Reported Speech is used to report what someone said. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past. So, verbs usually change to the past in reported speech. (Haryanti, 2000: 31).
They are two ways of relating what a person has said:
1. Direct Speech
In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words.
Example: He said, ‘ I have lost my umbrella.’
2. Indirect (Reported) Speech
In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the speaker’s exact words.
Example: He said (that) he had lost his umbrella
The Rules of Reported Speech
1. When we use reported speech, the main verb of the sentence is usually past.
Example:
Tom said that he was feeling ill.
I told her that I didn’t have any money.
2. In general, the present form in direct speech changes to the past form in reported speech
Example:
Direct Judy: My parents are very well.
Reported Judy said that her parents were very well.
3. In general, the past simple form in direct speech changes to the past perfect in reported speech.
Example:
Direct Tom said: ‘I woke up feeling ill, so I didn’t go to work.
Reported Tom said (that) he had woken up feeling ill, so he hadn’t gone to work
The Kind of Reported Speech
There are many kinds of reported speech:
1. Reported Statement
Reported statement uses the reporting verb ‘that’, but ‘that’ is optional, so it is placed in bracket.
Example:
Quoted Statement She said, ‘I watch TV everyday.
Reported Statement She said (that) she watched TV everyday.
2. Reported Imperative
Reported Imperative is used to report invitation or command from someone to other people.
Example :
Quoted Imperative : Jamal said, ‘Please come to my party’.
Reported Imperative : Jamal invited me to come to his party.
Note :
In the reporterd Imperative, verb follows by object (pro) noun and then followed by infinitive phrase.
The following verbs is always used in reported imperative:
Advice - permit - invite
Ask - encourage - order
Remind - tell - warn
3. Reported Question
Reported Question is used to report questions. The interrogative form of the verb changes to the affimative form, the question mark (?) is therefore omitted in reported speech.
Example:
Quoted Question : He said, ‘Where does she live?’
Reported Question : He asked where she lived.
4. Reported Exclamation
Reported Exclamation is reporting of someone’s feeling or see.
Example:
Quoted Exclamation : He said, ‘What a dreadful thing!’
Reported Exclamation : He said that it was a dreadful thing.
Reported Speech is used to report what someone said. When we use reported speech, we are usually talking about the past. So, verbs usually change to the past in reported speech. (Haryanti, 2000: 31).
They are two ways of relating what a person has said:
1. Direct Speech
In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words.
Example: He said, ‘ I have lost my umbrella.’
2. Indirect (Reported) Speech
In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the speaker’s exact words.
Example: He said (that) he had lost his umbrella
The Rules of Reported Speech
1. When we use reported speech, the main verb of the sentence is usually past.
Example:
Tom said that he was feeling ill.
I told her that I didn’t have any money.
2. In general, the present form in direct speech changes to the past form in reported speech
Example:
Direct Judy: My parents are very well.
Reported Judy said that her parents were very well.
3. In general, the past simple form in direct speech changes to the past perfect in reported speech.
Example:
Direct Tom said: ‘I woke up feeling ill, so I didn’t go to work.
Reported Tom said (that) he had woken up feeling ill, so he hadn’t gone to work
The Kind of Reported Speech
There are many kinds of reported speech:
1. Reported Statement
Reported statement uses the reporting verb ‘that’, but ‘that’ is optional, so it is placed in bracket.
Example:
Quoted Statement She said, ‘I watch TV everyday.
Reported Statement She said (that) she watched TV everyday.
2. Reported Imperative
Reported Imperative is used to report invitation or command from someone to other people.
Example :
Quoted Imperative : Jamal said, ‘Please come to my party’.
Reported Imperative : Jamal invited me to come to his party.
Note :
In the reporterd Imperative, verb follows by object (pro) noun and then followed by infinitive phrase.
The following verbs is always used in reported imperative:
Advice - permit - invite
Ask - encourage - order
Remind - tell - warn
3. Reported Question
Reported Question is used to report questions. The interrogative form of the verb changes to the affimative form, the question mark (?) is therefore omitted in reported speech.
Example:
Quoted Question : He said, ‘Where does she live?’
Reported Question : He asked where she lived.
4. Reported Exclamation
Reported Exclamation is reporting of someone’s feeling or see.
Example:
Quoted Exclamation : He said, ‘What a dreadful thing!’
Reported Exclamation : He said that it was a dreadful thing.
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Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
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This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
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4. Demo
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2. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
CHARACTERISTICS:
It is original quotation
of a talk
It is always placed
between two
quotation marks
It is always preceded
by Capital letter
3. Colon (:), Comma (,) are placed before
direct speech when the introductory
verb position is in the front
Comma (,) are placed after direct speech
when the introductory verb position is
placed after or between the direct
speech
4. The use of punctuation like exclamation
mark (!), question mark (?) point the
type of sentence of direct speech and it
does not change
Eg.
‘Where do you live?’ she asked
My mother says to my sister: ‘Wash your
hands!’
She yelled at me: ‘Don’t have the door
open!’
5. It is a kind of reported sentence (reported
speech)
It retells one’s talk or idea
It undergoes certain modification
It has three types of indirect speech
1. Imperative (Command/request)
2. Declarative (Statement)
3. Interrogative (question
6. 1. Imperative (Command/request)
The Imperative is a command
Because of a command it does not tell the
subject and the verb in direct imperative
does not change
E.g. “Shut the door”
Let the door be shut
like go, sleep, open etc so in the indirect
speech is preceded by to infinitive)
namely to go, to sleep, to open
7. • It also has non verb, so the reported
command is preceded by ‘Be +
adjective/adverb!’ like: be quiet, be
happy, be here so in the Indirect
Speech it becomes to be quiet, to be
happy, to be here
8. POSITIVE IMPERATIVE
• DIRECT SPEECH
• She said, “Go away!”
• “Come here!” she said.
I said,
• “Be quite!” ‘Be quiet!’
she yelled at the
children.
• She begged, “Be
happy!”
• ‘Please help me!’ she
told him
• INDIRECT SPEECH
• She ordered her to go
away .
• She asked him to come
there.
• She ordered the
children to be quiet
• She requested to be
happy
• She asked him to help
her
9. NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE:
• DIRECT SPEECH
• She said, “Don’t go
away!”
• “Don’t Come here!”
she said
• I said, “Don’t Be
noisy!”
• She begged, “Don’t
be lazy!”
• INDIRECT SPEECH
• She told me not to
go away
• She asked him not
to come there.
• She begged us not
to be noisyI
• She told him not to
worry about it
10. Declarative (Statement)
• A. Pronoun and Possessive adjective
• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT
SPEECH
• I He/She
• You me/he/she/them/I/him/her
• My his/her
• Our their/our
• Your My/his/her
11. Declarative (Statement)
• B. Adverb of time and Place
• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
• now then
• today that day
• tomorrow the next day
• the day after
• the following day
• a day later
• next the … after
• the following …
12. Declarative (Statement)
• B. Adverb of time and Place
• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
• last … the … before
• the previous …
• the preceding …
• … ago … before
• … earlier
• yesterday the day before
• the previous day
• the preceeding day
• the day before yesterday two days before
• here there
• this that
• these those
13. Declarative (Statement)
• Tenses
• DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
• Present Simple Past Simple
• Present Continuous Past
Continuous
• Present Perfect Past Perfect
• Present Perfect Continuous Past
Perfect Continuous
14. Declarative
(Statement)
• C. Tenses
• DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
• Future Simple Past Future
• Future Continuous Past Future
Continuous
• Future Perfect Past Future Perfect
• Future Perfect Future Perfect
• Continuous Past Continuous
15. Declarative (Statement)
• C. Tenses
• DIRECT SPEECHINDIRECT SPEECH
• Past Simple Past Perfect
• Past Continuous Past Perfect
Continuous
• Past Perfect Past Perfect
16. Let’s see the following changes
• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
• Verb 1 Verb 2
• Verb 2 Had + Verb 3
• Is was
• Am was
• Are were
• Have had
• Has had
• Do did
• Does did
• Was/were had been
• Did had + verb 3
17. • Can could
• May might
• Must had to
• Shall should
• Will would
• Ought to + verb 1 ought to + have + verb 3 /
been
• Could + verb 1 could + have + verb 3 /
been
• Might + verb 1 might + have + verb 3 /
been
• Should + verb 1 should + have + verb3 /
been
• Would + verb 1 would + have + verb 3 /
been
18. Examples:
• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
• Ali: ‘I will go now.’ Ali said that he would
go then
• Rani: ‘They love me.’ Rani told me they loved
her
• ‘I’ve been writing’, Dina Dina answered that she
answered had been writing
•
• Mother: ‘I was sick Mother told that
yesterday.’ she had been sick
the day before
19. 3. Interrogative (question)
• a. Preceded by Auxiliary
• When the question is preceded by
auxiliary that needs yes/No answer it
will be used the conjunction if or
whether in the indirect speech
• The steps how to make indirect
speech:
– The question sentence of the indirect
speech is firstly changed to be statement
– It then follows the rules before
20. Example
• DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT
SPEECH
• Doctor: ‘Do you usually take a nap?’
• It is firstly changed to be:
• You usually take a nap Doctor
asks
if/whether I
usually take a
nap
21. Example
• DIRECT SPEECH
• Mary: ‘Are you a student?’
– It is firstly changed to be:
• You are a student
• INDIRECT SPEECH
– Ratu asked if/whether I was a
• student
22. Example
• John: ‘May I borrow your car?’
• Preceded by Question Word (QW)
– It is firstly changed to be:
• I may borrow your car
• INDIRECT SPEECH
– John asked if he might borrow my
– John asked whether he might borrow my
23. a. Preceded by Question Words
• In the question using Question Word
(QW)
– To form indirect speech the question is
firstly changed to be statement
– QW: what, when, where, which, why, who,
whom, etc. are used as conjunction
24. Example
– Andi: ‘How do you spell your name?’
• - It is firstly changed to be:
• You spell your name
•
• INDIRECT SPEECH
• Andi asked how I spelt my name
25. Example
• DIRECT SPEECH
– Sophia: Where can you keep your money safely?’
• It is firstly changed to be:
• You can keep your money safely
•
• INDIRECT SPEECH
• - Sophia asked me where I could keep my
• money safely.
