Reproduction Unit 3
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Reproduction is one of the three vital functions that allows living beings to produce offspring. There are two main types of reproduction: asexual reproduction where one organism can produce offspring and sexual reproduction which requires a male and female to produce offspring. Sexual reproduction in humans involves male and female reproductive organs and gametes. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell joins with an egg cell to form a zygote which develops into an embryo and fetus. Modern advances in reproduction include in vitro fertilization, Caesarean sections, prenatal screening tests, and various contraception methods.
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Recommended
Genetic basis for development
references:
Campbell, et al. Biology 7th ed. Chapter 21.
AP Biology power points: http://biologyjunction.com/ap_powerpoints_7th.htm
thanks to the owner of photos used in this presentation. :)
Cleavage
This document discusses various aspects of cleavage in fertilized eggs. It begins by defining cleavage as the process of segmentation of the zygote into multiple cells or blastomeres following fertilization. The blastomeres initially remain closely associated but later form a hollow sphere called a blastula. Three key points are made: 1) Cleavage prepares the groundwork for embryonic design by producing cells, 2) It establishes conditions for gastrulation, the next developmental stage. 3) Distinct planes of cell division exist during early cleavage. The document then describes different types of cleavage patterns and their relationships to embryonic cell fate determination.
Developmental Specification & Differentiation
1) Cell differentiation occurs after cell commitment, which involves two stages - specification and determination. Specification makes a cell's fate reversible, while determination makes it irreversible.
2) There are three types of specification - autonomous, conditional, and syncytial. Autonomous specification relies on cytoplasmic determinants, conditional specification relies on cell interactions, while syncytial specification involves cytoplasmic bridges between cells.
3) Early experiments by Weismann and Roux supported autonomous specification, but Hans Driesch's isolation and recombination experiments on sea urchin embryos provided evidence of conditional specification, where a cell's fate depends on its neighbors.
Spermatogenesis rku
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are formed from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. It occurs in three phases: spermatocytogenesis involves mitosis, meiosis reduces the cells to half the normal number of chromosomes, and spermiogenesis transforms spermatids into mature spermatozoa through changes like acrosome formation and tail growth. The process begins with stem cell spermatogonia and progresses through spermatocytes and spermatids before mature sperm are released in a process called spermiation.
Cell fate (fate maps)
Fate maps are the bases for experimental embryology since they provide researchers with information on which portions of the embryo normally become which larval or adult structures.
Cell division
Cells need to divide for three main reasons: growth and repair of tissues, reproduction, and replacement of dying cells. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis, which produces identical body cells, and meiosis, which creates gametes for sexual reproduction. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and its DNA is replicated, and the M phase where the cell divides through mitosis or meiosis. Strict controls regulate the cell cycle to ensure cells only divide as needed. Cancer occurs when cells lose their ability to regulate division.
Germ line determination (2)
1. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) give rise to gametes through a two-step process - PGCs are first determined in a specific embryonic location, then migrate to the gonads.
2. PGC determination occurs either autonomously via cytoplasmic determinants ("germ plasm") or conditionally through signals from surrounding cells. In mammals it is conditional.
3. In many animals like nematodes and frogs, germ plasm localized in the early embryo autonomously specifies PGCs, which then migrate to develop into eggs and sperm in the gonads.
AP Biology Ch. 16 Embryonic Development and Cloning
The document discusses the genetic basis of development from a single-celled zygote to a complex multicellular organism. It describes three key processes - cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis - that overlap during embryonic development. A series of classic experiments provided evidence for the concept of genomic equivalence, showing that differentiated cells contain all the genetic information to generate a new individual. Stem cells offer potential medical applications but also raise ethical issues.
Recommended
Genetic basis for development
references:
Campbell, et al. Biology 7th ed. Chapter 21.
AP Biology power points: http://biologyjunction.com/ap_powerpoints_7th.htm
thanks to the owner of photos used in this presentation. :)
Cleavage
This document discusses various aspects of cleavage in fertilized eggs. It begins by defining cleavage as the process of segmentation of the zygote into multiple cells or blastomeres following fertilization. The blastomeres initially remain closely associated but later form a hollow sphere called a blastula. Three key points are made: 1) Cleavage prepares the groundwork for embryonic design by producing cells, 2) It establishes conditions for gastrulation, the next developmental stage. 3) Distinct planes of cell division exist during early cleavage. The document then describes different types of cleavage patterns and their relationships to embryonic cell fate determination.
Developmental Specification & Differentiation
1) Cell differentiation occurs after cell commitment, which involves two stages - specification and determination. Specification makes a cell's fate reversible, while determination makes it irreversible.
2) There are three types of specification - autonomous, conditional, and syncytial. Autonomous specification relies on cytoplasmic determinants, conditional specification relies on cell interactions, while syncytial specification involves cytoplasmic bridges between cells.
3) Early experiments by Weismann and Roux supported autonomous specification, but Hans Driesch's isolation and recombination experiments on sea urchin embryos provided evidence of conditional specification, where a cell's fate depends on its neighbors.
Spermatogenesis rku
Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells are formed from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. It occurs in three phases: spermatocytogenesis involves mitosis, meiosis reduces the cells to half the normal number of chromosomes, and spermiogenesis transforms spermatids into mature spermatozoa through changes like acrosome formation and tail growth. The process begins with stem cell spermatogonia and progresses through spermatocytes and spermatids before mature sperm are released in a process called spermiation.
Cell fate (fate maps)
Fate maps are the bases for experimental embryology since they provide researchers with information on which portions of the embryo normally become which larval or adult structures.
Cell division
Cells need to divide for three main reasons: growth and repair of tissues, reproduction, and replacement of dying cells. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis, which produces identical body cells, and meiosis, which creates gametes for sexual reproduction. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and its DNA is replicated, and the M phase where the cell divides through mitosis or meiosis. Strict controls regulate the cell cycle to ensure cells only divide as needed. Cancer occurs when cells lose their ability to regulate division.
Germ line determination (2)
1. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) give rise to gametes through a two-step process - PGCs are first determined in a specific embryonic location, then migrate to the gonads.
2. PGC determination occurs either autonomously via cytoplasmic determinants ("germ plasm") or conditionally through signals from surrounding cells. In mammals it is conditional.
3. In many animals like nematodes and frogs, germ plasm localized in the early embryo autonomously specifies PGCs, which then migrate to develop into eggs and sperm in the gonads.
AP Biology Ch. 16 Embryonic Development and Cloning
The document discusses the genetic basis of development from a single-celled zygote to a complex multicellular organism. It describes three key processes - cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis - that overlap during embryonic development. A series of classic experiments provided evidence for the concept of genomic equivalence, showing that differentiated cells contain all the genetic information to generate a new individual. Stem cells offer potential medical applications but also raise ethical issues.
Processes on animal development
The document discusses early concepts of development including preformation versus epigenesis. It was once thought that the embryo was preformed in the egg, but experiments demonstrated that undifferentiated material in the egg becomes arranged through epigenesis. Key developmental stages are described including fertilization, cleavage, blastula formation, and gastrulation which establishes the three germ layers. Differences in protostome and deuterostome development are outlined, focusing on differences in cleavage, fate determination, and body axis formation. The role of induction in patterning the embryo is also summarized.
FATE Map
A chart showing the fate of each part of an early embryo, in a particular blastula stage is called fate maps. It is done because the correct interpretation of gastrulation is impossible without the knowledge of the position which are the presumptive germinal layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm) occupy in blastula.
Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors.
Cell Fate by Progressive Determinants
Slides about Cell Fate, Cell Potency, Differentiation, Specification, Modes of Specification, Role of Cytoplasm. Cell Interactions, Regulation in Development
Animal Development
1. The document outlines the early stages of animal development from fertilization through gastrulation and organogenesis. It describes the formation of the blastula and gastrula, and the three germ layers that give rise to organs.
2. Morphogenesis and cell differentiation are discussed, involving changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion guided by the extracellular matrix and cell signaling molecules.
3. Fate mapping reveals how specific regions of early embryos develop into particular structures later. Cytoplasmic determinants in vertebrate eggs help establish axes and cell differences, influencing pattern formation through inductive signals that vary by location.
Cleavage 1
This document discusses cleavage, the process by which a fertilized egg undergoes cell division to form a multicellular embryo. It describes key terms related to cleavage such as furrow, morula, blastula, blastocoel, blastocyst, blastomere, and gastrula. It explains different types of cleavage including holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow extends through the entire egg, and meroblastic, where cleavage is incomplete. Within these categories are subtypes like radial, spiral, bilateral, discoidal, and superficial cleavage that describe the orientation and extent of the cell divisions. Factors like the amount and distribution of yolk in the egg influence the cleavage pattern.
Cleavage patterns, fate maps and cell lineages… What can early developmental ...
This document discusses early developmental similarities between animal embryos and whether they can be used to determine homology of late larval structures. It notes that while cleavage patterns and early cell lineages may be similar between distantly related animals, the fate of blastomeres can vary between species, making it difficult to infer homology of later tissues based on early development alone. Comparative anatomy, not embryology, is argued to be the primary basis for determining homology. While some larval structures like ciliated bands develop from similar blastomeres in spiralians, variability in developmental processes means early similarities do not guarantee late similarities.
Morphogenesis and cell adhesion.
The document discusses the concept of morphogens, which are soluble molecules that form concentration gradients to specify different cell fates at varying distances from the source. Morphogens were originally proposed to explain regeneration in flatworms and hydras, where body fragments regenerate complete organisms based on concentration gradients. Examples of identified morphogens discussed include the nodal protein in zebrafish, which specifies dorsal cell fates in a concentration-dependent manner, and retinoic acid in vertebrates, which alters Hox gene expression and positional values in a dose-dependent way to pattern the anterior-posterior axis. For a molecule to be considered a morphogen, cells must respond directly to it and differentiation must depend on its concentration.
spermatogenesis
The document summarizes the process of spermatogenesis in humans, which takes approximately 64 days. It involves mitotic and meiotic cell divisions that start with spermatogonia and result in the production of mature spermatozoa. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo synapsis, crossing over, and segregation into haploid gametes. The spermatids then undergo spermiogenesis through morphological changes including nuclear condensation and the formation of flagella to become mature spermatozoa. Sertoli cells play an important role in nurturing spermatids and removing excess cytoplasm during their development.
Meio
Meiosis is the cell division process that produces gametes, or sex cells, in sexual reproduction. It involves two rounds of cell division to reduce the chromosome number from diploid to haploid. This ensures that fertilization results in a diploid cell with the proper chromosome number. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosome pairs, reducing the number from 2n to n. Meiosis II then separates sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with one copy of each chromosome type.
The saga of germ line
1. Primordial germ cells form outside the gonads and migrate into them during development. In many species, germ plasm containing proteins like Oskar, Vasa, and Nanos guide this process.
2. Germ cell migration occurs through different mechanisms across species, sometimes involving passive translocation, repulsion/attraction cues, or using fibronectin pathways.
3. Germ cells undergo meiosis to form gametes, but the decision to enter meiosis or remain mitotic, as well as sex determination, are regulated by different factors like the distal tip cell in nematodes.
Cell Division 2
Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, which have half the number of chromosomes as regular body cells. It involves two cell divisions - Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a single set of chromosomes. Meiosis introduces genetic variation through independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over, providing the raw material for natural selection.
Cell determination and differentiation
Cell determination and differentiation are important processes in development. Cell determination involves genes being selectively activated or inactivated, committing an embryonic cell to a specific type. Differentiation then further specializes the cell, changing its size, shape and function. Gene expression plays a key role, with different genes being switched on or off in different cell types. The environment also influences cell fate and specialization.
Gametogenesis and fertilization
This document discusses gametogenesis and fertilization in humans. It describes the processes of spermatogenesis in males, where spermatogonia undergo meiosis to form spermatids over 64 days, and oogenesis in females. Fertilization occurs when a sperm and egg unite in the uterine tubes, restoring the diploid chromosome number and determining the embryo's sex. The result can be a single embryo, or monozygotic or dizygotic twins in rare cases of splitting or separate eggs being fertilized.
Genetic control of animal development
- Animal development is defined as the progressive changes in size, shape, and function that occur during an organism's life through which its genetic potential is translated into mature systems.
- Maternal genes play a major role in early development by providing nutritive and determinative materials to the egg during oogenesis, organizing the egg for subsequent development. Mutations in these maternal effect genes can impact offspring viability without affecting the mother.
- After fertilization, zygotic gene expression begins from the embryo genome, directing cell differentiation and organ formation under genetic control. Homeotic genes determine body segmentation by transforming one segment into another.
Cleavage: Definition, types, and mechanism
Early embryonic development involves a series of key stages:
1. Cleavage - The fertilized egg undergoes rapid, synchronized cell divisions without growth to form a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Blastulation - Cell divisions continue and a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel forms, establishing polarity and transforming the morula into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
3. Gastrulation - Cells migrate and rearrange through morphogenetic movements to form the three primary germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm - establishing the body plan of the embryo.
C. elegans early develeopment
This document summarizes key aspects of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. It describes C. elegans' structure as a 1mm long roundworm with 945 cells. It details its life cycle from zygote to adult over 3 days, producing 300 progeny. C. elegans establishes three embryonic axes - anterior-posterior determined by sperm entry point, dorso-ventral set by first cleavage, and left-right by asymmetric cell divisions. The document outlines C. elegans' larval stages and early embryonic development, including axis formation and cell lineage.
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Developmental biology is the study of how organisms grow and develop. It involves processes like gametogenesis, fertilization, growth, differentiation, pattern formation and morphogenesis. Gametogenesis refers to the formation of gametes or sex cells through meiosis. In spermatogenesis, spermatogonia undergo mitosis and meiosis to form spermatids that then differentiate into spermatozoa. In oogenesis, oogonia undergo mitosis and meiosis to form a secondary oocyte and first polar body, with the secondary oocyte then undergoing a second meiotic division. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an ovum, forming a zygote. Development then progresses through
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This document summarizes key aspects of embryology from conception through the fetal period in 3 sentences:
The pre-embryonic period ranges from conception through implantation and involves cleavage, formation of the morula and blastocyst, and implantation. During the embryonic period, gastrulation forms the three germ layers and organogenesis develops the major organ systems. The fetal period occurs from the 9th week of development until birth, in which time the fetus continues to grow and develop in preparation for extrauterine life.
pattern formation genes
This document discusses pattern formation during embryogenesis. It begins by defining pattern formation as the development of spatial organization that establishes an organism's basic body plan and axes. Key genes that control pattern formation are homeotic genes, which regulate cell processes and contain a homeobox sequence. Hox genes pattern the anteroposterior axis by being expressed sequentially. In Drosophila melanogaster, cytoplasmic determinants, segmentation genes like gap and pair-rule genes, and homeotic genes work together to pattern each segment. Mutations in these pattern formation genes can lead to congenital malformations in humans and other organisms.
Drosophila lecture
The document summarizes early development in Drosophila, including embryogenesis, fate determination, and patterning. It discusses how Drosophila undergo holometabolous development through distinct larva, pupa, and adult stages. It then details the processes of fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and segmentation that establish the body plan. Key genes that pattern the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes are also summarized, including maternal effect genes, gap genes, pair-rule genes, segment polarity genes, and homeotic genes.
Chapter 17 Reproduction in Humans Lesson 1 - Human Reproductive System
The document discusses human sexual reproduction. It describes how sperm and eggs are produced through meiosis, containing half the number of chromosomes as body cells. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell containing 23 chromosomes fuses with an egg cell containing 23 chromosomes, forming a zygote with the full 46 chromosomes. It provides overviews of the male and female reproductive systems, describing the organs involved in producing, carrying and nourishing gametes as well as gestating offspring. Puberty is when the reproductive systems become functional under the influence of sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone and testosterone.
Presentación david human reproduction
Sexual reproduction allows human beings to have children. During puberty, males and females develop primary and secondary sex characteristics that distinguish their reproductive organs and bodies. Females produce eggs in their ovaries monthly while males continuously produce sperm in their testicles. Fertilization occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg during sexual intercourse, forming a zygote that develops into an embryo and fetus over nine months of pregnancy, ending with childbirth.
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Processes on animal development
The document discusses early concepts of development including preformation versus epigenesis. It was once thought that the embryo was preformed in the egg, but experiments demonstrated that undifferentiated material in the egg becomes arranged through epigenesis. Key developmental stages are described including fertilization, cleavage, blastula formation, and gastrulation which establishes the three germ layers. Differences in protostome and deuterostome development are outlined, focusing on differences in cleavage, fate determination, and body axis formation. The role of induction in patterning the embryo is also summarized.
FATE Map
A chart showing the fate of each part of an early embryo, in a particular blastula stage is called fate maps. It is done because the correct interpretation of gastrulation is impossible without the knowledge of the position which are the presumptive germinal layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm and Endoderm) occupy in blastula.
Fate mapping is a method used in developmental biology to study the embryonic origin of various adult tissues and structures. The "fate" of each cell or group of cells is mapped onto the embryo, showing which parts of the embryo will develop into which tissue. When carried out at single-cell resolution, this process is called cell lineage tracing. It is also used to trace the development of tumors.
Cell Fate by Progressive Determinants
Slides about Cell Fate, Cell Potency, Differentiation, Specification, Modes of Specification, Role of Cytoplasm. Cell Interactions, Regulation in Development
Animal Development
1. The document outlines the early stages of animal development from fertilization through gastrulation and organogenesis. It describes the formation of the blastula and gastrula, and the three germ layers that give rise to organs.
2. Morphogenesis and cell differentiation are discussed, involving changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion guided by the extracellular matrix and cell signaling molecules.
3. Fate mapping reveals how specific regions of early embryos develop into particular structures later. Cytoplasmic determinants in vertebrate eggs help establish axes and cell differences, influencing pattern formation through inductive signals that vary by location.
Cleavage 1
This document discusses cleavage, the process by which a fertilized egg undergoes cell division to form a multicellular embryo. It describes key terms related to cleavage such as furrow, morula, blastula, blastocoel, blastocyst, blastomere, and gastrula. It explains different types of cleavage including holoblastic, where the cleavage furrow extends through the entire egg, and meroblastic, where cleavage is incomplete. Within these categories are subtypes like radial, spiral, bilateral, discoidal, and superficial cleavage that describe the orientation and extent of the cell divisions. Factors like the amount and distribution of yolk in the egg influence the cleavage pattern.
Cleavage patterns, fate maps and cell lineages… What can early developmental ...
This document discusses early developmental similarities between animal embryos and whether they can be used to determine homology of late larval structures. It notes that while cleavage patterns and early cell lineages may be similar between distantly related animals, the fate of blastomeres can vary between species, making it difficult to infer homology of later tissues based on early development alone. Comparative anatomy, not embryology, is argued to be the primary basis for determining homology. While some larval structures like ciliated bands develop from similar blastomeres in spiralians, variability in developmental processes means early similarities do not guarantee late similarities.
Morphogenesis and cell adhesion.
The document discusses the concept of morphogens, which are soluble molecules that form concentration gradients to specify different cell fates at varying distances from the source. Morphogens were originally proposed to explain regeneration in flatworms and hydras, where body fragments regenerate complete organisms based on concentration gradients. Examples of identified morphogens discussed include the nodal protein in zebrafish, which specifies dorsal cell fates in a concentration-dependent manner, and retinoic acid in vertebrates, which alters Hox gene expression and positional values in a dose-dependent way to pattern the anterior-posterior axis. For a molecule to be considered a morphogen, cells must respond directly to it and differentiation must depend on its concentration.
spermatogenesis
The document summarizes the process of spermatogenesis in humans, which takes approximately 64 days. It involves mitotic and meiotic cell divisions that start with spermatogonia and result in the production of mature spermatozoa. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and undergo synapsis, crossing over, and segregation into haploid gametes. The spermatids then undergo spermiogenesis through morphological changes including nuclear condensation and the formation of flagella to become mature spermatozoa. Sertoli cells play an important role in nurturing spermatids and removing excess cytoplasm during their development.
Meio
Meiosis is the cell division process that produces gametes, or sex cells, in sexual reproduction. It involves two rounds of cell division to reduce the chromosome number from diploid to haploid. This ensures that fertilization results in a diploid cell with the proper chromosome number. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosome pairs, reducing the number from 2n to n. Meiosis II then separates sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with one copy of each chromosome type.
The saga of germ line
1. Primordial germ cells form outside the gonads and migrate into them during development. In many species, germ plasm containing proteins like Oskar, Vasa, and Nanos guide this process.
2. Germ cell migration occurs through different mechanisms across species, sometimes involving passive translocation, repulsion/attraction cues, or using fibronectin pathways.
3. Germ cells undergo meiosis to form gametes, but the decision to enter meiosis or remain mitotic, as well as sex determination, are regulated by different factors like the distal tip cell in nematodes.
Cell Division 2
Meiosis is the type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, which have half the number of chromosomes as regular body cells. It involves two cell divisions - Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells each with a single set of chromosomes. Meiosis introduces genetic variation through independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over, providing the raw material for natural selection.
Cell determination and differentiation
Cell determination and differentiation are important processes in development. Cell determination involves genes being selectively activated or inactivated, committing an embryonic cell to a specific type. Differentiation then further specializes the cell, changing its size, shape and function. Gene expression plays a key role, with different genes being switched on or off in different cell types. The environment also influences cell fate and specialization.
Gametogenesis and fertilization
This document discusses gametogenesis and fertilization in humans. It describes the processes of spermatogenesis in males, where spermatogonia undergo meiosis to form spermatids over 64 days, and oogenesis in females. Fertilization occurs when a sperm and egg unite in the uterine tubes, restoring the diploid chromosome number and determining the embryo's sex. The result can be a single embryo, or monozygotic or dizygotic twins in rare cases of splitting or separate eggs being fertilized.
Genetic control of animal development
- Animal development is defined as the progressive changes in size, shape, and function that occur during an organism's life through which its genetic potential is translated into mature systems.
- Maternal genes play a major role in early development by providing nutritive and determinative materials to the egg during oogenesis, organizing the egg for subsequent development. Mutations in these maternal effect genes can impact offspring viability without affecting the mother.
- After fertilization, zygotic gene expression begins from the embryo genome, directing cell differentiation and organ formation under genetic control. Homeotic genes determine body segmentation by transforming one segment into another.
Cleavage: Definition, types, and mechanism
Early embryonic development involves a series of key stages:
1. Cleavage - The fertilized egg undergoes rapid, synchronized cell divisions without growth to form a solid ball of cells called a morula.
2. Blastulation - Cell divisions continue and a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel forms, establishing polarity and transforming the morula into a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
3. Gastrulation - Cells migrate and rearrange through morphogenetic movements to form the three primary germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm - establishing the body plan of the embryo.
C. elegans early develeopment
This document summarizes key aspects of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. It describes C. elegans' structure as a 1mm long roundworm with 945 cells. It details its life cycle from zygote to adult over 3 days, producing 300 progeny. C. elegans establishes three embryonic axes - anterior-posterior determined by sperm entry point, dorso-ventral set by first cleavage, and left-right by asymmetric cell divisions. The document outlines C. elegans' larval stages and early embryonic development, including axis formation and cell lineage.
Gametogenesis, fertilization and types of eggs
Developmental biology is the study of how organisms grow and develop. It involves processes like gametogenesis, fertilization, growth, differentiation, pattern formation and morphogenesis. Gametogenesis refers to the formation of gametes or sex cells through meiosis. In spermatogenesis, spermatogonia undergo mitosis and meiosis to form spermatids that then differentiate into spermatozoa. In oogenesis, oogonia undergo mitosis and meiosis to form a secondary oocyte and first polar body, with the secondary oocyte then undergoing a second meiotic division. Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an ovum, forming a zygote. Development then progresses through
08 Embryology
This document summarizes key aspects of embryology from conception through the fetal period in 3 sentences:
The pre-embryonic period ranges from conception through implantation and involves cleavage, formation of the morula and blastocyst, and implantation. During the embryonic period, gastrulation forms the three germ layers and organogenesis develops the major organ systems. The fetal period occurs from the 9th week of development until birth, in which time the fetus continues to grow and develop in preparation for extrauterine life.
pattern formation genes
This document discusses pattern formation during embryogenesis. It begins by defining pattern formation as the development of spatial organization that establishes an organism's basic body plan and axes. Key genes that control pattern formation are homeotic genes, which regulate cell processes and contain a homeobox sequence. Hox genes pattern the anteroposterior axis by being expressed sequentially. In Drosophila melanogaster, cytoplasmic determinants, segmentation genes like gap and pair-rule genes, and homeotic genes work together to pattern each segment. Mutations in these pattern formation genes can lead to congenital malformations in humans and other organisms.
Drosophila lecture
The document summarizes early development in Drosophila, including embryogenesis, fate determination, and patterning. It discusses how Drosophila undergo holometabolous development through distinct larva, pupa, and adult stages. It then details the processes of fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, and segmentation that establish the body plan. Key genes that pattern the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes are also summarized, including maternal effect genes, gap genes, pair-rule genes, segment polarity genes, and homeotic genes.
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Cleavage patterns, fate maps and cell lineages… What can early developmental ...
Cleavage patterns, fate maps and cell lineages… What can early developmental ...
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The male and female reproductive systems each contain primary sex organs that develop at birth and secondary sex characteristics that develop during puberty.
The male reproductive system includes testes that produce sperm and testosterone, as well as other organs like the epididymis and vas deferens that store and transport sperm. Sperm undergo meiosis to become haploid cells that can fertilize a female's ovum.
The female reproductive system includes ovaries that hold ova and produce eggs and hormones, as well as organs like the uterus and fallopian tubes that support pregnancy if fertilization occurs. Eggs undergo meiosis and are released during ovulation if not fertilized. Menstruation occurs in a cycle when no pregnancy occurs
Chapters 2 and 3 life span development
provides physical and emotional support during labor and delivery
Human Reproduction
The document summarizes the process of human reproduction from conception through birth. It describes how DNA determines a baby's sex, the development of male and female anatomy, the menstrual cycle and hormones involved, fertilization, fetal development within the womb, stages of labor and birth, and breastfeeding. The reproductive system of both males and females is explained in detail, covering the production of eggs and sperm, as well as the journey from fertilization to birth over the course of a full-term pregnancy.
The Reproductive System with Family planning techniques
The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the stages of puberty for males and females. For males, it outlines the external and internal structures such as the penis, testes, epididymis and vas deferens. It explains sperm production through spermatogenesis. For females, it outlines the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina. It also describes the menstrual cycle and egg production through oogenesis. The goal of the reproductive systems is to produce gametes and support pregnancy.
Human reproduction ppt
The document provides information about human reproduction:
- It describes the male and female reproductive systems and the journey of sperm and egg through the systems. The sperm fertilizes the egg in the fallopian tubes.
- It explains the process of fertilization and the early stages of development from zygote to embryo to fetus. The fetus develops over nine months before birth.
- Key parts of the male system that are mentioned include the testes, penis, and sperm. The female system includes the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, and vagina.
Reproduction for year 6
The document summarizes human reproduction. It describes how females release eggs monthly that can be fertilized by sperm in the fallopian tubes. It also describes the male reproductive system and the role of testicles in producing sperm, which travel through the vas deferens. Genes are passed from parents to offspring, influencing traits. Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins and are the basic units of heredity.
Unit5 reproductionandsexuality
This document provides an overview of the human reproductive system and process. It begins by defining the key terms and describing puberty and the changes that occur. It then details the male and female reproductive systems, including their main parts and functions. The ovarian and menstrual cycles are explained next, followed by fertilization, gestation, birth, and assisted reproduction techniques. The document concludes by covering contraception methods.
Reproduction and development
Animal reproduction can occur asexually through processes like budding or sexually through the fusion of male and female gametes. Sexual reproduction involves the formation of gametes and can result in genetic variation. Fertilization and development can happen internally or externally depending on whether the species is terrestrial or aquatic. Viviparous animals give live birth while oviparous animals lay eggs.
COT 2.ppt
The document discusses various aspects of human reproductive anatomy and physiology. It defines key terms like genitalia, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, vulva, breasts, scrotum, penis, testes, sperm, and menstrual cycle. It explains how pregnancy occurs through fertilization and implantation, and describes the three trimesters of pregnancy and childbirth process. Common complications of pregnancy like placenta previa and preeclampsia are also mentioned.
fisiologi-sistem-reproduksi.pptx
Reproduction is process to maintain continuation of species by which
- new individuals of a species are produced
- genetic material is passed from generation to generation
Cell division in a multicellular organism is necessary for growth and it involves passing of genetic material from parent cells to daughter cells
Performed by reproductive system
Reproductive system
1. Reproduction ensures the continuation of species by producing offspring. There are two types: sexual reproduction which requires male and female sex cells and produces genetically unique offspring, and asexual reproduction which uses cell division and produces identical offspring.
2. The male reproductive system includes testes which produce sperm, and organs that support sperm production and transport. The female reproductive system includes ovaries which produce eggs, and organs that support egg development and pregnancy.
3. Puberty is triggered by increases in hormones which stimulate development of the reproductive systems and secondary sex characteristics in males and females. The menstrual cycle regulates female fertility through monthly changes in the uterine lining controlled by hormones.
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Reproduction Unit 3
- 1. reproduction Unit 3. Natural Sciences
- 2. What is reproduction? • One of the three vital functions • Interaction • Nutrition • Reproduction • Types: • Asexual: one living being can produce offspring (descendencia) (bacteria, plants, protoctist, fungi) • Sexual: two living being (male and female) are needed to produce offspring (descendencia) (animals and plants, algae, fungi) • Definition: it is a vital function that consists on the creation of new living beings from previous ones.
- 3. Sexual characters Primary characters: The reproductive organs: female and male reproductive organs are different since they are born. (Ovaries and testes respectively) Secondary characters: They appear in puberty (girls and boys between 9-16, ussually around 11) Classify these characters in male, female and both) Facial hair, pubic hair, wider hips, deeper voice, underarm hair, wider shoulders, breasts, chest hair. Female Male
- 4. Reproductive cells Female gametes: egg cells Produced in the ovaries each 28 days Around 400 egg cells mature 50-55 years, women stop producing egg cells Male gametes: sperm cells Sperm cells are made in the testes. Production doesn't stop Semen is 2% sperm cells 98% seminal fluid (produced in seminal vesicles)
- 5. Fertilization (video) Human beings have 46 cromosomes in the DNA of each cell of the body. Gametes have only 23 cromosomes. ovule Sperm cell zygote 23 cromosom es 23 cromosom es 46 cromosom es zygote embryo fetus
- 8. Menstruation cycle Day 1- 5 menstruation Day 6- 14 Egg cell matures Uterus thickens Day 14-28 ovulation ovulation Fetilisation zygote embryo fetus Not fertilised Menstruation again
- 9. Pregnancy 40 weeks. Placenta: provides oxygen and nutrients and takes away carbon dioxide and waste. Umbilical cord Amniotic bag: contains amniotic fluid that protects the fetus. zygote embyo fetus
- 10. Birth The walls of the uterus contract The cervix gets wider The amniotic sac breaks The contractions push the baby into the vaginal canal. The baby is expelled: head first. The doctor cuts the umbilical cord. The amniotic sac, the placenta and the rest of umbilical cord are expelled.
- 11. Medical advances in reproduction • In vitro fertilisation Fertilisation: • Caesarean (for breech birth) Birth: • Amniocentesis Pregnancy: • Blood and urine tests • Ultrasound scan Healthcare: Family planning (contraception)
- 12. Natural contraception Calendar based Symthom based Temperature Secretion Abstinence Lactation Don't prevent sexual illnesses NOT RELIABLE (HIGH NUMBER OF IRREGULARITIES)
- 13. Artificial contraception HORMONAL PILL RING IMPLANTS OR PATCHES BARRIER METHODS: avoid the join of male and female gametes MALE CONDOM (also prevent sexual ilnesses) FEMALE CONDOM MIXED IUD (DIU) INTRAUTERIN DEVICES HIGH EFFECTIVENESS CONDOM PREVENTS SEXUAL ILLNESSES