Reported speech, statements, questions, requests
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1. The document describes the rules for changing direct speech into indirect speech in English. It explains how to change verb tenses, pronouns, time/place expressions, and question forms. 2. Key changes include changing present tenses to past, changing pronouns like "I" to "he/she", and changing words like "here" and "now" to "there" and "then". Question word order is maintained but question marks are only used with introductory phrases. 3. Reporting verbs are categorized based on whether they are followed by clauses with "if/whether", "that", or "to-infinitives". Common reporting verbs and their structures are listed for different
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Reported speech, statements, questions, requests
- 1. REPORTED STATEMENTS Simple present Simple past "I always drink coffee", she said She said that she always drank coffee. Present continuous Past continuous "I am reading a book", he explained. He explained that he was reading a book Simple past Past perfect “I broke the glass", he admitted He admitted (that) he had broken the glass. Present perfect Past perfect "I have been to Spain", he told me. He told me that he had been to Spain
- 2. Past perfect Past perfect "I had just turned out the light," he explained. He explained that he had just turned out the light. Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous They complained, "We have been waiting for hours". They complained that they had been waiting for hours. Past continuous Past perfect continuous "We were living in Paris", they told me. They told me that they had been living in Paris.
- 3. Future Present conditional "I will always love you", he promised He promised that he would always love her. Future continuous Conditional continuous She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday". She said that she would be using the car next Friday. Can Could “We can solve the problem", they insisted They insisted (that) they could solve the problem. May Might "I may be late” He warned us. He warned us (that) he might be late.
- 4. Must Had to “We must leave now" he explained. He explained that he had to leave then . We don’t need to change the verb form : •if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the original statement was about something that is still true, e.g. “ The currency in Argentina is the peso” The teacher tols us that the currency in Argentina is the peso When the sentences we are reporting contains the modals: Would, could, might, ought to, should or must when it used for deduction: I could come tomorrow” she said He said that he could come the next day
- 5. TIME EXPRESIONS Direct Speech Indirect Speech Here Now This /that Today This morning There Then These/those That day That morning Ago Yesterday Last week Next week Next month Before The day before /the previous day The week before/ the previous week The following week /The week after The following month/ the month after
- 6. QUESTIONS Use the same word order as in statements Change the tenses as in statements There is no questions mark unless the introductory phrase is a question: Use the Wh-word in Wh-questions Present Past When does the film start? He asked me When the film started. He wanted to know when the film started Use if / whether for Yes/ no questions Present perfect Past perfect Have you done your homework or not? The teacher asked if /whether we had done our homework or not.
- 7. Must use whether (not if) when we are asking someone to make a choice: Present Past “Do you want tea or coffee?” He asked me whether I wanted tea or coffee. May use polite introductory phrases like: I wonder if you, could you tell me… Don’t change the tense Present “What’s the time?” I wonder if you could tell me What the time is?.
- 8. REQUESTS AND ORDERS We often use verbs like: ask, tell+object+to-infinitive: We don’t chance tenses “Will you be quiet, please?” The teacher asked me to be quiet. The teacher told me to be quiet. We use not before the to-infinitive to report negative requests or orders: “Please don’t interrupt the meeting" The manager asked /told me not to interrupt the meeting
- 9. Verb+gerund deny recommend suggest Verb+object preposition+ gerund accuse blame congratulate verb +preposition+ gerund apologize insist Examples: He Examples: They Examples: He denied having accused the boys of apologized for being anything to do with cheating on the late. her. exam. She insisted on Ken suggested She blamed her doing the washing studying early in the husband for missing up. morning. the train.
- 10. verb +object +infinitive advise encourage invite remind warn Verb+infinitive verb (that) agree decide offer promise refuse threaten Examples: Jack encouraged me to look for a new job. Examples: She offered to give him a lift to work. admit agree decide deny explain insist promise recommend suggest Examples: Tom admitted (that) he had tried to leave early. They invited all their My brother refused to friends to attend the take no for an She agreed (that) we presentation. answer. needed to reconsider our plans.
- 11. HOPES INTENTIONS ANDPROMISES Promise, hope, propose threaten, guarantee swear. ORDERS OR COMMANDS, REQUESTS AND SUGGESTIONS Tell, command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid, remind, urge, warn Ask, advise, beg, encourage, invite, persuade, recommend, request , remind SUGGESTIONS insist, recommend, demand, request, propose. QUESTIONS want to know, wonder , ask STATEMENTS add, admit, agree, announce, answer, claim, complain, declare, explain, insist, imply, mention, point out, promise, recognise, state,
- 12. SUMMARY OF REPORTING VERBS 1. Verbs followed by 'if' or 'whether' + clause: ask know remember say see
- 13. 2. Verbs followed by a that-clause: add admit agree announce answer argue boast claim comment complain confirm consider deny doubt estimate explain fear feel insist mention observe persuade propose remark remember repeat reply report reveal say state suggest suppose tell think understand warn
- 14. 3. Verbs followed by either a that-clause or a toinfinitive: decide expect guarantee hope promise swear threaten 4. Verbs followed by a that-clause containing should (but note that it may be omitted, leaving a subject + zeroinfinitive): advise beg demand insist prefer propose recommend request suggest
- 15. 5. Verbs followed by a clause starting with a question word: decide imagine see describe know suggest discover learn teach discuss realise tell explain remember think forget reveal understand guess say wonder 6. Verbs followed by object + to-infinitive advise ask beg command forbid instruct invite teach tell warn