The document discusses key aspects of research methodology including defining research, the research process, types of research, and approaches to research. It provides details on topics like the objectives and significance of research, as well as the various steps involved in the research process such as developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Additionally, it differentiates between qualitative and quantitative research, and explores conceptual versus empirical research.

1. Assignment # 01
Marks
Assignment Title
Introduction to Research
Methodology
Subject Name
Research Methodology
(ENE-640)
Submitted To
Prof Dr Muhammad Sagir
Submitted By
Name Roll #
Asim Manzoor 19024423-002
….

2.  Research:-
 Research Methodology:-
 Scientific research:-
 Research Method:-
 Research Techniques:-
 Objectives of Research:-
 Types of Research:-
1. Descriptive and Analytical
2. Applied and Fundamental
3. Qualitative and Quantitative
4. Conceptual and Empirical Research
 Approaches of Research:-
a) Qualitative approach
b) Quantitative approach
 Significance of Research:-
 Processes of Research:-
1. Defining or formulating research problem,
2. Extensive literature review
3. Formulating hypothesis,
4. Design research or determining the sample design,
5. Collecting data,
6. Analyzing data,
7. Interpreting and report
 Criteria of Good Research:-
 Qualities of Good Research:-
 WHAT'S A BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
 References:-

3. Research:-
Research is a scientific and systematic search for relevant information on a specific topic.
OR
It is a careful investigation or inquiry specially for exploring
Ideas and searching new facts about any kind of knowledge.
It is in fact an art of investigation.
 Research Methodology:-
• It is a way to systematically solve a research problem. It may be understood as a science
of studying how a research is scientifically done, how we find out about things, and how
knowledge is gained. In it we study the various steps which are generally adopted by the
researchers while studying a research problem along with logic behind them. In other
words, methodology is about the principles that guide our research practices.
 Scientific research:-
Scientific research must be organized and undergo planning, including performing literature
reviews of past research and evaluating what questions need to be answered

4.  Research Method:-
Research methods refers to the behavior and instruments used in selecting and constructing
research techniques. These might be, for example, surveys, interviews, Photo voice, participant
observations and Collection of data.
Research methods may be understood as all those methods/techniques that are used for conduction
of research.
 Research Techniques:-
Research techniques refers to the
Behavior and instruments which we use
In performing research operations such
As making observation, recording data,
Techniques of processing data.
 Objectives of Research:-
Each research study has its own specific objectives while some of the general objectives of
research are mentioned below to gain familiarity and achieve a new insights towards a certain
topic,
1. To portray an accurate characteristics of phenomena,
2. To verify and test important fact and hypothesis,
3. To analyze an event, process and phenomena,
4. To identify the cause and effect relationship,
5. To find solution to scientific, non-scientific and social problems, ´

5.  Types of Research:-
1. Descriptive and analytical
2. Applied and Fundamental
3. Quantitative and Qualitative
4. Conceptual and Empirical
1. Descriptive and Analytical
a) Descriptive research
Also known as statistical research.
The descriptive research involves the surveys and fact findings enquiries of different kind.
For example,
Finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of a town.
The reader of the research will know what to do to prevent that disease thus, more people will live
a healthy life.
b) Analytical research
The researcher has to use the facts or information
Of already available and to analyze these to
Make a critical evaluation of the material.
2. Applied and Fundamental
Fundamental research
Basic research is driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest in a scientific question.
Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake not to invent something, is termed fundamental
research.
For example,
How did the universe begin?
What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of?

6. Applied research
Aims to find the immediate solution for a problem facing a society and industrial organization.
For example
Applied researchers may investigate ways to:
• Improve agricultural crop production.
• Treat or cure a specific disease.
• Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation.
3. Qualitative and Quantitative:-
a) Qualitative:-
Qualitative research is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and
motivations.
The sample size is typically small, and respondents are selected to fulfill a given quota.
b) Quantitative:-
This kind of research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data
that can be transformed into useable statistics.
Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys, longitudinal studies, and
systematic observations.

7. 4. Conceptual and Empirical Research:-
a) Conceptual research focuses on the concept or theory that explains or describes the
phenomenon being studied.
For example
What causes disease? How can we describe the motions of the planets? What are the
building blocks of matter?
b) Empirical
This means any conclusion drawn upon the hard evidence gathered from information
collected from real life experiences.
 Approaches of Research:-
a) Qualitative approach
b) Quantitative approach
a) Qualitative
 Qualitative research is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and
motivations.
 The sample size is typically small, and respondents are selected to fulfill a given quota.
b) Quantitative
 This kind of research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data
or data that can be transformed into useable statistics.

8.  Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys, longitudinal
studies, and systematic observations.
 Significance of Research:-
Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and promotes the development of logical
habit of thinking and organization.
Research plays a dynamic role in various fields, it has increased significances in recent times, and
it can be related to the small business and also with economy as a whole.
Most of Government regulations and policies are based on and are result of intensive research.
Its significance lies on the solving various planning and operational problems.
It aids in decisions making.
It study the cause and effect relationship between
Variables and also identify the pattern,
Behavior and trend in certain variables

9.  Process of Research:-
It consists of logical sequence of actions and methods which are necessary to effectively solve of
research problem.
These processes are:-
1. Defining or formulating research problem,
2. Extensive literature review
3. Formulating hypothesis,
4. Design research or determining the sample design,
5. Collecting data,
6. Analyzing data,
7. Interpreting and report
1. Defining or formulating research problem:-
The researcher must choose
The problem he wants to study
And decide the area of interest
And subject matter he would
Inquire about.
There are essentially two steps of formulating a
Research problem i.e.
1. Understanding the problem thoroughly
2. Rephrasing the same into the meaningful terms in an analytical point of view.
2. Extensive literature review:-
• After formulating the research problem, a brief summary should be written down.

10. • At this point the researcher should undertake the literature
survey connected with literature.
• This summary or literature survey should be based on
two types of literature.
• The conceptual literature concerning the concepts and theories, and the Empirical literature
consisting of studies made earlier which are similar to the one proposed.
3. Formulating hypothesis:-
• Following are the approaches which
are involved in developing a working hypothesis.
• By finding the origins of the problem and studying
Its objectives.
• By discussing the problem to colleagues and experts.
• By examining the past data and records.
• By review the similar studies and similar problems.
4. Determining the sample design:-
• Sample design is a definite plan determined before any data is actually collected for
obtaining the sample from given population.
• Samples can be either probability samples or non- probability samples.
• The researcher must carefully choose the sampling procedure, sample size and look out for
the sample errors.

11. 5. Collecting Data:-
There is a need of reliable and accurate data to carry out an affective research. Collection of data
may be done by any of the following;
1. By observation data collect in way by investigator’s own observation without interviewing
respondent.
2.By personal interview data is carried out in structured way, depends on the ability of interviewer
in large extent.
3.By telephonic interview collecting information involves contraction of respondent on telephone
itself.
6. Analyzing data or Hypothesis testing
After collecting data a researcher turn to the task of analyze the data. Analyzing involves
different techniques to classify the raw data into meaningful and purposeful categories
 Coding ( transforming of data into symbols)
 Editing ( improve the quality of data for coding) ´
 Tabulation ( data is put in the form of tables).
After analyzing the data, the researcher tests the hypothesis
that he formulated earlier in his research.

12. 7. Interpretations and generalization:-
• The result of hypothesis may be favorable or unfavorable. The researcher reaches at the
generalization based on the result of testing hypothesis, i.e. to build a theory.
• If the researcher had no hypothesis at his start, so he might
seek explain his findings on basis of some theory.
It is known as interpretation.
• In the process of interpretation often triggers off new question which leads to more
research.
 Preparation of report:-
Finally the researcher has to prepare a report of what has been done by him. The layout of the
report should be as follows:
1. Preliminary pages (The report must have a full title, foreword and acknowledgment in the
preliminary pages.)
2. Main text (The main text of the report must have an introduction, summary of findings, main
report and conclusion.)
3. End of the report (The end of report must have an appendices with respect of all the terms and
data used in report and end with the bibliography.)

13.  Criteria of Good Research:-
• The purpose of research should be clearly defined and common concepts used.
• The procedure of research should be well describe in detail to permit the research.
• The design should be yields to results that are objectives.
• The researcher must be reported completely with frankness and flaws.
• The analysis of data must be adequate and analysis procedure must be appropriate.
• The conclusion must be detailed to those justified with data and limited
to those for which data is not adequate.
• The researcher must be experienced has a good reputation and person of integrity.
 Qualities of Good Research:-
• It should be systematic. (The research must be structured with specified steps in specified
sequence and according to the well defined set of rules.)
• It should be logical. (The research must be based on logical reasoning and logical process
of induction and deduction.)
• It should be empirical. (The research must be related in one or more aspects of real life
situations.)
• It should be replicable. (People must be able to verify and replicate the original report of
research.)

14.  WHAT'S A BIBLIOGRAPHY:-
A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used (whether referenced or not) in the
process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include:
• the authors' names
• the titles of the works
• the names and locations of the
Companies that published your
Copies of the sources.
• the dates your copies were published
• the page numbers of your sources
(If they are part of multisource volumes)
 References:-
https://www.google.com.pk/search?ei=cu6jXYG_KJSo8gK4mrqoBw&q=research+methodology
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ab.3.0.0i131i67j0i131i273j0i67l2j0i131i67l2j0i67l4.6024.7897..9821...0.4..0.334.2886.3-
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https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0601009.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270956555_CHAPTER_3_-
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esearch-methodology.net/research-methodology/
n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology
https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/methodology
https://www.slideshare.net/Marym123/research-methodology-an-introduction?qid=78029656-
3769-45a2-bb3e-230dd4fd2765&v=&b=&from_search=11
http://www.sociology.kpi.ua/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Ranjit_Kumar-
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