This document provides an introduction to electricity and magnetism. It begins by asking what is known about electricity and explains that electricity works through the movement of electrons along a wire. It then discusses what atoms are made of, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. It explains that atoms can become positively or negatively charged ions based on the numbers of protons and electrons. The document also covers static electricity through experiments with balloons and plastic pens. It discusses how electric circuits work through the continuous movement of electrons powered by a battery. The second half covers magnets and magnetic fields, including how magnets attract and repel each other. It explains Earth's magnetic field is created by the spinning liquid iron core. It concludes by connecting electricity and

1. Electricity and magnetism
Unit 5 Natural sciences
My explanation:
introduction to the
unit

2. What do
you know
about
electricity?
• Nothing? Are you sure?
• Probably you know that electricity travels
through wires (cables)
• Probably you also know that it is useful to
make things work (such as the TV, the
mobile phone, the microwave, the Nintendo
or the hair drier)
• And maybe you also know that there is also
electricity in the clouds, when there is a
storm and you see lightning (relámpagos)

3. But, how does electricity work?
• Electricity works because of the movement of some particles from
one place to another, travelling along a wire or any other conductor.
• These particles are called ELECTRONS (and that is the reason for the
name electricity)

4. And now the big question: what is an electron?
• Let´s going to start with the basics:
THE ATOM
• Do you remember what is an
atom?
• Atoms are the smallest particles
that matter is made up of.
• Well, that is not exactly true,
because atoms have smaller
particles inside.
• Let´s have a closer look to an atom

5. THE ATOM

6. PARTS OF AN ATOM
• The nucleus: it is in the middle. It has two
types of particles:
• Protons: they are particles with
electric charge (positive)
• Neutrons: they are particles with no
electric charge
• The electrons shell: it is around the nucleus
and it is very big
• Electrons: they are tiny particles with
electric charge(negative)

7. Summarizing.....
(I am joking)

8. Review of particles (for real they have no color
or marks)
• Protons: they are in the nucleus and they have positive charge
• Neutrons: they are in the nucleus and they have no charge
• Electrons they are in the electrons shell and they have negative charge.

9. Very good, but how can electrons move?
• The outermost electrons can move along a wire because they are
forced or are atracted by a positive charge (remember they are
negatively charged)
Wire (cable)
Electric circuit
Battery (pila)

10. Charged atoms
(ions), static
electricity and
circuits
My explanation: ions,
static electricity and
circuits

11. Some curiosities about atoms
• Atoms of elements can be positive, negative or neutral.....how?
• By counting the electrical charges of the subatomic particles
• Each proton counts 1 positive charge 1+
• Each electron counts 1 negative charge –1
• The neutrons are not counted (as they have no electrical charge)
• The charges positives and negatives are added and the result can be:
• Higher than 0: total charge positive: the atom is positive
• Lower than 0: total charge negative: the atom is negative
• If they have the same number of protons than electrons, they are neutral
and stable (the total charge is 0)

12. ions (iones)
• Atoms with electrical charge (+ or -) are called
ions.
• Positive ions : also called cations (cationes)
• Negative ions: also called anions (aniones)

13. Let´s put this into
images
• Count the number of protons and
electrons of this atom.
• Protons: +6
• Electrons: -6
• Total charge: 0
• This is a neutral atom, it is stable
A neutral atom of Carbon

14. And now... other
example
• Count the number of protons and
electrons of this atom.
• Protons: +3
• Electrons: -2
• Total charge: +1
• This is a positive atom: a cation

15. And now... another
example
• Count the number of protons and
electrons of this atom.
• Protons: +9
• Electrons: -10
• Total charge: -1
• This is a negative atom: an anion

16. Practice and play
• Build atoms:
• https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/build-an-
atom/latest/build-an-atom_en.html
• Periodic table interactive:
• https://www.ptable.com/

17. A deduction....
• If we change the number of protons, it
becames a different atom (another
substance... oxygen, boron, fluorine...)
• If you change the number of electrons, it
is the same substance but with an
electrical charge. (it becomes an ion)

18. What can we do to atoms?
• Usually we cannot change one substance into
another. We cannot modify the number of
protons.
• That can happen with radioactivity or nuclear
reactions (only in very big atoms)
• But we can easily change the number of
electrons in many substances
• (adding more or taking them away )

19. Do you want to modify the number of
electrons on your hair?
• Experiment:
• Materials:
• A balloon
• Your hair
• Procedure:
• Rub the balloon on your hair
• Now tell me: what happened to your hair? (if you
have a very short hair, ask for a volunteer)

20. Explanation

21. Yuppiiiiiii!!!!
You have
created static
electricity!!

22. Do you want to try another experiment?
• Materials:
• A plastic pen (boli bic)
• A woolen sweater (your school
one will work)
• Very small pieces of paper
• Procedure:
• Rub the pen on the woolen
sweater
• Place it close to the pieces of
paper
• What happened?

23. Explanation
• The plastic gets electrons from the wooden
sweater
• The plastic is now negatively charge
• The paper has a natural positive charge
• Positive and negative charges attract each other.

24. What happens in a
circuit?
• The electrons are continuosly
forced to move from one atom to
the next along the wire (usually
made up of metal) by a force (the
battery) that attracts them.
• The flow of electrons is called
current (corriente)

27. Magnets
My explanation
about Magnets

28. What is a
magnet? (imán)
• A magnet is an object or a material that produces a magnetic field (campo
magnético)
• The magnetic field is invisible but it has an amazing property:
• Attracts metals (iron, steel, cobalt, nickel...)
• Attracts or repels other magnets
• There are natural magnets (magnetite-magnetita- for example) that are
permanent.
• But magnetic properties can also be produced by other magnets or by electricity.
(electromagnets) (electroimanes), so sometimes, magnetic properties can be
temporary

29. How do magnets work?
• All magnets have north and south poles.
• Opposite poles are attracted to each other
• While the same poles repel each other.

30. Some amazing experiments with magnets (click on the images)

31. What is a magnetic field?(campo magnético)
• It is a region around the
magnet where there are
magnetic properties
• Is it visible? No, it is not.
• How can we make it visible?
• By placing some iron fillings
(limaduras -trocitos
pequeños- de hierro) around
the magnet
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/discoveries/magne
tic-fields/v/discovery-of-magnetic-fields

32. Lines around the magnet show the magnetic field, as
in this model.
• Magnetic force travels from
the north pole to the south
pole of the magnet
• North >>>> South
N S

33. When we have two magnets their magnetic
fields interact in the following way:
N N
When they repel each other
N S
When they attract each other

34. Challenges
• Magnetize objects:
• Take a magnet (one from the fridge will work)
• Attract a paper clip (or a staple-grapa-)
• Use the magnetized paper clip to attract another paper clip
• Trace the invisible magnetic field:
• Use a compass-brújula- (one app from the mobile phone can
work as well if you don´t have one)
• Place the compass on a table
• Little by little bring a magnet closer to the compass.
• Measure the length of the magnetic field: from what
distance to the magnet does the compass move? (the stronger
the magnet, the bigger the magnetic field)

35. More challenges
• Effect of electric current on a compass:
• Go next to a wire of a household appliance-electrodoméstico-
(lamp, hair drier, nespresso, toaster, mobile phone....with your
compass)
• Turn on the household appliance and check the compass. Did
it move?
• Why? >>>>> Moving electrons create magnetic fields, so any
wire with electric current has a magnetic field.
• Glass with water and paper clips inside.
• Try to take the paper clips out of the glass without touching
the water (the magnet cannot touch the water either)
• Answer the question: Can magnetic fields travel through
objects and different materials?

36. The last one:
make a
compass
(brújula) (click
on the image)

37. Earth´s magnetic
field
(campo
magnético
terrestre)
My explanation:
Magnetosphere

38. Vocabulary
Magnetic field: campo magnético
Magnetosphere: magnetosfera
Compass: brújula
Magnet: imán
Magnetic poles: polos magnéticos
Geographic poles: polos geográficos
Steel: acero
Solar radiation: radiación solar
Liquid iron: hierro fundido

39. What is there
inside our
planet?
A melted metal moving very fast can produce a
magnetic field
The core is liquid iron spining at a very high speed and
that produces a magnetic effect: it is like the effect of
a magnet.
There are three main layers:
The crust The mantle The core

40. Types of solar
radiations
• Sun is formed by different types of light and rays.
• Visible light
• UV: ultra violet
• IR : infra red
• Gamma rays
• Microwaves
• Solar storms

41. Why is our magnetosphere so important?
• It is a shield (escudo)
for the dangerous solar
rays.
• Some of them are really
really dangerous for
life.

42. Useful and
amazing
properties of
the
magnetosphere
• Auroras (boreal-north- and
austral-south-)
• Orientation with a compass

43. Auroras borealis and australis

44. Other curiosities
• The geographic poles are
NORTH UP and SOUTH
DOWN
• The magnetic poles are
the OPPOSITE
• They don´t exactly match
(the magnetic south is not
in the same point as the
geographic north)
• The compass
needle points to the
Magnetic South Pole (that
is very close to the
Geographic North pole)
Geographic North
Pole
Magnetic
South
Pole

45. Electromagnetism:
it is the study of
how electricity and
magnetism are
related and how
they interact with
each other.

46. Electromagnetism
Hans Christian Oersted
• Connection between
electricity and magnetism
1820
• Compass needle moved when
the current was switched on
André-Marie Ampere
• Discovered the
"electrodynamic molecule"
• (Thomsom named it electron)
• Electron creates both
magnetism and electricity
Michael Faraday
• "Electromagnetic rotary
device": Dynamo.
• Moving a magnet in relation
to a loop of wire

47. What is
electromagnetism?
• Electric current produces a magnetic
field when it flows along a wire. A
compass needle changes
• A magnet can also create electric
current in a wire. We move a magnet
next to a wire, causing the electrons to
jump from the orbits, producing
electricity.

48. How is electricity
created using
magnets?
Link video (only first 1´30´´)
We move a turbine
The turbine moves a wire inside a magnetic field
In the wire, electricity is generated

49. Hydroelectric power station

50. Coal power station

52. Nuclear power station

53. Eolic Power station

54. Maglev
• It levitates above magnet
(MAG –magnetic-LEV-
levitation)
• No friction> high speeds (up
to 600 km/h)
• It uses propulsion with electro
magnets that switch polarity.
Cómo funciona (Español)
How maglev works
(English)
Experimento minimaglev
Órbita Laika
Superconductores