This document outlines the key components of a research report, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, and references. It emphasizes that research reports are an essential part of valid research and should allow sufficient time for completion. The document also discusses hypothesis testing, noting the importance of formulating hypotheses, collecting data, and analyzing results to draw conclusions. Finally, it addresses the role of information and communication technology in facilitating research through capabilities like data storage, analysis, and access to secondary sources.
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Lecture on Software tools for checking plagiarism by V. Sriram. Research and Publication Ethics Course, PhD Programme, Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. 26th August 2021.
When writing a paper, always acknowledge all sources clearly and avoid copying other authors’ words verbatim. Failure to do so could lead to loss of tenure/funding and loss of credibility.
Notion of plagiarism in scholarship, facets of plagiarism, legalities concerning plagiarism, some cases, tools and techniques for detecting plagiarism, educating which calls for librarians' role, issues, means and ways to avoid plagiarism.
An Approach for National and International Research & Development FundsDrDhanapal R
An Approach for National and International Research & Development Funds by Dr.R.Dhanapal, Principal KCS Kasi Nadar College of Arts & Science Chennai - 600 021 TamilNadu, India.
Formulation of Research problem
What is research problem?
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that we will aim to address in our research.
In other words, A research problem can be any question that we want to answer and any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or investigate.
The formulation of a research problem is the most crucial part of the research journey as the quality and relevance of a research project entirely depends upon it.
The process of formulating a research problem consists of a number of steps. These are:
Step 1: Identify a broad field or subject area of interest.
Step 2: Dissect the broad areas into subareas
Step 3: Select what is of most interest to us.
Step 4: Raise research questions
Step 5: Formulate objectives
Step 6: Assess our objectives
Step 7: Double-check
Lecture on Software tools for checking plagiarism by V. Sriram. Research and Publication Ethics Course, PhD Programme, Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. 26th August 2021.
When writing a paper, always acknowledge all sources clearly and avoid copying other authors’ words verbatim. Failure to do so could lead to loss of tenure/funding and loss of credibility.
Notion of plagiarism in scholarship, facets of plagiarism, legalities concerning plagiarism, some cases, tools and techniques for detecting plagiarism, educating which calls for librarians' role, issues, means and ways to avoid plagiarism.
An Approach for National and International Research & Development FundsDrDhanapal R
An Approach for National and International Research & Development Funds by Dr.R.Dhanapal, Principal KCS Kasi Nadar College of Arts & Science Chennai - 600 021 TamilNadu, India.
Formulation of Research problem
What is research problem?
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in knowledge that we will aim to address in our research.
In other words, A research problem can be any question that we want to answer and any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or investigate.
The formulation of a research problem is the most crucial part of the research journey as the quality and relevance of a research project entirely depends upon it.
The process of formulating a research problem consists of a number of steps. These are:
Step 1: Identify a broad field or subject area of interest.
Step 2: Dissect the broad areas into subareas
Step 3: Select what is of most interest to us.
Step 4: Raise research questions
Step 5: Formulate objectives
Step 6: Assess our objectives
Step 7: Double-check
TOPIC OUTLINE: 1. The Normal Curve
a. Definition/Description
b. Area Under Normal Curve
2. Standard Scores
a. Z-Scores
b. T-Scores
c. Other Standard Scores
Karl Friedrich Gauss:
one of the scientist that developed the concept of normal curve.
Normal Curve
is a continuous probability distribution in statistics
Karl Pearson:
first to refer to the curve as “Normal Curve”
Asymptotic:
approaching the x-axis but never touches it
Symmetric:
made up of exactly similar parts facing each other
STANDARD SCORES
-is a raw score that has been converted from one scale to another scale.
Z-scores
called a zero plus or minus one scale
Scores can be positive and negative
T-Scores
a none of the scores is negative. It can be called a 50 plus or minus ten scale. ( 50 mean set and 10 SD set )
Stanine: Standard Nine
(STAndard NINE) is a method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five and a standard deviation of two.
This presentation is on research methodology for project work for undergraduate students . It consist of two part , first part speaks about the overall research methodology for research and second part is based on the guidelines issues by Goa University in the project manual for final year undergraduate students.
Literature Review (Review of Related Literature - Research Methodology)Dilip Barad
Literature Review or Review of Related Literature is one of the most vital stages in any research. This presentation attempts to throw some light on the process and important aspects of literature review.
Research is the systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possible control of events .
Research Methodology of different data analysis slides.pptxtalhachemist222
General. All solvents were reagent grade or HPLC grade. Unless otherwise noted, all materials
were obtained from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Melting points
were obtained on a Mel-Temp apparatus and are uncorrected. 1
H NMR spectra were recorded at
400 MHz. 13C NMR spectra were recorded at 100 MHz. Flash column chromatography was carried
out by Biotage Isolera One using ISCO RediSep silica gel cartridges. Analytical HPLC was
performed on an Agilent 1200 series HPLC system equipped with an Agilent G1315D DAD
detector (detection at 220 nm) and an Agilent 6120 quadrupole MS detector using an Agilent
Eclipse Plus C18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 3.5 μm) at a flow rate of 1.25 mL/min. The HPLC
solvent system consisted of deionized water and acetonitrile, both containing 0.1% formic acid.
The mobile phase in HPLC consisted of 5% acetonitrile/95% water for 0.25 min followed by a
gradient to 40% acetonitrile/60% water over 1.5 min and then a gradient to 85% acetonitrile/15%
water over 2.25 min. Unless otherwise noted, all final compounds biologically tested were
confirmed to be of ≥95% purity by the HPLC methods described above. No unexpected or
unusually high safety hazards were encountered during the course of the experiments described
below.
To a solution of 6-aminonicotinic acid 3 (100 mg, 0.72
mmol) and K2CO3 (150 mg, 1.09 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added chloromethyl acetate (79 mg,
0.72 mmol). After stirring at 50 °C for 5 h, DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue was
purified using a Biotage Isolera One flash purification system with a silica gel cartridge
(30→100% EtOAc in Hexanes) to give 99.7 mg (66% yield) of compound 5 d as a white solid.
To a solution of 6-aminonicotinic acid 3 (100
mg, 0.72 mmol) and K2CO3 (150 mg, 1.09 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added chloromethyl
isobutyrate (99 mg, 0.72 mmol). After stirring at 50 °C for 5 h, DMF was removed in vacuo and
the residue was purified using a Biotage Isolera One flash purification system with a silica gel
cartridge (30→100% EtOAc in Hexanes) to give 136.9 mg (79% yield) of compound 5e as a white
To a solution of 6-aminonicotinic acid 3 (100 mg,
0.72 mmol) and K2CO3 (150 mg, 1.09 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added chloromethyl butyrate
(99 mg, 0.72 mmol). After stirring at 50 o
C for 5 h, DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue
was purified using a Biotage Isolera One flash purification system with a silica gel cartridge
(30→100% EtOAc in Hexanes) to give 152.9 mg (89% yield) of compound 5f as a white solid.
To a solution of 6-aminonicotinic acid 3 (100 mg,
0.72 mmol) and K2CO3 (150 mg, 1.09 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added chloromethyl butyrate
(99 mg, 0.72 mmol). After stirring at 50 o
C for 5 h, DMF was removed in vacuo and the residue
was purified using a Biotage Isolera One flash purification system with a silica gel cartridge
(30→100% EtOAc in Hexanes) to give 152.9 mg (89% yield) of compound 5f as a white solid.
To a solution of 6-aminonicotine
Research Formulation by Dr. Ved Nath Jha.pptxDrVednathJha1
During the course of Ph.D , it is the 1st step towards the steps of best research .On the basis of analysis of research methodology, conclusions are elaborated here.
Explore our comprehensive data analysis project presentation on predicting product ad campaign performance. Learn how data-driven insights can optimize your marketing strategies and enhance campaign effectiveness. Perfect for professionals and students looking to understand the power of data analysis in advertising. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
Opendatabay - Open Data Marketplace.pptxOpendatabay
Opendatabay.com unlocks the power of data for everyone. Open Data Marketplace fosters a collaborative hub for data enthusiasts to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets.
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Quantitative Data AnalysisReliability Analysis (Cronbach Alpha) Common Method...2023240532
Quantitative data Analysis
Overview
Reliability Analysis (Cronbach Alpha)
Common Method Bias (Harman Single Factor Test)
Frequency Analysis (Demographic)
Descriptive Analysis
Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
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Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
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Rearch methodology
1.
2. Introduction
Research Report
Hypothesis Testing
Information and Communication Technology
Conclusion
Reference
Contents
3. Research is genuine exploration of the unknown that leads to new
knowledge that often warrants publication. But whether or not the
results of a research project are publishable, the project should be
communicated in the form of a research report written.
Preparation of a comprehensive written research report is an
essential part of a valid research experience, and the researcher
should be aware of this requirement at the outset of the project.
Interim reports may also be required.
Sufficient time should be allowed for satisfactory completion of
reports, taking into account that initial drafts should be critiqued by
the faculty advisor and corrected by the research at each stage.
4. Title page
Title of report
Researcher’s name/ code
Course/subject
Date due
Table of contents Shows the sections of the report
Acknowledgements an expression of gratitude for
assistance in creating an original work
Executive summary
or Abstract
Gives a summary of the whole report
Outlines -purpose, research
method,
findings, main conclusions and
Recommendations
Section Purpose
5. Section Purpose
Introduction
Outlines context, background and
purpose
Defines terms and sets limits of the research
The reader/audience can easily identify what
how, why
Methodology Explains how research was done and outlines
how the data was collected
Results/Findings
may be combined
Presents findings of the research
Facts only - no interpretation
Uses graphic form (eg. tables & graphs)
6. Section Purpose
Discussion
Presents an interpretation and evaluation of
the results.
Analyses results - draws together different
aspects of the findings, findings of other
studies and refers to literature
Conclusion Brief statement of what was found
Recommendations Suggest suitable changes/solutions
Appendix Attachments of additional information (eg.
surveys, questionnaires, glossary etc)
References All references used
7. Logical analysis of the subject matter
Preparation of the final outline.
Preparation of the rough draft
Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft
Preparation of the final bibliography
Writing the final draft
8. Helps in defining the problem statement
Two main elements
- literary review : analysis of publications
- methodology
Quality control for supervisors
Two traps
- time
- narrowing down the review
9. Clarity of thought
Use of concepts
Careful use of terminology
Clarification of the problem
Method of presentation
Flow of language
Chapterisation of report
Inclusion of essential data
Use of foot notes
Size of report
Authenticity of report
Comprehensive report writing for academic community
10. Integral part of research study
Presentation of research result
Requires set of skills
Utmost care; assistance and guidance of experts if required
11. Hypothesis tests are procedures for making rational decisions about
the reality of effects.
A rational decision is characterized by the use of a procedure which
insures the likelihood or probability that success is incorporated into
the decision-making process. The procedure must be stated in such a
fashion that another individual, using the same information, would
make the same decision.
When a change in one thing is associated with a change in another,
we have an effect. The changes may be either quantitative or
qualitative, with the hypothesis testing procedure selected based
upon the type of change observed.
Hypothesis testing or significance testing is a method for testing a
claim or hypothesis about a parameter in a population, using data
measured in a sample.
13. The first step is to formulate the alternative and null hypotheses.
The second step is to test the null hypothesis , by carrying out a
statistical test of significance to determine whether it can be
rejected, and consequently, whether there is a difference between
the groups under investigation.
In the third step, the sample statistics appropriate for the sample,
variables and hypothesis are calculated.
In the fourth step, a significance test is conducted, to see if the null
hypothesis can be rejected.
In the final step, the decision is made to reject or accept the null
hypothesis.
14. Simple, specific and conceptually clear: There is no place for
ambiguity as it makes the verification of hypothesis almost
impossible. Hypothesis is uni-dimensional i.e. it should test only one
relationship at a time. To develop a good hypothesis one must be
familiar with the subject area.
Capable of verification: methods and techniques must be available
for data collection and analysis. Hypothesis techniques can be
formulated during research and analysis.
Related to the existing body of knowledge: hypothesis should have
emerged from an existing body of knowledge and it adds to it. This is
an important function of research
Operationalisable: expressed in terms of that can be measured. If it
cannot be measured , it cannot be tested and hence no conclusions
can be drawn
15. Helps direction: a hypothesis gives a definite point to the investigation,
and it guides the direction on the study.
Specify the source of data: a hypothesis specifies the sources of data,
which shall be studied, and in what context they shall be studied.
Determine the data: it defines which factors are relevant and which are
not. The use of hypothesis thus prevents a blind search and indiscriminate
gathering of data which may later found to be irrelevant to the problem
under study.
Suggest the type of research
Helps suitable technique
Development of theory: It links theory and investigation. A hypothesis
can be deducted from a theory. When it is tested though studies and found
true, it forms a part of theory.
Possible to test theories: A social scientist develops a theory to explain a
phenomenon, he doesn’t test the theory directly , but he tests the
hypothesis derived from it. If the test confirms the hypothesis , the theory
is accepted.
Constructed theory: occasionally , the reverse takes place, i.e., theory
may be constructed from hypothesis.
16. It is with the help of hypothesis that it becomes easy to decide as to what
type of data is to be collected and what type of data is simple be ignored.
Hypothesis makes it cleat as to what is to be accepted, proved or
disproved and that what is the main focus of study.
It helps the investigator in knowing the direction in which he is to move.
Without hypothesis it will be just duping in the dark and not moving the
right direction.
A clear idea about hypothesis, means saving of time, money and energy
which otherwise will be wasted, thereby botheration of trial and error
will be saved.
It helps in concentrating only on relevant factors and dripping irrelevant
ones. Many irrelevant factors which otherwise get into the study can
easily be ignored.
A properly formulated hypothesis is always essential for drawing proper
and reasonable conclusion.
17. ICT is not only an extension of man’s ability to compute but
also help him in storing and retaining data for further research
Computers play an important role of logical decision on
various aspects of research.
ICT helps in big role in every sphere of research like research
in education, research in business, research in trade etc.
It can facilitate the implementation of different types of
research designs.
The internet, in its capacity as a source of information can be
useful in uncovering secondary data and also collecting
primary data needed in various researches.
18. Speed and accuracy: a computer is a high speed device, capable of
taking logical decisions, performing arithmetic and non arithmetic
operations for research.
Logical decisions for a research: it is capable of comparing data of
research project and the results are compared to take appropriate
action.
Perfect memory related to research: the computers are capable of
storing large amount of data and recalling information stored in its
memory.
Versatility: a modern computer is a versatile machine. It can be used
to solve the problems related to various research projects.
Diligence: computers are superior to human brains in respect of
memory. It has high diligence and never feels tired or fatigue even if
it has to work for very long hours.
Automation: it means that once the research data and instructions
are fed to the computer, human interventions are not required.
19. A number of easy use packages which run on micro computers to
perform standard statistical analysis are available. Typical
capabilities of these packages are frequency distributions, cross-
tabulations, test for population means, regression analysis, non-
parametric analysis etc
Researcher has to look into the actual usage of various statistical
tools in different areas of research
A large number of advanced statistical tools are available to
arrive at valid conclusions from the data collected by the
researcher.
SPSS, SASS, SX, MYSTAT, S-PLUS, KYPLOT etc.
20. SPSS offers a big range of significance tests, methods of
correlation and regression and data reduction techniques.
Each module is like separate analysis tool.
The researcher has to load the data in the computer and
apply the suitable tool for a given situation.
21. Source of research provider
Helps in project management
Information supplier
Statistical packages
Computer maps
Sources of secondary data
Sources of govt data
Email interviews
Consistency check
22. Gerard Guthrie, “Basic research methods” Sage Publications,
2011.
Hans Raj, “Theory and practice in social research”, Surjeet
Publications, 1979.
Shashi K. Gupta & Praneet Rangi, “Research methodology”,
Kalyani Publishers, 2013.
Chava Frankfort- Nachmias- David Nachmias, “Research
methods in Social sciences”, Martin’s Press, 1996.
C. Murthy, “ Research Methodology”, Vrinda Publications,
2009.