This document discusses research design. It begins by defining research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economical procedures. The document then outlines the key parts of research design including sampling, observational, statistical, and operational design. It also discusses important concepts such as independent and dependent variables, extraneous variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments. The document concludes by describing three main types of research design: exploratory, descriptive/diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing designs. It provides examples of methods used for each type of design.
General Research Methodology: Research, objective, requirements,
practical difficulties, review of literature, study design, types of studies,
strategies to eliminate errors/bias, controls, randomization, crossover design,
placebo, blinding techniques.
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
General Research Methodology: Research, objective, requirements,
practical difficulties, review of literature, study design, types of studies,
strategies to eliminate errors/bias, controls, randomization, crossover design,
placebo, blinding techniques.
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
Research Objective
Research is an organized investigation of a problem in which there is an attempt to gain solution to a problem.
To get right solution of a right problem, clearly defined objectives are very important.
Clearly defined objectives enlighten the way in which the researcher has to proceed.
What is Research Objective?
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables.
Generally research objective focus on the ways to measure the variables , such as to identify or describe them.
Sometime objectives are directed towards identifying the relationship or difference between two variables.
Research objective are the results sought by the researcher at the end of the research process, i.e. what the researcher will be able to achieve at the end of the research study.
The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study.
Objective should be closely related to the statement of the problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Research objectives is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to achieve. A well-worded objective will be SMART, i.e Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, & Time-bound.
Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible, Logical, Observable, Unequivocal & Measurable.
Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved within the expected timeframe &with the available resources.
The objective or research project summarizes what is to be achieved by the study.
The research objectives are the specific accomplishment the researchers hopes to achieve by the study
The objective include obtaining answers to research questions or testing the research hypothesis.
Why need Research Objectives?
The formulation of research objectives will help researcher to:
With clearly defined objectives, the researchers can focus on the study.
Avoid the collection of data which are not strictly necessary for understanding & solving problem that he or she has defined.
The formulation of objectives organize the study in clearly defined parts or phases.
Properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the development of research methodology & will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation, &utilization of data.
Types of Research Objectives
General Objective
General objectives are broad goals to be achieved.
The general objectives of the study state what the researcher expects to achieve by the study in general terms.
General objectives are usually less in number.
Research methodology - Analysis of DataThe Stockker
Processing & Analysis of Data, Data editing, Benefits of data editing, Data coding, Classification of data, CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING THE ATTRIBUTES, CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF INTERVAL, TABULATION of data, Types of tables, Graphing of data, Bar chart, Pie chart, Line graph, histogram, Polygon / ogive, Analysis of Data, Descriptive Analysis, Uni-Variate Analysis, Bivariate Analysis, Multi-Variate Analysis, Causal Analysis, Inferential Analysis, PARAMETRIC TESTS, Non parametric Test,
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
All research endeavors share a common goal of furthering our understanding of the problem and thus all share certain basic stages forming a process called the research process.
The slides will help you in knowing the components of research design in brief what is research design, components of research design, differnt types of research design
Research Objective
Research is an organized investigation of a problem in which there is an attempt to gain solution to a problem.
To get right solution of a right problem, clearly defined objectives are very important.
Clearly defined objectives enlighten the way in which the researcher has to proceed.
What is Research Objective?
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables.
Generally research objective focus on the ways to measure the variables , such as to identify or describe them.
Sometime objectives are directed towards identifying the relationship or difference between two variables.
Research objective are the results sought by the researcher at the end of the research process, i.e. what the researcher will be able to achieve at the end of the research study.
The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study.
Objective should be closely related to the statement of the problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Research objectives is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to achieve. A well-worded objective will be SMART, i.e Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, & Time-bound.
Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible, Logical, Observable, Unequivocal & Measurable.
Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved within the expected timeframe &with the available resources.
The objective or research project summarizes what is to be achieved by the study.
The research objectives are the specific accomplishment the researchers hopes to achieve by the study
The objective include obtaining answers to research questions or testing the research hypothesis.
Why need Research Objectives?
The formulation of research objectives will help researcher to:
With clearly defined objectives, the researchers can focus on the study.
Avoid the collection of data which are not strictly necessary for understanding & solving problem that he or she has defined.
The formulation of objectives organize the study in clearly defined parts or phases.
Properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the development of research methodology & will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation, &utilization of data.
Types of Research Objectives
General Objective
General objectives are broad goals to be achieved.
The general objectives of the study state what the researcher expects to achieve by the study in general terms.
General objectives are usually less in number.
Research methodology - Analysis of DataThe Stockker
Processing & Analysis of Data, Data editing, Benefits of data editing, Data coding, Classification of data, CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING THE ATTRIBUTES, CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF INTERVAL, TABULATION of data, Types of tables, Graphing of data, Bar chart, Pie chart, Line graph, histogram, Polygon / ogive, Analysis of Data, Descriptive Analysis, Uni-Variate Analysis, Bivariate Analysis, Multi-Variate Analysis, Causal Analysis, Inferential Analysis, PARAMETRIC TESTS, Non parametric Test,
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
All research endeavors share a common goal of furthering our understanding of the problem and thus all share certain basic stages forming a process called the research process.
The slides will help you in knowing the components of research design in brief what is research design, components of research design, differnt types of research design
: A Research design is a logical and systemic plan prepared for directing research. It specifies the objectives of the study, the methodology and techniques to be adopted for achieving the objectives. It constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. It is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers to research questions. A research design is the program that guides the investigator in the process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting observations.
The research approach indicates the basic procedure for conducting research.
Research approach is the technique which the researcher uses to structure a study in order to gather and analyze information relevant to the research question .
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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2. Content:
• What is research design??
• Parts of Research Design
• Features of Good Research Design
• Important Concept Related To Research Design
• Research design types
• Principles of experimental designs
2
3. What is Research Design??
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of
data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with
economy in procedure.
In other words, the research design is the “conceptual structure within which
research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement and analysis of data.”
3
4. Parts of Research Design:
(a) Sampling Design – It deals with the method of selecting items to be
observed for the given study.
(b) Observational Design- It relates to the conditions under which the
observations are to be made.
(c) Statistical Design - It concerns with the question of how many items are to
be observed and how the information and data gathered are to be analysed.
(d) Operational Design- It deals with the techniques by which the procedures.
4
5. Features of Good Research Design:
oIt specifies the sources and types of information relevant to the research
problem.
o It specifies to approach that will be used for gathering and analyzing the data.
o It also includes the time and cost budgets for research work
o The availability and skills of the researcher and his staff, if any.
o The objective and nature of the problem to be studied.
5
6. Important Concept Related To Research Design:
1 Dependent and independent variable- A concept which can take on
different quantitative values is called variable. As such as height, weight and
income are all variables.
If one variable depend upon or is a consequence of other variable termed as
dependent variable and variable i.e. antecedent to dependent variable is
termed as an independent variable.
eg. height depends upon age then height is a dependent variable and age is an
independent variable.
6
7. 2. Extraneous Variables- Independent variables that are not related to the
purpose of the study but may effect on the dependent variables are termed as
the extraneous variable.
eg. Suppose a researcher want to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship
between children gains in social studies achievement and their self concept. In
this case;
Self-concept = Independent variable
Social studies achievement = Dependent variable
Intelligence may as well affect on the social achievement. But it is not related
to the study undertaken by the researcher so it is a Extraneous variable
7
8. 3. Control-
One important characteristic of a good research is to minimize the influence or
effect of extraneous variables .The technical term ‘control’ is used when we
design the study minimizing the effect of extraneous independent variable. In
experimental researches, the term control is used to refer to restrain
experimental conditions.
4. Confounded Relationship-
When the dependent variable is not free from the influence of extraneous
variables the relationship between the depended and independent variables is
said to be confounded by an extraneous variable.
8
9. 5. Research Hypothesis-
When a prediction or a hypothesized relationship is to be tested by scientific
methods, it is termed as a research hypothesis. The Research Hypothesis is a
predicative statement that relates an independent variable to dependent variable.
6. Experimental and Non-experimental Hypothesis Testing-
Research in which the independent variable is manipulated is termed as
Experimental hypothesis testing research. Research in which the independent
variable is not manipulated is termed as non- Experimental hypothesis testing
research
9
10. 7. Experimental and Control Groups –
When a group is exposed to usual conditions, it is termed as a control group.
But when the group is exposed to be some special condition, it is termed as
experimental group.
8. Treatments –
The different conditions under which experimental and control groups are put
up usually referred to as treatment.
9. Experiment –
The process of examining the truth of a statistical hypothesis, relating to some
research problem, is known as an experiment. eg. we can conduct an
Experiment to examine the usefulness of a certain newly developed drug.
10
11. Research design types:
Conventionally can be described into 3 types-
1.Research design in case of exploratory research studies.
2.Research design in case of descriptive and diagnostic research studies.
3.Research design in case of hypothesis-testing research studies.
11
12. 1. Research design in case of exploratory research studies:
It also termed as Formulative research studies. The main purpose of such studies
is that of formulating a problem for more precise investigation or of developing
the working hypotheses from an operational point of view. The major emphasis
in such studies is on the discovery of ideas and insights. The following three
methods in the context of research design for such studies as;
(a) The survey of concerning literature
(b) The experience survey
(c) The analysis of ‘insight-stimulating’ examples.
12
13. (a) The survey of concerning literature- It is the most simple and fruitful
method of formulating the research problem or developing hypothesis.
Hypotheses stated by earlier workers may be reviewed and their usefulness be
evaluated as a basis for further research. But in cases hypotheses have not yet
been formulated, his task is to review the available material for deriving the
relevant hypotheses from it.
(b) The experience survey– It means the survey of people who have had
practical experience with the problem to be studied. The object of such a survey
is to obtain insight into the relationships between variables and new ideas
relating to the research problem.
13
14. (c) The analysis of ‘insight-stimulating’ examples- It is study of all cases
which are prevalent to the area of study. It is also a fruitful method of
suggesting the hypothesis. It is particularly suitable in areas where there is
little experience to serve as a guide.
14
15. 2.Research design in case of descriptive and diagnostic
research studies:
Descriptive research studies are those studies which are concerned with
describing the characteristics of a particular individual, or of a group, whereas
diagnostic research studies determine the frequency with which something
occurs or its association with something else.
The researcher must be able to define clearly, what he wants to measure and
must find adequate methods for measuring it along with a clear cut definition of
‘population’ he wants to study.
15
16. The design in such studies must be rigid and not flexible and must focus attention
on the following:
(a) Formulating the objective of the study
(b) Designing the methods of data collection
(c) Selecting the sample
(d) Collecting the data
(e) Processing and analyzing the data
(f) Reporting the findings.
16
17. 3. Research design in case of hypothesis-testing research
studies:
Hypothesis-testing research studies known as Experimental studies are those
where the researcher tests the hypothesis of causal relationships between
variables.
The experimental designs are being used in researches relating to phenomena of
several disciplines.
Professor Fisher has enumerated three principles of experimental designs:
(1) Principle of Replication
(2) Principle of Randomization
(3) Principle of Local Control.
17