GRAMMAR SECONDARY 2_direct-and-indirect-speech-ppt.pptx

DIRECT
AND
INDIRECT SPEECH
Secondary 2
GRAMMAR:

Success Criteria
Aim
• Statement 1 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
• Statement 2
• Sub statement
Success Criteria
Aim
• OLI: To explain the differences between direct and indirect speech.
• I can identify direct and indirect speech in writing.
• I can recognise where inverted commas are needed to punctuate
direct speech.
• I can change direct speech into indirect speech (and vice-versa).
• I can create examples of direct and indirect speech.

Using Speech within Writing
Within writing, there are two ways to narrate the words spoken by a
character. These are called:
• direct speech
• indirect (or reported) speech
In a direct speech sentence, we would narrate Iggy’s spoken words like
this:
“I bid you farewell Earthlings!” shouted Iggy from his spaceship.
If we were writing an indirect speech sentence, we would narrate Iggy’s
spoken words like this:
From his spaceship, Iggy bid farewell to the Earthlings.
I bid you
farewell
Earthlings!

Reporting speech
There are two ways of reporting what
somebody says;
• direct speech
• indirect (or reported) speech.

Using Direct Speech
Let’s look carefully at the direct speech sentence.
What do you notice?
I bid you
farewell
Earthlings!
“I bid you farewell Earthlings!” shouted Iggy from his spaceship.
The exact
words of the
speaker are
enclosed in
inverted
commas
(speech
marks).
In direct
speech, the
exact words
of the
speaker are
quoted with
no change to
their content
or order.
There is often a reporting clause
to explain who said the speech.
Sometimes the reporting clause
can be extended with an adverb,
subordinate clause or
prepositional phrase to explain
more about how, where or when
the speech was said. The
reporting clause can appear
before or after the spoken words
themselves.
The correct
punctuation
is used
before the
inverted
commas
close.

Punctuating Direct Speech
• The exact words spoken must be enclosed in speech
marks/inverted commas.
• The first word of the speech must begin with a capital
letter.
• The words in the speech marks must be separated from
the rest of the sentence by a comma, in case of
commands, exclamations, and questions, use the
exclamation mark or question mark.

Using Indirect speech
• Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech) does not use the
exact words of the speaker. Instead, we reports what was said.
• Sometimes we need to change pronouns and verb tenses.
• It does not use speech marks/inverted commas.
• Using reporting verbs.
“I am going
home.”
Helen said she was going
home.

Are Inverted Commas Needed?
Look at these speech sentences. Are they examples of direct or indirect speech?
If they are examples of direct speech, where should we place inverted commas?
Kayla explained that she used to live in New York.
This is an example of indirect
speech and does not need inverted
commas. The sentence is reporting
what Kayla explained.

Watch out! screamed George as he launched the frisbee.
This is an example of direct speech and
does need inverted commas around the
spoken words. Where should they go?
“ ”

Guthrum announced that they should charge towards to the village.
This is an example of indirect speech and does
not need inverted commas. The sentence is
reporting what Guthrum announced.

The doctor gently said, Open your mouth as wide as possible.
This is an example of direct speech
and does need inverted commas
around the spoken words. Where
should they go?
“ ”

• In all sentences, the quotation marks and the
comma are removed.
• The word "that" is usually inserted after the
reporting verb.
Example: She said, “I’ll be there.”
She said that she would be here.
General Rules

• If the reporting verb is in the present tense
we don't need to change the tense, though
we do need to change the pronoun.
• “
She says, “I like ice cream”
.”
• She says that she likes ice cream.
• But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense,
we change the tenses in the reported speech:
• “
She said, “I like ice cream”
.”
• She said that she liked ice cream.

3. Tense Changes
Direct speech Indirect speech
Present simple
S+V1
She said, "It's cold."
Past simple
S+V2
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
S+is/am/are+V1+ing+O
She said, "I'm teaching
English online."
Past continuous
S+was/were+V1+ing+O
She said she was teaching English
online.
Present perfect simple
S+has/have+V3+O
She said, "I’ve written the
article since Monday."
Past perfect simple
S+had+V3+O
She said she had written the article
since Monday.

Present perfect continuous
S+has/have+been+V1+ing+O
She said, "I've been teaching
English for seven years."
Past perfect continuous
S+had+been+V1+ing+O
She said she had been teaching
English for seven years.
Past simple
S+V2+O
She said, "I taught online
yesterday."
Past perfect
S+had+V3+O
She said she had taught online
yesterday.
Past continuous
S+was/were+V1+ing
She said, "I was teaching earlier."
S+had+been+V1+ing
She said she had been teaching earlier.

Past perfect
S+had+V3
She said, “The lesson had started
when he arrived.”
NO CHANGE
S+had+V3
She said the lesson had started when
he arrived.
S+had+been+V1+ing
She said, "I'd been teaching for five
minutes."
NO CHANGE
S+had+been+V1+ing
She said, "I'd been teaching for five
minutes."

Other tense changes
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Will
She said, "I'll teach English online."
Would
She said she would teach English online.
Can
She said, "I can teach English online."
Could
She said she could teach English online.
Must
She said, "I must have a computer to teach
English online."
Had to
She said she had to have a computer to
teach English online.
Shall
She said, "What shall we learn today?"
Should
She asked what we should learn today.
May
She said, "May I open a new browser?"
Might
She asked if she might open a new
browser.

4. Time and place changes
Now › Then
Today › That day
Here › There
This › That
These › Those
Tomorrow › The following day
The next day
The day after

Next week ›
the following week
the next week
the week after
Yesterday ›
the previous day
the day before
Last week ›
the previous week
the week before
Ago ›
previously
before
2 weeks ago ›
2 weeks previously
2 weeks before
Tonight › that night
Last Saturday ›
the previous Saturday
the Saturday before
Next Saturday ›
the following Saturday
the next Saturday
the Saturday after
that Saturday

 Examples:
 I went to the theatre last night.
He said he had gone to the theatre the
night before.
 I'm staying here until next week.
He said he was staying there until the
following week.

5. Pronouns
• Personal pronouns need to be changed
according to the situation.
 “I run 5 km every day”, she said.
 She said she ran 5 km every day.

6. Reporting Verbs
Said, told and asked are the most common
verbs used in indirect speech.
We use “asked” to report questions:
I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.
We use “told” with an object.
Lynne told me she felt tired.

We usually use “said” without an object.
Lynne said she was going to teach online.
If “said” is used with an object we must include
“to”.
Example:
Lynne said to me that she'd never been to China.

accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed,
apologised, begged, boasted, complained,
denied, explained, implied, invited, offered,
ordered, promised, replied, suggested and
thought.
-There are many other verbs we can use
apart from said, told and asked. These
include:

7. Indirect Questions
• Direct question: He said, “Where is she going?”
• Indirect question: He asked where she was going.
A. General rules
a. Tenses, pronouns and possessive adjectives, and adverbs of time and place
change as in statements.
b. The interrogative form of the verb changes to the affirmative form.
c. The question mark is omitted in indirect questions.

D. WH- Questions:
• He said, “Why didn’t you put on the brake?”
Changes:
1. Subject + asked
2. WH- word + inversion of subject order;
3. Change pronouns, time and place expressions and tenses;
He asked why she hadn’t
put on the brake.
She said to him, “What do
you want?”
She asked what he wanted.

E. YES/NO Questions:
o “Can you pass me the salt?” she asked me.
Changes:
1. Subject + asked + if / whether….
2. Inversion of the subject order
3. Change pronouns, time and place expressions and tenses:
She asked if I could pass her the salt.
“Is anyone there?” he asked ?

He said to her, “Can you
swim?”
He said to me, “Will you
have time to do it?”

8. Commands, Requests, Advice and Order in Indirect
Speech
 Verb of command/request/advice + object + infinitive.
• Direct command: He said, “Lie down, Tom”.
• Indirect command:
a. Verbs used: advise, ask, beg, command, order, remind, tell, warn etc.
o He said, “Get your coat, Tom!” He told Tom to get his coat.
o ‘Stir it with your spoon,’ his sister said. His sister advised him to stir it with a
spoon.

b. Negative commands, requests, advice and order are
usually reported by not + infinitive:
“Don’t swim out too far, boys”, I said
I warned/told the boys not to swim out too far.
• Positive imperative
Close the door!
oTold + (Object) + to infinitive
He told me to close the door.
• Negative imperative
Don't speak!
oTold + (Object) + not to infinitive
He told me not to speak.

9. Offers, Suggestions, Promise
and others in Indirect Speech
A. OFFERS:
• “Shall I bring you some tea?” He offered to
bring me some tea.
B. SUGGESTIONS:
• “Shall we meet at the theatre? He suggested
meeting at the theatre.

11. Indirect Speech: MIXED
TYPES
 “I don’t know the way. Do you?” he asked.
He said he didn’t know the way and asked her if she did/if she knew it.
 He said, “Someone is coming. Get behind the screen.”
He said that someone was coming and told me to get behind the screen.
 ‘Hello!’ my friend said to me. ‘How are you?’
My friend greeted me and asked how I was.

Changing Indirect Speech to
Direct Speech
Do you remember this indirect speech sentence from earlier? Could you
turn it into a direct speech sentence?
Guthrum announced that they should charge towards to the village.
“We should charge towards the village!” announced Guthrum.
What has changed? Why?

Changing Direct Speech to
indirect Speech
Now, can you do the opposite? Could you turn this direct speech sentence
from earlier into a line of indirect speech?
The doctor gently said, “Open your mouth as wide as possible.”
The doctor gently told the patient that he should open his mouth as wide
as possible.
What has changed? Why?

Writing Direct and Indirect
Speech Sentences
Look at this photograph. Can you invent both a direct and an indirect
speech sentence based upon it?
Direct Speech
Example Sentences
“I want an ice cream!” shouted the angry
little boy.
Indirect Speech
The angry little boy shouted that he
wanted an ice cream.

Speech Sentences
Direct Speech
Example Sentences
The championship driver shrieked, “We won
the race!”
Indirect Speech
The championship driver shrieked that they
had won the race.

Speech Sentences
Direct Speech
Example Sentences
“Say cheese, dad, ” pleaded the girl
as she was taking the photograph.
Indirect Speech
As she was taking the
photograph, the girl pleaded for
her dad to say cheese.

GRAMMAR SECONDARY 2_direct-and-indirect-speech-ppt.pptx

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