This document discusses reported speech and how to change direct speech into indirect speech. It provides examples of tense changes that are required such as changing the present simple tense into the past simple tense. It also discusses changes that are needed for demonstratives, adverbs, and adverbial expressions. Examples are given for different tenses including present simple, present continuous, will, past simple, present perfect, and past perfect. The document also discusses how to report commands, offers, and suggestions indirectly. Students are directed to practice examples in their student book.
A presentation that tries to explain the changes from Direct Speech to Reported Speech in different situations: questions, affirmative statements, commands, requests and suggestions; paying special attention to the appropriate verbs for each use.
A presentation that tries to explain the changes from Direct Speech to Reported Speech in different situations: questions, affirmative statements, commands, requests and suggestions; paying special attention to the appropriate verbs for each use.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Let’s learn it through music!
• The Scientist- Coldplay
• WHAT’S THE SONG ABOUT?
• WHERE CAN YOU FIND REPORTED SPEECH?
“Nobody said it was easy
It's such a shame for us to part
Nobody said it was easy
No one ever said it would be this hard”
3. When to use it
• If you want to repeat what somebody else said, wrote or thought, you have two
options: direct reported speech or indirect reported speech. In direct reported speech,
you put what the person said in quotation marks (“”):
Nobody said, “It’s easy.”
Noone said, “It will be hard”.
■ Indirect reported speech is where you change the speaker’s original words by
indirectly reporting what they said. Such sentences are made up of two parts: a
reporting clause and a reported clause:
Nobody said, “It’s easy” (Direct)
Nobody said it was easy. (Indirect- from the song)
REPORTING CLAUSE REPORTED
CLAUSE
4. TENSE CHANGES
• AS WE ARE REPORTING SOMETHING THAT HAPPENED IN THE PAST, WE NORMALLY HAVE
TO GO ONE STEP BACK TO THE PAST TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE REPORTING VERB
THAT WE ARE USING. SO THE CORRESPONDING CHANGES ARE THE FOLLOWING:
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Present Simple Past Simple
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Will/Would Would
Am/is/are going to Was/Were going to
Past Simple Past Perfect
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Can Could
May Might
Must Had to
* This year, we are only focusing on the change from present simple to past simple
5. CHANGES TO DEMONSTRATIVES, ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL
EXPRESSIONS
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
This/These That/Those
Now Then
Here There
Today That day
Yesterday The previous day
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Next The following
Last The previous
A week ago A week before
Tomorrow The following day
6. EXAMPLES
TENSE DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
PRESENT SIMPLE I eat ice-cream today She said (that) she ate ice-cream
that day
PRESENT CONTINUOUS I am living in London She said (that) she was living in
London
WILL I’ll see you later She said (that) she would see me
later
PAST SIMPLE I bought a car She said (that) she had bought a
car
PRESENT PERFECT I haven’t seen Julie She said (that) she hadn’t seen
Julie
PAST PERFECT I had taken English lessons
before.
She said (that) she had taken
English lessons before.
MUST I must study at the weekend She said (that) she had to study
at the weekend.
CAN I can speak perfect English She said (that) she could speak
perfect English
8. REPORTED COMMANDS
TO TELL + OBJECT (NOT) TO + INFINITIVE
• Commands are orders. We usually use the verb ”tell” for indirect reported
commands, “to tell+ object (him/her) (not) to + infinitive.
Let’s take this example from David Bowie’s Space Oddity:
Ground control said to Major Tom, “Take your protein pills”. (Direct)
Ground control told Major Tom to take his protein pills. (Indirect- order)
9. REPORTED OFFERS
TO OFFER+ (NOT) TO+ INFINITIVE
• When we want to mention that somebody volunteered for something, we usually use this
structure, quite similar to the previous one.
Rachel, “I will help you with your project, Susie” (Direct)
Rachel offered to help Susie with her project” (Indirect)
10. REPORTED SUGGESTIONS
TO SUGGEST +THAT+ SUBJECT + VERB (INFINITIVE)
When we want to report a suggestion that somebody made, we use the verb suggest in
the past followed by that+ subject+ verb (infinitive)
Teacher, “Pepe, leave the class if you don’t feel ok”
The teacher suggested that Pepe leave the class if he didn’t feel ok
