The document discusses different ways to report what someone else has said, including using direct versus indirect speech. It explains how to change verbs, pronouns, places and times when converting direct speech to indirect speech. Reporting questions and requests are also covered, as well as verbs used to report offers, suggestions and other speech acts.

1. Reported Speech

2. DIRECT SPEECH When you want to say what another person said before, you can use that person's own words: Tom: "It'’s cold now". Tom said: "It'’s cold now".

3. INDIRECT SPEECH Or you can use indirect speech "reporting" what the other person said: Tom: "It's cold now". Tom said that it was cold.

4. TELL OR SAY? We use tell if we want to mention the hearer, and this verb always needs an Indirect Object . He told her that he couldn't go.

5. TELL OR SAY? We use say when we do not mention the hearer: He said he wouldn't go. We can mention the hearer adding "to": He said to her that...

6. TELL OR SAY? We don't have to add "that" after "tell" or "say" if we don't want to. In formal texts it's better to keep it.

7. OTHER REPORTING VERBS We can use a clause with that with : admit, advise, agree, insist, promise, remind, suggest and warn. They are used like say and tell.

8. CHANGES When we report someone's words, some changes take place: Person Time/place Verbs tenses

9. CHANGES of PERSON I ➪ he/she my ➪ his/her we ➪ they ours ➪ theirs

10. CHANGES of PLACE here ➪ there

11. CHANGES of TIME now ➪ then today ➪ that day yesterday ➪ the day before the previous day tomorrow ➪ the next day the following day

12. CHANGES of TIME this week ➪ that week last week ➪ the previous week a year ago ➪ the year before

13. TENSE CHANGES present simple ➪ past simple He is tired ➪ He was tired Present perfect ➪ Past perfect He has eaten ➪ He had eaten

14. TENSE CHANGES present continuous ➪ past continuous He is playing ➪ He was playing Future simple ➪ Conditional He will go ➪ He would go

15. TENSE CHANGES can ➪ could he can play ➪ He could play must ➪ had to He must go ➪ He had to go

16. TENSE CHANGES past simple ➪ past perfect ➪ past simple He went ➪ he went ➪ he had gone

17. TENSE CHANGES These modal verbs do not change: could should might ought to would

18. TENSE CHANGES We don't have to change the tense if the sentence refers to something general or that is still true: I love playing cards; She said that she loves playing cards.

19. REPORTED QUESTIONS We do not use auxiliaries in reported questions: He wanted to know if I was coming with them.

20. REPORTED QUESTIONS We do not use auxiliaries in reported questions: He wanted to know if I was coming with them.

21. REPORTED QUESTIONS WORD ORDER: The word order in reported questions is the same as in a positive sentence: He asked me if I had some money.

22. WH- QUESTIONS We can report questions with verbs like ask, wonder or want to know. What's the time? He wanted to know ➪ He asked ➪ what the time was. He wondered ➪

23. YES/NO QUESTIONS They are introduced by if or whether. Are you happy? She wanted to know if/whether I was happy.

24. ASKING FOR INFORMATION To ask politely for information we can use a phrase like: Could you tell me...? Do you know...? Have you any idea...?

25. REQUESTS AND ORDERS We can use the structure tell/ask someone to do something. Go inside: She asked me to go inside. She told me to go inside. Don't go inside: She asked me not to go inside. She told me not to go inside.

26. OFFERS, SUGGESTIONS AND MORE We can use agree, offer, promise, refuse and threaten with a to-infinitive: I'll open the windows. He offered to open the windows.

27. OFFERS, SUGGESTIONS AND MORE We can also use an object + to-infinitive after advise, invite, remind and warn. Don't forget to bring the toys. He reminded me to bring the toys.

28. OFFERS, SUGGESTIONS AND MORE We can use admit, apologize for, insist on and suggest followed by an -ing form . You should play cards with us. He insisted on playing cards.