This presentation provide knowledge about Gene Expression & its regulation in brief.
i hope it gives some information about gene expression in your academic time.
In this presentation mentioned - Lac Operon and its expressor.
Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
Cell cycle and Regulation
* cell Division is occur in every human but these have certaint check point to preventing from the forming the defective cell or cancerious cell.
Introduction to Genetic Variation in GPCR
G-Protein couple Receptor
Genetic variation in GPCRs
V2 Vasopressin Receptor, Thrombroxane Receptor, P2Y 12ADP Receptor, Chemokine Receptor, Biogenic amine receptors
Presented by
R. REKHA
Department of Pharmacology
The above presentation consist of the definition of microarray, brief history, general principle of the same, the type of scanner that are used to read or to scan the microarray , type of DNA microarray and finally its various apliccation including the role of DNA microaarray in drug discovery.
Introduction to Genetic Variation in GPCR
G-Protein couple Receptor
Genetic variation in GPCRs
V2 Vasopressin Receptor, Thrombroxane Receptor, P2Y 12ADP Receptor, Chemokine Receptor, Biogenic amine receptors
Presented by
R. REKHA
Department of Pharmacology
The above presentation consist of the definition of microarray, brief history, general principle of the same, the type of scanner that are used to read or to scan the microarray , type of DNA microarray and finally its various apliccation including the role of DNA microaarray in drug discovery.
Most bacteria are free-living organisms that grow by increasing
in mass and then divide by binary fission.
Growth and division are controlled by genes, the expression
of which must be regulated appropriately. Genes
whose activity is controlled in response to the needs of a
cell or organism are called regulated genes. All organisms
also have a large number of genes whose products
are essential to the normal functioning of a growing and
dividing cell, no matter what the conditions are. These
genes are always active in growing cells and are known as
constitutive genes or housekeeping genes; examples include
genes that code for the enzymes needed for protein
synthesis and glucose metabolism. Note that all genes are
regulated on some level. If normal cell function is impaired
for some reason, the expression of all genes, including
constitutive genes, is reduced by regulatory
mechanisms. Thus, the distinction between regulated
and constitutive genes is somewhat arbitrary.
Control of gene expression ppt
definition of gene expression
inducible gene expression
repressible gene expression
control of gene expression in eukaryotics .all the in information about this topic is include .
Gene regulation is the process used to control the timing, location and amount in which genes are expressed. The process can be complicated and is carried out by a variety of mechanisms, including through regulatory proteins and chemical modification of DNA.
Gene regulation is how a cell controls which genes, out of the many genes in its genome, are "turned on" (expressed). Thanks to gene regulation, each cell type in your body has a different set of active genes – despite the fact that almost all the cells of your body contain the exact same DNA.
you can dowenload the interactive powerpoint through this link:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1Flqis6oX3Tq7nbRAiRcE71DTYcQ2TDkl/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=107152891770522030883&rtpof=true&sd=true
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Contents
1. Gene. 1
2. Gene Expression. 2
a)Replication 5-6
b) Transcription 7-8
c) Translation 9-10
3. Regulation of Gene Expression. 11
4. Types of Gene Regulation. 12-13
a)Positive Regulation
b) Negative Regulation
3. Contents
5. Types of Genes. 14-15
a) Constitutive Genes
b) Inducible Genes
6.Regulation of Gene Expression in
Prokaryotes. 16-24
Operon
. Lac Operon
7.References. 25
4. 1.Gene
Gene is a small piece of genetic material
written in a code and called DNA.
Gene is passed from parents to child.
Genes determines the child’s
characteristics - like hair,eye,skin color,
height and whether the child will have an
inherited disease.
1
5. 2.Gene Expression
Gene expression refers to multistep
process that results in production of
structural & functional unit of cell called
protein.
Gene Expression is the combined process
of the transcription of a gene into mRNA &
its translation into protein.
The first step is
DNARNAmRNAProtein.
Gene Expression = Transcription+
Translation
2
6. Gene Expression
Genetic mutation alters the regulation or
expression of gene and results in dysfunctional
and non functional protein synthesis.
Non protein coding genes are not translated.
Multistep process is also called Central Dogma.
Central Dogma is the flow of information from
DNA to RNA & then to Protein.
3
7. Gene Expression is a multistep
process which involves
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
4
Moh.Uzair
8. a) Replication(DNA Synthesis)
The duplication or synthesis of DNA is
called replication.
It is occurs in S-phase of cell cycle.
All over the body replication process found
in same way, but Transcription process
have different cell to cell.
Replication process is semi-conservative
means the mechanism of DNA replication
that leads to a daughter molecule with one
old strand and one new strand.
5
10. b) Transcription
It is synthesis of RNA from DNA that
results in the transfer of the information
stored in double stranded DNA to Single
stranded RNA.
Enzyme involved is RNA Polymerase.
During transcription, only one strand of
DNA is usually copied. This is called the
template strand, and the RNA molecules
produced are single-
stranded messenger RNA (mRNAs).
7
12. c) Translation(Protein
biosynthesis)
Protein biosynthesis is called translation.
It is found in Ribosomes(free/ cytosolic)
mRNA is translated in 5’ to 3’direction.
Protein is synthesized from amino
terminal(N-terminal ) to carboxy terminal(c-
terminal).
All amino acids should be present at the
time of translation otherwise translation will
stop at codons.
tRNA is required for translation & accept
the amino acid in protein synthesis
9
14. 3.Regulation of Gene Expression
Regulation of gene expression is essential
for metabolic functions, growth and
development and differentiation of tissues.
The rate of expression of
prokaryotic(bacteria) genes is controlled
mainly at the level of transcription, mRNA
synthesis.
Eukaryotes however have a much larger
and more complex genome than
prokaryotes.
11
15. 4.Types of Gene Regulation
a) Positive regulation
b) Negative regulation
a) Positive Regulation :
Gene expression is increased by a
regulatory element.
The element or molecule mediating the
positive regulation is said to
be an activator or inducer.
12
16. Types of Gene Regulation
b) Negative Regulation : Gene
expression is decreased by regulatory
element is said to be a negative
regulator(repressor/inhibitor).
Double negative effect on gene
regulation results in a positive
phenomenon.
13
17. 5.Types of genes
a) Constitutive / housekeeping genes:
Always active.
They form products(proteins/ enzymes) which is
required for basic cell function all the time.
It is the genes whose expression is not regulated.
These genes are expressed at a constant rate.
E.g. The enzymes of citric acid cycle.
14
18. Types of genes
b) Inducible Genes :
It is expressed only in special circumstances.
E.g. This genes synthesize the enzymes of
gluconeogenesis which is not required in
normal situation(fed state).So these genes are
inhibited in a normal situation.
But it required (e.g. during fasting/starvation),
these genes are activated.
It is regulated by various molecular signals
that is why it is known as Regulated Genes.
15
19. 6. REGULATION OF GENE
EXPRESSION.
operon
In prokaryotes, the genes involved in a
metabolic pathway are often present in a
linear fashion, called an operon.
Operon is functioning unit of DNA
containing a cluster of genes, under the
control of a single promoter.
Transcription is the main site of
regulation of gene expression.
16
20. Operons occur in prokaryotes but not in
eukaryotes. For example:
• Lactose operon (Lac operon for
regulation of lactose metabolism)
• Arabinose operon (Ara operon for
regulation of arabinose
metabolism)
• Galactose operon (Gal operon for
regulation of galactose metabolism).
17
21. Lac Operon/ Lactose Operon
The concept of operon was introduced by
Jacob and Monod in 1961.
It is occurs in E.coli.
Bacterial cell normally get energy from
glucose because glucose is mostly present
in the environment of E.coli.
There is no need for this bacterial to cell
use lactose. So these genes (synthesize
the enzymes of lactose metabolism) are
inhibited(repressed).But if required, these
genes can be activated(induced).
18
22. It is consists of a regulatory gene(I; I for
inhibition), operator gene (O) and 3
structural genes(Z,Y,A).
Lac Z- codes for Beta Galactosidase
breaks Lactose to Galactose and
Glucose
Lac Y- codes for permease facilitate
permeation of Lactose into the cell.
Lac A-Codes for Transacetylase
acetylates lactose.
19
23. How Genes are Inhibited
20
Lac I is a house keeping gene(always
active).So, this gene always produces
its protein i.e. repressor tetramer.
This repressor tetramer goes and binds
with operator site on DNA.
Upstream to operator, promotor is
present where RNA polymerase binds.
Repressor tetramer gives hindrance in
the path of RNA polymerase, which has
to move downstream to transcribe these
25. How Genes are Activated
22
These genes are activated if glucose
decreases in the environment of E. coli and
lactose is present.
So when glucose decreases then cAMP is
increased.
This cAMP binds with CAP(Catabolic
Activator Protein also known as CRP i.e.
cAMP Regulatory Protein) & makes cAMP-
CAP complex.
This complex binds to CAP site on DNA
and activates RNA polymerase.
26. Lactose is converted to its isomer-
Allolactose, which binds to repressor
tetramer and removes repressor
tetramer from operator site.
So, there is no hindrance of repressor
tetramer and RNA polymerase is active.
Now genes are activated and
transcription occurs and lactose can be
used by bacterial cell.
23