Reported speech is used to report what someone said in the past. When using reported speech, verb tenses change and pronouns may change depending on who is speaking. Time and place expressions also change to reflect when the original statement was made rather than when it is being reported. Reporting verbs like "said" introduce the reported part of the statement.

1. REPORTED SPEECH

2. REPORTED SPEECH What is it ? How do you use it? We use it when we want to tell another person about a conversation that took place in the past (e.g telephone call, news or a story that someone told us, etc.) Where’s Tom? He said he was feeling ill .

3. CHANGES FROM DIRECT TO REPORTED SPEECH: Verb Tense (when the Reporting Verb is in the Past Tense – most times) Personal Pronouns, Possessives (In a logical way, see every sentence) Demonstratives: This  That These  Those Time & Place Expressions

4. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH Verb Tense Changes: ' I know quite a lot of people here .' Robert said. Present Simple Simple Past He said that he ............................... quite a lot of people there 'John is feeling much better ' Paul said. Present Continuous Past Continuous He said that John ...........................much better ' I enjoyed my holiday in the States' David said. Simple Past Past Perfect He said that he ............................... his holiday in the States 'Jackie wasn´t feeling very well ' The teacher said. Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous He said that Jackie ......................... very well ' They‘ve seen the Eiffel Tower ' John said. Present Perfect Past Perfect He said that they ............................ the Eiffel Tower ' I have been waiting for ages ' My father said. Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous He said that he ............................ for ages ' Nobody had warned them about the storm ' The politician said. Past Perfect Past Perfect (No change) He said that nobody .................... about the storm ' She had been reading all day ' Brenda said. Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous (No change) She said that she ........................ all day

5. ' I will be here with you.' Robert promised me. Future Simple Conditional Robert promised that he ............................... there with me 'John is going to study French ' Paul said. Be going to Was/Were going to Paul said that John ........................... to study French MODAL VERBS: ' We can start the lesson' David said. Can Could David said that we ............................... start the lesson ' They may come home ' My husband said. May Might My husband said that they ......................... come home ' You must be quiet in class ' The teacher told us. ‘ I’ll see you later!’ She said. Must Will/ Shall Had to Would The teacher told us that we ............................ be quiet in class She said that she ………..… me later.

6. Changes in Time and Place expressions: the previous week/ month ... OR the week before last week/ month/ ... The following week / month OR the week/ month after Next week / month/ ... the previous day OR the day before yesterday Those cities/ ... These cities/ ... the following day OR the day after tomorrow That town/ garden ... This town/ garden... that day today there here Then Before Now Ago Place Time

7. Statements are Affirmative or Negative Sentences. We use a Reporting Verb + That (it can be omitted) + Subject + verb in Previous tense + ... - “The students are tired”- said the teacher The teacher said (that) the students were tired. - “It’s the funniest show I’ve ever seen” -Joan told me. Joan told me (that) it was the funniest show she had ever seen. - “ I’ll call you this afternoon” - Mary assured Mary assured us (that) she would call us that afternoon. REPORTING STATEMENTS

8. Reporting Verbs: ADD ADMIT * ANSWER ARGUE ASSURE BOAST about * COMPLAIN to .. About * DENY * EXPLAIN GRUMBLE about * OBJECT to * OBSERVE POINT OUT PROMISE PROTEST against /about * REMARK REPLY * These verbs + ing The most common ones: TELL + I.O. and SAY Followed by THAT ( Remember it can be omitted!)

9. A) YES / NO QUESTIONS: Reporting Verb + If or whether + Subject + Verb +... (Order of Reported Question: Subject + Verb - as in Statements) “ Are you working these days?” he said. He asked if/whether I was working those days. (No Question Mark) “ Did you speak to John last night?” she asked She wanted to know if I had spoken to J, the night before. REPORTING QUESTIONS

10. B) WH- QUESTIONS: Reporting Verb + Question Word(s) + Subject + Verb (The Word Order is again the same as in Statements ) “ Where did you go last summer?”. He asked me where I had gone the previous summer. “ How long were you waiting for us?” She wanted to know how long I had been waiting for them. Introductory verbs: ask, wonder, would like/ want to know, …

11. The Imperative changes into (Not) To Infinitive: He said to us: “Stay here”  He told us to stay there The Reporting Verb must indicate “order”: He said: “Don’t mention that” He told me not to mention that. “ Say that again”, he said to me He asked me to say that again. Reporting Verbs: Tell,ask, beg, invite, warn, order, command, instruct,... REPORTING COMMANDS (= ORDERS)

12. We normally use suggest + gerund OR suggest that + Clause Let’s, why don’t we, shall we, why not… are omitted: “ Let’s go to the theatre” “ Why don’t we go to the theatre?” “ Shall we go to the theatre?” She suggested going to the theatre She suggested that we (should) go to the theatre “ Let’s not argue again,” he said. He suggested not arguing again He suggested that they should not argue again. REPORTING SUGGESTIONS:

13. We use these Reporting Verbs: beg, ask, demand, request + (not) to (they usually take an Indirect Object) The word “please” is omitted. “ Can I go out tonight, mum, please?” The boy begged. The boy begged to go out that night. “ John, don’t open the window, please” I said I asked /requested/begged John not to open the window. “ Can you let me use your phone, please?” I asked my neighbour. I asked my neighbour to let me use her phone. “ Can I use your phone?” I asked my neighbour I asked my neighbour if I could use her phone OR To use her phone REPORTING REQUESTS

14. Agree, refuse, offer, promise, threaten + To Infinitive: Ann: Would you wait half an hour? Tom: All right Tom agreed to wait half an hour. Chris: Would you lend me another €50? David: No, I won´t lend you any more money David refused ... Accuse of, admit, apologize for, deny, insist on + Gerund You took my money!  He accused her of ... I didn’t steal it!  He denied ... I am sorry I’m late  She apologized for ... Let me pay, please  She insisted on ... Other Verbs & Structures: