
10. Report Writing
5. 1. THEORY
Theory is a standardized principle on which basis we can
explain the relationship between two or more concepts or
variables.
PURPOSE OF THEORY
1. Prediction
2. Understanding
LEVELS OF THEORY
1. Abstract level
2. Empirical level
PROCESS OF THEORY DEVELOPMENT
1. Induction
2. Deduction
6. 2. Hypothesis / Research Questions
A predictive statement of a relationship between two or more
variable, which may then be tested through research
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
1. Null Hypothesis Ho
2. Alternative Hypothesis H1
A good hypothesis should be:
A definite statement
Based on observations and knowledge
Predict the results very clear
Testable with straight forward experiment
7. 3. Research Design
1. Introduction
2. Purpose Statement
3. Significance
4. Objectives
5. Use of theory
6. Research Questions/Hypotheses
7. Limitations Delimitations
8. Ethical Consideration
8. 4. Devise Measure of Concepts
Concept:
Abstract realities or generalized ideas about objects,
attributes, occurrence or processes, that can not be
measured directly. Concepts are the building
blocks of theory.
Examples
level of motivation
Variable
Empirical realities that may have varied (different) values
that can be measured directly is called variables
Example: Gender (male or female)
Temperature ( 98o , 95o , 100o ) etc
9. Cont…..
Operationalization
Operationalization is the process of
defining a concept so that it becomes
measurable variable, which is
achieved by looking at behavioral
dimensions and categorizing them
into observable and measurable
elements.
11. Cont…..
Gender Motivation Temperature Time
1. Highly Motivated o
1. Male 1. 97 C 1. 10 seconds
2. Moderately Motivated o
2. Female 2. 98 C Means 10
3. Less Motivated 3. 99 o C seconds
more than 0
12. Cont…..
Comparison Chart
Scale Definition Properties Base Example
• Gender
A scale in which objects or individual is
Nominal
broken into categories that have no Identity Difference • Nationality
scale numerical properties. • Religion
A scale in which objects or individuals are
Ordinal
categorized and the categories form a Directional Order A is longer than B
Scale rank order along a continuum.
Scale Definition Properties Base Example
A scale in which the units of
Interval Equal unit
measurement (intervals) between the Magnitude A is 2 feet longer than B
Scale numbers on the scale are all equal. Size
A scale in which, in addition to order and A is 2 feet long means 2 feet more
equal units of measurement, there is an than “0”
Ratio Scale absolute zero that indicates an absence
Ratio Absolute zero
of the variables being measure.
13. Cont…..
Response formats for scales
Binary Response My job is usually interesting enough to keep me from getting bored
formats • agree
• disagree
Numerical Response My job is usually interesting enough to keep me for getting bored
formats 5 4 3 2 1
Verbal formats May job is usually interesting enough to keep me from getting bored
Strongly agree__ agree__ undecided__ disagree___ strongly disagree__
Bipolar numerical
I love my job 5 4 3 2 1I hate my job
formats
Frequency formats My job is usually interesting enough to keep me from getting bored
• All of the time ____
• often _____
• fairly often ____
• occasionally ___
• none of the time ____
14. Cont…..
Validity
Face Validity
(Validity where measure apparently
reflects the content of the concept in
question)
Predictive
(Researcher employs the criterion whereby
Validity a new scale predicts a future event)
(Are we Measuring the
Right thing)
Concurrent
(Researcher employs the criterion whereby
a new scale measures a current event)
Convergent
(A test has convergent validity if it has a high
correlation with another test that measures the
same construct)
16. 5.Selecting Research respondents
Population
the universe of units(nations, cities, regions, firms, students employees
etc.) from which the sample is to be selected.
Sample
the segment of the population that is selected for the investigation. It is
a subset of the population. The method of selection may be based on a
probability or a non-probability approach (see below).
Sampling frame
the listing of all the units in the population from which the sample will
be selected.
Representative Sample
a sample that reflects the population accurately so that it is a microcosm
of the population.
Sampling error
the difference between a sample and the population from which it is
selected, even though a probability sample has been selected.
17. 5.Cont…..
Sampling
Sampling Technique
Probability Non-Probability
Simple random sample Convenience sampling
Stratified random sample Snowball sampling
Systematic sample Quota sampling
18. Methods of Data Collection
Surveys
Survey is a quantitative research strategy that involves the structured collection of
data from a pre-determined sample. It involves following methods
1.Structured interview
2.Structured Observation
3.Questionnaire
Survey
Structured Questionnaire
Structured Observation
Interview
Self administered On-line
Telephone Face to face Participant Non -Participant questionnaires questionnaires
Interviews interview Observation Observation
Postal
questionnaires
19. Structured Interviewing
Structured interviewing is the process of administering an interview schedule
by an interviewer.
The aim is for all interviewees to be given exactly the same context of
questioning. In this way the interviewers are supposed to read questions
exactly.
Types of Structured interviewing
1. Telephonic Interview
2. Face to face Interview
Structured Observations
20. QUESTIONNAIRES
“Questionnaire is pre-formulated written set of questions to which
respondents record their answers”.
Questionnaires can be:
On-line questionnaires
Postal questionnaires
Self administered questionnaire
21. Variety of factors influence questionnaire
The choice of questionnaire will be influenced by a variety of factors related
to your
Research question (s)
Research objective
Characteristics of respondents
Size of sample
Dimensions of the concept to be measured
And availability of required resources.
22. DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE
Designing a questionnaire is based on following principles
1- Principle of wording
i. The nature of the variable will determine what kind and number of questions
will be asked i.e. ranking, rating or dichotomous
ii. The wording should be simple, easy and appropriate
iii. Closed ended questions will be used with the intention to have ease, and
enhanced comparability.
iv. Add both positively as well as negatively worded questions
v. Always avoid double barreled, ambiguous, recall dependent, leading or loaded
questions
vi. The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be from general to
specific, and easy to more difficult. It is also called funnel approach.
23. 2- Principle of Measurement:
i. Interval and Ratio scales should be used in preference to nominal or ordinal
scales
ii. The measure must be assessed through tests of validity and reliability
3- General Getup:
1. Start with good Introduction
2. Questions should be well organized with instructions and guidance
3. Only relevant personal information should be demanded that is not sensitive,
4. End with a courteous note.
24. Mode of Description Disadvantages
data Advantages
Can establish rapport and motivate respondents Takes personal time
Personal or face- The interviewer and Can clarify the questions, clear doubts add new Costs more when a wide geographic region is
to-face interviewee confronted each questions covered
interviews other Can read nonverbal cues Respondents may be concerned about confidentiality
Can use visual aids to clarify points. of information given
Rich data can be obtained Interviewers need to be trained
CAPI can be used and responses entered in a ‘can introduce interviewer biases
portable computer Respondents can terminate the interview any time
Telephone Interview which were Less costly and speedier that personal Nonverbal cues cannot be read
Interviews conducted through interviews. Interviews will have to be kept short
communication. Can reach a wide geographic area Obsolete telephone number could be contacted, and
Greater anonymity than personal interviews. unlisted ones omitted from the sample
Self-completion Self-questionnaire is a Can establish rapport and motivate respondent Organizations may be reluctant to give up company
questionnaire questionnaire in which Doubts can be clarified time for the survey with group of employees
interviewee answer the Less expensive when administered to groups assembled for the purpose
question by himself Almost 100 % response rate ensured
Anonymity of respondent is high
Postal It is a type of Anonymity is high Response rate is almost always Cannot clarify
Questionnaire questionnaire which can Wide geographic regions can be reached. questions
be sending to the Token gifts can be enclosed to seek Follow-up procedures for no responses are necessary
respondent through mail compliance
or any other postal mode. Respondent can take more time to respond at
convenience
Can be administered electronically, if desired
Electronic The questionnaire which Easy to administer Computer literacy in a must
Questionnaire you send through Can reach globally Respondents must have access to the facility
internet Very inexpensive Respondent must be willing to complete the survey
Fast delivery
Convenient for Respondents
Participants Researcher participates Better accuracy Participant observation takes time and commitment
Observation in the activities of the Less cost Usually does not examine motivation, attitude or
group being observed in Researcher is collecting observed data not feeling toward particular behavior
the same manner reported data Time cost
Can obtain data from those unable to
communicate in written or oral form
Non-Participants Researcher do not get The individual may simply be unaware of how The lack of interaction may, however make it
Observation involved in the activities they behave in a particular situation. difficult for the researcher to be able to clarify or
of the group but remains Safe the researcher time interrupt the phenomena been investigated
25. Mystery Shopping
Mystery shopping is a popular technique used in consumer research
that involves sending people (mystery shoppers) into a shop to buy
products with the intention to evaluate the effectiveness of retail staff.
After the interaction, the shoppers typically fill out rating sheet
detailing the nature of the interaction and service they receive. It’s a
type of field stimulation.
A good hypothesis should be:A definite statementBased on observations and knowledgePredict the results very clearTestable with straight forward experiment