Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE Meaning, definition, purpose and components of research design.
Difference between the terms research method and research methodology.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Research Objective
Research is an organized investigation of a problem in which there is an attempt to gain solution to a problem.
To get right solution of a right problem, clearly defined objectives are very important.
Clearly defined objectives enlighten the way in which the researcher has to proceed.
What is Research Objective?
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables.
Generally research objective focus on the ways to measure the variables , such as to identify or describe them.
Sometime objectives are directed towards identifying the relationship or difference between two variables.
Research objective are the results sought by the researcher at the end of the research process, i.e. what the researcher will be able to achieve at the end of the research study.
The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study.
Objective should be closely related to the statement of the problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Research objectives is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to achieve. A well-worded objective will be SMART, i.e Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, & Time-bound.
Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible, Logical, Observable, Unequivocal & Measurable.
Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved within the expected timeframe &with the available resources.
The objective or research project summarizes what is to be achieved by the study.
The research objectives are the specific accomplishment the researchers hopes to achieve by the study
The objective include obtaining answers to research questions or testing the research hypothesis.
Why need Research Objectives?
The formulation of research objectives will help researcher to:
With clearly defined objectives, the researchers can focus on the study.
Avoid the collection of data which are not strictly necessary for understanding & solving problem that he or she has defined.
The formulation of objectives organize the study in clearly defined parts or phases.
Properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the development of research methodology & will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation, &utilization of data.
Types of Research Objectives
General Objective
General objectives are broad goals to be achieved.
The general objectives of the study state what the researcher expects to achieve by the study in general terms.
General objectives are usually less in number.
Research is a process through which new knowledge is discovered. Conducting research has to follow certain steps and these may vary with the type and goals of research. But the variation in the process would be minor according to the study involves quantitative or a qualitative approach and data.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
Research Objective
Research is an organized investigation of a problem in which there is an attempt to gain solution to a problem.
To get right solution of a right problem, clearly defined objectives are very important.
Clearly defined objectives enlighten the way in which the researcher has to proceed.
What is Research Objective?
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables.
Generally research objective focus on the ways to measure the variables , such as to identify or describe them.
Sometime objectives are directed towards identifying the relationship or difference between two variables.
Research objective are the results sought by the researcher at the end of the research process, i.e. what the researcher will be able to achieve at the end of the research study.
The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study.
Objective should be closely related to the statement of the problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Research objectives is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to achieve. A well-worded objective will be SMART, i.e Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, & Time-bound.
Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible, Logical, Observable, Unequivocal & Measurable.
Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved within the expected timeframe &with the available resources.
The objective or research project summarizes what is to be achieved by the study.
The research objectives are the specific accomplishment the researchers hopes to achieve by the study
The objective include obtaining answers to research questions or testing the research hypothesis.
Why need Research Objectives?
The formulation of research objectives will help researcher to:
With clearly defined objectives, the researchers can focus on the study.
Avoid the collection of data which are not strictly necessary for understanding & solving problem that he or she has defined.
The formulation of objectives organize the study in clearly defined parts or phases.
Properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the development of research methodology & will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation, &utilization of data.
Types of Research Objectives
General Objective
General objectives are broad goals to be achieved.
The general objectives of the study state what the researcher expects to achieve by the study in general terms.
General objectives are usually less in number.
Research is a process through which new knowledge is discovered. Conducting research has to follow certain steps and these may vary with the type and goals of research. But the variation in the process would be minor according to the study involves quantitative or a qualitative approach and data.
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
A literature review is a
“critical analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles”
Research is the systematic efforts of gathering, analyzing & interpreting the problems confronted by humanity.
this ppt contains following points :-
Meaning of research
Characteristics of Research
Objectives of Research
Motivation in Research
Importance of Research
Types of Research
Research Process
Difference Between Research Methods & Research Methodology
Meaning of Business Research
Role of Business Research
Factors Affecting Business Research
Research, Types and objectives of research Bindu Kshtriya
This presentation is regarding the basics of research method, about the voyage of research, steps included in research, types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative conceptual, empirical historical conclusion oriented etc
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
A literature review is a
“critical analysis of a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical articles”
Research is the systematic efforts of gathering, analyzing & interpreting the problems confronted by humanity.
this ppt contains following points :-
Meaning of research
Characteristics of Research
Objectives of Research
Motivation in Research
Importance of Research
Types of Research
Research Process
Difference Between Research Methods & Research Methodology
Meaning of Business Research
Role of Business Research
Factors Affecting Business Research
Research, Types and objectives of research Bindu Kshtriya
This presentation is regarding the basics of research method, about the voyage of research, steps included in research, types of research including descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative conceptual, empirical historical conclusion oriented etc
Research proposal
704 _Quantitative Research Methods in LIS
Presentation by Sadaf Batool
M.Phil. (scholar)
Roll no 14
Contents
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research
Component of research proposal
1-title
2-introduction
3-statement of the problem
4-review of related literature
5-Hypothesis
6-purpose /objective of study
7- work plane
8-Method, research design, sample.
9-Refrences
common error in research proposal
Evaluation of research proposal
What is research?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
What is proposal?
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration by others.
A research proposal “is a document that outlines how you propose to undertake your research studies” (Mouton 2001:p.44).
Definition of research proposal
A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program,
It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.
Importance of research proposal
Helps examine what the researcher intends to do.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Research proposals can be effective starting places to discuss projects with your professors, too.
The research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research, as well as your proposed methodology and chosen research method.
Advantages of research proposal
Fund to support your research
Allow you to review and critically evaluate your current research program
Convince yourself and others that your research is worth supporting
Keep you focused on your research program
Develop novel ideas during writing proposal.
Relationship of research proposal with research
Research proposal is a plan, and research is action.
Research proposal is compulsory for approving proposed research.
Research proposal is a schedule and research is activity.
Research proposal is a mirror of research
Research proposal is a blue print of research.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Types of research proposal
There are two major types of research proposal;
Academic:
• An academic proposal is the first step in producing a thesis or major project. Its intent is to convince a supervisor or academic committee that your topic and approach are sound,
Non-academ
Research Formulation by Dr. Ved Nath Jha.pptxDrVednathJha1
During the course of Ph.D , it is the 1st step towards the steps of best research .On the basis of analysis of research methodology, conclusions are elaborated here.
Research methodology at students of university
Objectives
Meaning of variables
Types of variables (independent, dependent )
Concept of hypothesis
Sources of hypothesis
Types of hypothesis
Characteristics of a good hypothesis
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE
To explain the concept of Educational Research
To describe the scope of Educational Research
To Identity fundamental research
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• State historical development
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• Discuss on the role of human behavior in prevention of disease
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3. Research proposal: Its meaning and
need
A. Identification of research topic: sources
and need
B. Review of related Literature
C. Rationale and need for the study
D. Definition of Terms
E. Variables
F. Research questions, objectives and
hypotheses
G. Scope, limitations and delimitations
4. Con…
H. Method, sample and tools
I . Significance of study
J . Technique for data analysis
K. Bibliography
L. Time frame
M. Budget
5. OBJECTIVES
On completion of this unit, you will be able
to :
1) State meaning of research design
2) Describe purpose of research design
3) Distinguish between research method and
research methodology.
4) Discuss purposes of research proposal
5) List down various components of research
proposal
6) Prepare write up for research proposal for a
given topic.
6. MEANING, DEFINITION, PURPOSE AND
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Meaning of Research Design : Before
starting a research, the investigator will look
for problem, he will read books, journals,
research reports and other related literature.
Based on this, he will finalize the topic for
research. During this process, he will be in
close contact with his guide. As soon as the
topic is decided, first task is to decide about
design
7. Definition Of Research Design
―A design is general strategy for conducting
a research study. The nature of the
hypothesis, the variables involved, and the
constraints of the ―real world‖ all
contribute to the selection of design.
Kothari (1988) says, ―Decisions regarding
WHAT?, WHERE?, WHEN?, HOW
MUCH?, by WHAT?
8. Con…
it can be said that research design is an
outline of what the researcher will do from
writing of objectives, hypotheses and its
operational implications to find analysis of
data. Research design should be able to
convey following
9. Research design should be able to
convey following
What is the study about?
Where will study be carried out?
What type of data is necessary?
Where necessary data is available?
How much time is needed to complete the
study?
What will be the sampling design?
Which tools will be identified to collect
data?
How data will be analyzed?
10. Con…
Depending upon the types of research the
structure of design may vary. Suppose, one
is conducting an experimental research,
then identification of variables, control of
variables, types of experimental design etc.
be discussed properly. If someone is
conducting qualitative research, then one
should stress on understanding of setting,
nature of data, holistic approach, selection
of participants, inductive data analysis
11. Con…
Thus, according to nature and type of study
the components of design will be decided.
In short, any efficient research design will
help the researcher to carry out the study in
a systematic way.
12. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH DESIGN :
1. A research design helps the investigator to
obtain answers to research problem and
issues involved in the research, since it is
the outline of entire research process.
2. Design also tells us about how to collect
data, what observation are to be carry out,
how to make them, how to analyze the data.
13. Con…
3. Design also guides investigator about
statistical techniques to be used for analysis
4. Design also guides to control certain
variables in experimental research.
14. Con…
Thus, design guides the investigator to carry
out research step by step in an efficient way.
The design section is said to be complete /
adequate if investigator could carry out his
research by following the steps described in
design.
15. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TERMS
RESEARCH METHOD AND RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY :
While preparing the design of the study, it is
necessary to think of research method. It is
simply the method for conducting research.
Generally, such methods are divided into
quantitative and qualitative methods.
Such quantitative methods include
descriptive research, evaluation research
and assessment research.
16. Con…
Assessment type of studies include surveys,
public opinion polls, assessment of
educational achievement. Evaluation
studies include school surveys, follow up
studies. Descriptive research studies are
concerned with analysis of the relationships
between non manipulated variables
17. Qualitative research methods include
ethnography, phenomenology,
ethnomethodology, narrative research,
grounded theory, symbolic interaction and
case study.
Thus, the researcher should mention about
methods of research used in his research
with proper justification for its use
18. The term ‗methodology‘ seems to be
broader, in the sense it includes nature of
population, selection of sample, selection /
preparation of tools, collection of data and
how data will be analysed. Here the method
of research is also included.
19. RESEARCH PROPOSAL : ITS
MEANING AND NEED :
Preparing the research proposal is an
important step because at this stage, entire
research project gets a concrete shape.
Researcher‘s insight and inspiration are
translated into a step by step plan for
discovering new knowledge
20. Con…
Proposal is more than research design.
Research design is a subset of proposal.
Ordinarily research design will not talk
much about theoretical frame work of the
study. It will be also silent about the review
of related studies. A strong rationale for
conducting research is also not part of
research design.
21. At the stage of writing proposal, the entire
research work shapes into concrete form. In
the proposal, the researcher demonstrates
that he is familiar with what he is doing.
22. Thus, a research proposal serves mainly
following purposes.
(i) It communicates researcher‘s plan to all
others interested.
(ii) It serves as a plan of action.
(iii) It is an agreement between researcher and
the guide.
(iv) Its presentation before experts provide
further rethinking on the entire work.
23. Following components are generally
included in the research proposal. It is not
necessary to follow this list rigidly. It
should provide useful outline for writing of
any research proposal
24. Normally, a research proposal begins with
an Introduction, this gives clearly the
background or history of the problem
selected. Some also calls this as a
theoretical / conceptual framework. This
will include various theories / concepts
related to problem selected. Theoretical
frame work should have logical sequence.
Suppose researcher wants to study the
achievement of class IX students in
mathematics in particular area,
25. then conceptual frame may include:
1. Objectives of teaching mathematics, its
purpose of secondary school level
2. Importance of achievement in mathematics
Level of achievement as studied by other
researchers
3. Factors affecting achievements of
mathematics
4. Various commissions and committees
views on achievement in mathematics.
26. Con…
All these points can be put into sequence
logically. Whenever needed theoretical
support be given. This is an important step
in research proposal. Generally any
proposal begins with this type of
introduction.
27. A. Identification of Research Topic :
Sources and Need :
As discussed earlier, researcher will spell
out as to how the problem emerged, its
social and educational context and its
importance to the field. Some researchers
name this caption as background of the
study or Theoretical / Conceptual frame
work of the study. In short, here the entire
topic of the research is briefly introduced
along with related concepts and theories in
the field.
28. B. Review of Related Literature :
In this section, one presents what is so far
known about the problem under
investigation. Generally theoretical /
conceptual frame work is already reported
in earlier section. In this section researcher
concentrates on studies conducted in the
area of interest. here, a researcher will
locate various studies conducted in his area
and interest. Try to justify that all such
located studies are ‗related ‗to your work.
For locating such studies one will refer
29. For locating such studies one will refer
following documents / sources.
Surveys of research in education
Ph. D. Theses available in various libraries
Current Index to Journals in Education
(CIJE)
Dissertation Abstract International (DAI)
Educational Resources Information Centre
(ERIC) by U.S. office of education.
Various national / International journals,
Internet
30. Con…
In research proposal, the review of studies
conducted earlier is reported briefly. There
are two was of reporting the same. One
way could be all such related studies be
reported chronologically in brief indicating
purpose, sample, tools and major findings.
Of course, this will increase the volume of
research proposal. Second studies with
similar trends be put together and its
important trend/s be highlighted. This is bit
difficult, but innovative.
31. The researcher should conclude with
following points :
What has been done so far in this area?
Where? (Area wise) When? (Year wise)
How? (Methodology wise)
What needs to be done?
Thus, the researcher will identify the
‗Research Gap‘.
32. C. Rationale and Need of the Study :
Rationale should answer the question –
‗why‘ this study is conducted? It ‗why‘ is
answered properly, then rationale a strong
one. For strong rationale, the earlier
section of review will be of much help.
Identified research gaps will convey as to
why this study is conducted.
33. D. Definition of Terms :
Every research study involves certain key or
technical terms which have some special
connotation in the context of study; hence it
is always desirable to define such key
words. There are two types definitions, (i)
Theoretical / constitutive and (ii)
Operational.
34. E. Variables :
Variables involved in the research need to be
identified here. Their operational
definitions should be given in the research
proposal. Especially in study where
experimental research is conducted,
variables be specified with enough care.
Their classification should be done in terms
and dependent variables, independent
variables, intervening variables, extraneous
variables etc
35. F. Research questions objectives and
hypotheses:
While reading the statement of the problem,
there may be bit confusion to avoid such
confusions there is a need to have
specification of a research problem. This
specification can be done by writing
research questions, objectives, hypotheses,
by writing operational definitions thus,
objectives give more clarity to researchers
and reactors
36. Formulation of hypothesis
Formulation of hypothesis is an indication
that researcher has sufficient knowledge in
the area and it also gives direction for data
collection and analysis. A hypothesis has to
be :
(I) testable, (ii) have explanatory power,
(iii) state expected relationship between
variables. (iv) consistent with existing body
of knowledge
37. H. Scope, Limitations and Delimitations:
In any research, it is not possible to cover
all aspects of the area of interest, variables,
population and so on. Thus, a study has
always certain limitations. Limitations are
those conditions beyond the control of the
researcher that may play restriction on
conclusions. Sometimes, the tool used is not
revalidated. This itself becomes limitation
of the study. Thus limitation is a broad
term, but delimitation is a narrow term. It
indicates boundaries of the study.
38. J. Significance of the Study :
If we have already reported strong rationale
then, hardly there is any need to go for
significance. In rationale part, one must
describe as to how this study will contribute
to the field of education. How the findings /
results of particular research will influence
educational process in general need to be
reported in the rationale only.
39. K. Technique/s of Data Analysis :
This is crucial step in proposal. As to how
collected data will be tabulated and
organized for the purpose of further analysis
is to be reported in this section. If it is a
quantitative research, parametric or non-
parametric statistical techniques will be
used need to be reported. Before applying
any technique for data analysis, verify the
needed assumptions about that particular
technique
40. M. Time Frame :
The proposal submitted for Ph.D. degree,
generally do not require time frame in all
universities, but there is a fixed limit for
these courses. It is always advisable to give
detailed schedule if research work, as it
helps to keep researcher alert. Proposals to
be submitted to funding agency definitely
ask for time frame. Time frame need to be
reported keeping following points in view..
41. Time / duration mentioned by funding
agency be properly dividend
Time required for preliminary work like
review of literature.
Time required for preparing tool/s.
Time require for data collection, field visits
etc.
Time required for data analysis and report
writing.
42. N. Budget :
The proposal submitted to the funding agency
needs details regarding financial estimates.
It may include expected expenditure
keeping various budget needs. Following
budget needs be kept in view along with
amount.
43. Con…
Expenditure towards purchase of books,
journals, tools etc.
Expenditure towards printing, xeroxing,
stationery etc.
Expenditure for data entry, tabulation and
analysis of data.
Expenditure for field work, travel for
monitoring purpose etc.
Expenditure for preparing final report.
44. Select one topic for research and write a
various steps of research proposal at length.
45. Suggested Readings :
1) Best, J.W. and Kahn, J.V. (2004), Research
in Education, New Delhi, Prentice Hall of
India.
2) Gay, L.R. and Airasian, P. (2000),
Educational Research : Competencies for
Analysis and Application, New Jersey :
Mersil.
3) Kothari, R.C. (1985), Research
Methodology, New Delhi : Wiley Eastern
Ltd.