The document summarizes the urogenital system, which includes both the excretory (urinary) and reproductive systems. It describes the key functions and organs of the excretory system, including filtration and waste removal by the kidneys, as well as hormone regulation of kidney function. It then overviews the male and female reproductive systems, describing sperm production and transport in males and the female menstrual cycle and egg development in four phases: follicular, ovulation, luteal, and menstruation.

2. Urogenital System
Term refers to the Excretory System and
Reproductive Systems
Excretory System sometimes called Urinary
System
Two systems are often discussed at the same
time because of similar location in body cavity

3. Excretory System
Excretion: process which metabolic wastes are
eliminated
Functions:
1) Homeostasis
2) Removes waste from blood
3) Maintain pH blood
4) Regulate water content of blood

4. Excretory Organs:
Skin – removes excess water, salts, and small amount
urea in sweat
Lungs – eliminate CO2
Liver (digestive organ as well) – converts amino acids
into other compounds and takes toxic nitrogen compounds
and converts to urea
Kidneys – removes urea and other metabolic wastes
from bloodstream

5. Kidneys and Related Structures
Left/Right Kidney
Ureter – tube carries urine
from kidneys to bladder
• Bladder – sac where urine
stored
• Urethra- tube empties bladder
• Renal artery- brings blood
containing waste to kidney
to be filtered
• Renal vein – takes clean
blood back to body
Renal artery/vein

6. Control of Kidney Function
Activity of kidney controlled by:
1) Composition of blood
2) Hormones
•Drink glass water/Eat Salty Food:
1) water absorbed into bloodstream from capillaries near digestive tract = concentration
water blood increases
2) kidneys respond by slowing rate water reabsorption
3) Less water returned to blood, excess water sent to bladder
•Kidney Function controls blood composition regulating the environment for the body
cells (preventing swelling/shrinking)
•Dialysis- process blood removed from body and filtered through special tubing that
simulates the kidneys removing urea and excess salts (waste)

7. Kindney Function
1) Filtration- removing wastes
-smaller particles diffuse out of the blood
-filtrate particles include: water, urea, glucose, salts, amino acids, and
vitamins
-Large particles remain in blood: plasma proteins, platelets, RBC, and
WBC
•2) Reabsorption-
-purified blood returned bloodstream
-urine emptied into ureters (leads to bladder)
*kidney stones- salts from urine crystallize blocking ureter

8. Human Reproductive System
Reproduction- process creates new individual
Only system that if it fails, will not cause death.
2 Basic Functions:
1) production gametes
2) secretion sex horomones

9. The Male Reproductive System
Function: produce/deliver sperm
Important Hormones: FSH, LH, and testosterone
FSH/LH- stimulates cells within testes to produce testosterone 
stimulates development sperm
 Structure Sperm:

10. “The Pathway of Sperm”
Sperm cells are produced in seminiferous tubules inside testes
After sperm cells are produced in testes, stored/mature in area above testes
called epididymis
In order to fertilize the egg, sperm must exit the body
1) Vas deferens- tube connects epididymis to urethra
2) Urethra- tube urine/semen exit the body
3) Glands add fluid as sperm exit the body:
- Seminal vesicles -nourishes sperm
- Bulbourethral gland/prostate gland – secrete fluid protects
sperm from acid in vagina
• Sperm + Glandular secretions = SEMEN

11. The “Pathway” of Sperm
Penis
Urethra
Testes
Epididymis
Vas
Deferens
Bulbourethral
Gland
Seminal Vesicle Prostate Gland
Bladder

12. The Female Reproductive System
Function: produce egg cell/nourish baby
After puberty, females produce one egg month until mid-
40’s when females reach a state called menopause.
Menopause- ovulation/mestruation stop/having children no
longer possible
Menstrual cycle is regulated by several hormones made in
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries.

13. Overview of Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual cycle (average 28 days) includes:
-Development egg
-Release egg
-Preparation uterus
•Each month 2 possible results:
1) Egg fertilized by sperm, implants uterus = pregnancy
2) Egg NOT fertilized, lining uterus/dead egg/blood
discharged = “period”

14. 4 Phases of Menstrual Cycle
1) Follicular Phase (Day 1-10):
-Level of hormone called estrogen is very low
-Low estrogen level causes hypothalamus 
pituitary gland release FSH/LH (hormones)
-Stimulates follicle (cluster of cells around egg cell) to
mature
-Level estrogen begins to rise end of this phase, which
thickens the lining uterus

15. 4 Phases of Menstrual Cycle
2) Ovulation (Day 11-15)
-Shortest phase in cycle lasting 3-4 days on average
-Occurs “midpoint” in cycle
-Time period when most “fertile”
-Hypothalamus  sends releasing hormone to pituitary
 causes rise in FSH/LH  causes follicle to rupture
releasing egg into fallopian tube
-Egg must be fertilized few days for pregnancy occur (while
in
the fallopian tube)

16. Egg Development

17. 4 Phases of Menstrual Cycle
3) Luteal Phase (Day 16-25)
-After egg released
-Follicle (area where egg was) becomes corpus luteum
 releasing estrogen/progesterone as well
-Estrogen causes tissue lining uterus thicken
-Progesterone increases blood supply to uterus
-Uterus must prepare for possible “implantation” (pregnancy)

18. 4 Phases of Menstrual Cycle
4) Menstruation (Days 25-28)
-Phase only occurs if egg not fertilized
-2-3 days after ovulation if egg not fertilized, follicle
disintegrates causing levels of estrogen and progesterone
to drop
-Estrogen level drops low enough  lining uterus
begins die/detach
-Menstrual period = blood and tissue released (lasting 3-7
days/new cycle begins with day 1 menstruation)

19. (Estrogen)

20. Female Anatomy
Urethra
Ovary
Uterus
Cervix
Bladder
Fallopian Tube