importance of liver in all class of kingdom Animalia. liver in fish, amphibians, birds

1. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH ALMIGHTY, THE MOST
COMPASSIONATE, THE MOST MERCIFUL

2. IMPORTANCE OF LIVER IN
ANIMALS
Filza Ghafoor.

3. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• STRUCTURE OF LIVER
• IMPORTANCE OF LIVER
• LIVER IN OTHER ANIMALS
• DISEASES
• HEALTH

4. INTRODUCTION
• It is the largest internal organ and has numerous functions including
production of bile and protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism.
• In carnivores the liver weighs about 3-5% of body weight, in
omnivores 2-3% and in herbivores 1.5%.
• The parenchymal tissue of the liver is formed from proliferating
epithelial cords or strands which integrate with the blood sinuses of
the umbilical and vitelline veins.

5. STRUCTURE OF LIVER
•Soft, pinkish-brown, and boomerang-shaped, the liver is the
second largest organ in the body and the largest internal
organ.
•The liver is positioned in the upper region of the abdominal
cavity, below the diaphragm.
•The gall bladder is located between the right medial and
quadrate lobes.

7. LOBES OF THE LIVER
• The liver is roughly triangular and consists of two lobes: a larger
right lobe and a smaller left lobe.
• The lobes of the liver include the left lateral, left medial, right lateral,
right medial, quadrate, caudate and papillary.

9. LIGAMENTS
• The coronary ligament attaches the liver to the diaphragm. It is an
irregular fold of peritoneum.
• The falciform ligament is ventral to the coronary ligament

10. Lobules
 Liver tissue is made up of lots of
smaller units of liver cells called
lobules.
Glisson's capsule
 A layer of fibrous tissue called Glisson's
capsule covers the outside of the liver.
 This capsule is further covered by the
peritoneum, a membrane that forms the
lining of the abdominal cavity.

11. HEPATOCYTE
•A hepatocyte is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue
of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 70-85% of the
liver's mass.

13. SINUSOID
•The liver sinusoid has a larger caliber than other types
of capillaries and has a lining of specialized
endothelial cells known as the liver sinusoidal
endothelial cells (LSECs), and Kupffer cells.

14. BLOOD SUPPLY
• Blood supply to the liver comes from two distinct sources,
the hepatic artery and the portal vein.
• The hepatic artery, which contributes about 25 percent of
blood flow to the liver, conveys oxygenated blood to the
liver. The other 60-80 percent comes from the portal vein,
which transports nutrient-filled blood from the stomach and
the intestines.

16. IMPORTANCE OF LIVER

17. SYNTHESIS
•Glycogenesis
•Glycogenolysis
•Gluconeogenesis
•Amino acid synthesis.
•Coagulation factors
•Cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis, and the production
of triglycerides

18. BREAKDOWN
• breakdown of insulin and other hormones
• breaks down bilirubin via glucuronidation
• breakdown and excretion of many waste products.
• drug metabolism.
• breaks down ammonia into urea as part of the urea cycle

19. MAKING BILE
•Bile is a thick, green-yellow fluid
•This fluid is made in the liver but is stored in
the gallbladder
•Bile consists of bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin,
electrolytes, and water
•Bilirubin is formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin

20. REMOVING TOXINS FROM THE BLOOD
•Drugs, like penicillin and Tylenol, and other
toxins

21. IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS
• Reticuloendothelial system of the liver
• In the first trimester foetus, the liver is the main site of red
blood cell production.
• The foetal liver releases some blood stem cells that migrate
to the fetal thymus, so initially the lymphocytes, called t-
cells
• The liver is part of the mononuclear phagocyte system.

22. SUPPORTING BLOOD CLOTS
VITAMIN AND MINERAL STORAGE
SYNTHESIS OF ANGIOTENSINOGEN
PRODUCTION OF ALBUMIN
METABOLIZING CARBOHYDRATES

23. REGENERATION
• The liver is the only visceral organ that can regenerate.
• It can regenerate completely, if a minimum of 25 percent of the tissue
remains.
• One of the most impressive aspects of this feat is that the liver can
regrow to its previous size and ability without any loss of function
during the growth process.

25. LIVER IN OTHER ANIMALS

27. DISEASES
• Fascioliasis
• Cirrhosis
• Hepatitis
• Alcoholic Liver Disease
• Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)
• Fatty Liver Disease
• Gilbert's Syndrome
• Liver Cancer

28. HEALTH
• Diet
• Moderate alcohol intake
• Avoiding illicit substances
• Caution when mixing medications
• Protection against airborne chemicals
• Travel and vaccinations
• Avoid exposure to blood and germs