A report on stone and brick by Md. Asmaul Hossen Kawsar and Md. Rashidul Hasan

1. Course Code : ARCH-422
Course Tittle : Interior Design
Department Of Architecture
Leading University.
REPORT ON
Brick and Stone
Submitted By,
Submitted To
Ar. Noorjahan Begum
Senior Lecturer
Department Of Architecture
Leading University.
Ar. Syed Mohsin Ali
Senior Lecturer
Department Of Architecture
Leading University.
Name ID
Md. Asmaul Hossen Kawsar 1512040011
Md. Rashidul Hasan 1512040017

2. Brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction.
Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to denote any rectangular
units laid in mortar. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks
are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are
produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks
Brick

3. Brief History:
The earliest bricks were dried brick, meaning that they were formed from clay-bearing earth or mud and dried
(usually in the sun) until they were strong enough for use. The oldest discovered bricks, originally made from shaped
mud and dating before 7500 BC, were found at Tell Aswad, in the upper Tigris region and in southeast Anatolia close
to Diyarbakir. Other more recent findings, dated between 7,000 and 6,395 BC, come from Jericho, Catal Hüyük, the
ancient Egyptian fortress of Buhen, and the ancient Indus Valley cities of Mohenjo-daro, Harappa,and Mehrgarh.
Ceramic, or fired brick was used as early as 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities.
Brick
Somapura Mahavihara

4. Brick
Types of Brick:
Based on the manufacturing process, bricks are broadly classified into two types,
1. Sun-Dried or unburnt bricks
2. Burnt bricks
Sun-Dried or Unburnt Bricks
Sun-dried or unburnt bricks are less durable and these are used for
temporary structures. Unburnt bricks preparation involved in 3 steps
they are preparation of clay, molding and drying. After molding, bricks
are subjected to sunlight and dried using heat from sun. So, they are
not that much strong and they also have less water resistance and
less fire resistance. These bricks are not suitable for permanent
structures.

5. Brick
Burnt Bricks
Burnt bricks are good quality bricks but however they also consist some defected bricks. So, burnt bricks are
classified into four types and they are:
•First class bricks
•Second class bricks
•Third class bricks
•Fourth class bricks

6. Brick
First Class Bricks
 First class bricks are good quality bricks compared to other classes.
 They are molded by table-molding and burnt in large kilns. So, these bricks contain standard shape, sharp edges
and smooth surfaces.
 They are more durable and having more strength.
 They can be used for permanent structures.

7. Brick
Second Class Bricks
 Second class bricks are moderate quality bricks and they are molded by ground-molding process.
 These bricks are also burnt in kilns. But because of ground molding, they do not have smooth surfaces as well as
sharp edges.
 The shape of bricks also irregular due to unevenness in ground.
 These also will give best results in strength and durability. Smooth plastering is required on the brick structure.

8. Brick
Third Class Bricks
 Third class bricks are poor quality bricks which are generally used for temporary structures
like unburnt bricks.
 These are not suitable for rainy areas. They are ground-molded type bricks and burnt in
clamps.
 The surface of this type of bricks are rough and they have unfair edges.

9. Brick
Fourth Class Bricks
 Fourth class bricks are very poor quality bricks and these are not used as bricks in the structure.
 They are crushed and used as aggregates in the manufacturing of concrete.
 They are obtained by over burning, because of this they gets overheated and obtains brittle nature.
 So, they can break easily and not suitable for construction purpose.

10. There are thousands of types of bricks that are named for their use, size, forming method, origin, quality, texture,
and/or materials.
Brick
Wire-cutExtruded Moulded
Categorized by manufacture method:

11. Brick
Machine-mouldedHandmade Dry-pressed

12. Name of Brick based on origin:
Brick
Dutch Brick Fareham red brickCream City brick

13. Brick
Nanak Shahi bricks Staffordshire blue brickRoman Brick

14. Brick
Different Shape And Forms Of Bricks
Below are described A few important forms in which bricks are made in various shapes to suit the different situations in
which they are used:
1. Perforated bricks
2. Hollow bricks or Cavity bricks.
3. Splay, Cant or Plinth bricks
4. Coping bricks
5. Gutter or channel bricks
6. . Cornice bricks

15. Brick
1. Perforated bricks:
 These bricks have cylindrical holes through their thickness.
 It is done by pushing iron bars through the brick at the time of molding.
 These dry and burn more easily and quicker as the hot gases can
penetrate them.
 These are unfit to be used in hydraulic structures.
2. Hollow bricks or Cavity bricks
 Volume of solid material in them should not be less than one-
half of its gross overall volume.
 No web should be less than 1.5 cm thick.
 These are only about one-third of the weight of the same size
of ordinary bricks.
 These provide the advantages of hollow walls e.g. insulation
against heat and sound.

16. Brick
3. Splay, Cant or Plinth bricks
 These are used in door and window jambs and in plinths.
 The splay should be on the header or on the stretcher as shown
4. Coping bricks
 These are used as topmost course on parapets and their shapes are
so made as to expeditiously drain off rain water from the top of
parapets.
 When projecting the undersides of the projecting portions are
provided with throats so as to throw the rain water off the faces of
walls.

17. 5. Gutter or channel bricks.
 These are moulded to the shape shown in Fig.
 Very often these are glazed and are used for laying drains.
Brick
6. Cornice bricks
 Several shapes and sizes of bricks when combined to form
cornice are known as cornice bricks.

18. Standard Brick Size:
Country Length x Wide x Height
Australia 9 ×4⅓ × 3 in
Bangladesh 9½ x 4½ x 2¾ in
India 9 × 4¼ × 2¾ in
Russia 10 × 4¾ × 2½ in
South Africa 8¾ × 4 × 3 in
United Kingdom 8½ × 4 × 2½ in
United States 7⅝ × 3⅝ × 2¼ in
Brick

19. The most commonly used types of bonds
in brick masonry are:
1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond and
4. Flemish bond
Brick
Other Types of bonds are:
 Facing bond
 Dutch bond
 English cross bond
 Brick on edge bond
 Raking bond
 Zigzag bond
 Garden wall bond
Types of Brick Bonds in Masonry Wall Construction :

20. 1. Stretcher bond
 Stretcher bonds are commonly used in the steel or reinforced concrete framed structures as the
outer facing.
 These are also used as the outer facing of cavity walls.
 Other common applications of such walls are the boundary walls, gardens etc.
Brick

21.  Header is the shorter square face of the brick which measures 9cm x 9cm.
 Header bond is also known as heading bond. In header bonds, all bricks in each course are placed as headers on the
faces of the walls.
 While Stretcher bond is used for the construction of walls of half brick thickness whereas header bond is used for
the construction of walls with full brick thickness which measures 18cm.
 In header bonds, the overlap is kept equal to half width of the brick. To achieve this, three quarter brick bats are
used in alternate courses as quoins.
Brick
2. Header bond

22.  English bond in brick masonry has one course of stretcher only and a course of header above it, i.e. it has
two alternating courses of stretchers and headers.
 Headers are laid centered on the stretchers in course below and each alternate row is vertically aligned.
Brick
3. English Bond

23.  For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive courses, closers are inserted in alternate courses
next to the quoin header.
 In walls having their thickness equal to odd number of half bricks, bats are essentially used to achieve
the bond.
 Flemish bonds have better appearance but are weaker than English bonds for load bearing wall
construction.
 Thus, if the pointing has to be done for brick masonry walls, then Flemish bond may be used for better
aesthetic view. If the walls have to be plastered, then it is better to use English bond.
Brick
4. Flemish Bond

24. Stone is hard solid non-metallic mineral matter made from the rock.
Especially use as a building material.
Stone

25.  Limestone
 Sandstone
 Soapstone
 Fossil stone
 Travertine
 Marble
 Slate
 Serpentine
 Granite
 Diorite
 Basalt
 Gabbro
 Terrazzo
 Agglomerate
 Cultured or Faux Marble
Stone
Stone
Sedimentary stone Metamorphic stones Igneous stones Man Made Stones
TYPES OF STONE:

26. Sedimentary stoneMetamorphic stone
Igneous stone Man Made Stone
Stone

27. a) Limestone: Mainly consists of calcite. It does not show much
graining or crystalline structure. It has a smooth granular surface.
Varies in hardness. Some dense limestone can be polished. Common
colors are black, grey, white, yellow or brown. It is more likely to
stain than marble.
Stone
b) Sandstone: Is a very durable formation of quartz grains
(sand). Usually formed in light brown or red colors. Categorized
by the most popular sandstone bonding agents such as silica,
calcium, clay, and iron oxide.
I. Sedimentary stone came from organic elements such as glaciers, rivers, wind, oceans, and plants. Tiny
sedimentary pieces broke off to form these elements and accumulated to form rock beds. They were
bonded through millions of years of heat and pressure.

28. Stone
c) Soapstone: A very soft stone made of a variety of talc. It is a
dense mineral that wears well and is often resistant to oxide.
d) Fossil stone: Considered a limestone that contains natural
fossils such as sea-shells and plants
e) Travertine: Usually a cream or reddish color. It is formed
through the accumulation of calcite from hot springs. It contains
holes that were formed from water flowing through the stone.
These holes are often filled with synthetic resins or cements.
Requires a lot of maintenance if the holes are not filled. Classified
as a limestone and a marble.

29. Stone
II. Metamorphic stones originate from a natural transformation of one type of stone to another type through the mixture
of heat, pressure, and minerals. The change may be a development of a crystalline formation, a texture change, or a color
change.
a) Marble: A recrystallized limestone that formed when the
limestone softened from heat and pressure and recrystallized
into marble, where a mineral change occurred.
b) Slate: Fine grained metamorphic stone that is formed from clay,
sedimentary rock shale, and sometimes quartz. Very thin and can break
easily. Usually in black, gray or green.
c) Serpentine: Identified by its marks, which look like the skin of
a serpent. Most popular colors are green and brown. Contains
serpentine minerals and magnesium, and has an igneous origin.

30. III. Igneous stones are mainly formed through volcanic material such as magma. Underneath the Earth's surface,
liquid magma cooled and solidified. Mineral gases and liquids penetrated into the stone and created new crystalline
formations with various colors.
Stone
Diorite is an intrusive igneous rock composed principally of the silicate
minerals plagioclase feldspar (typically andesine), biotite, hornblende, py
roxene.
a) Granite: Primarily made of Quartz (35%), Feldspar (45%) and
Potassium. Usually comes in dark colors and contains very little
calcite, if any. Provides a heavy crystalline and granular
appearance with mineral grains. It is a very hard material and
easier to maintain than marble

31. Stone
Basalt is a common extrusive igneous (volcanic) rock formed from
the rapid cooling of basaltic lava exposed at or very near the
surface of a planet or moon. Flood basalt describes the formation in
a series of lava basalt flows.
Gabbro refers to a large group of dark,
often phaneritic (coarse-grained), mafic intrusive igneous
rocks chemically equivalent to basalt, being its coarse-grained
analogue. It forms when molten magma is trapped beneath
the Earth's surface and slowly cools into a holocrystalline mass.

32. Stone
IV. Man Made Stones are derived of unnatural mixtures such as resin or cement with the additive of
stone chips.
c) Cultured or Faux Marble: A mix of resins that are painted or
mixed with a paint to look like marble
a) Terrazzo: Marble and granite chips embedded in a
cement composition.
b) Agglomerate or conglomerate: Marble chips embedded in a colored
resin composition.

33. Stone
Size of Stone:  #4 Stone
 #5 Stone
 #57 Stone
Common Uses:
· Irrigation Applications
· Drainage Applications
· Erosion Protection
#4 Stone
#4 Stone is a course material that may be processed from gravels, granites, limestone, dolomite, sandstones, or
other naturally occurring hard, sound, durable materials.
#4 Stone averages in size from 3/4 inch to 2 inch in size.

34. Stone
#5 Stone
#5 Stone is a course material that may be processed from gravels, granites, limestone, dolomite, sandstones, or other
naturally occurring hard, sound, durable materials.
#5 Stone averages in size from 1/2 to 1-1/2 of an inch in size.
Common Uses:
· Irrigation Applications
· Drainage Applications
· Erosion Protection

35. #57 Stone
#57 Stone is a course aggregate that may be processed from
gravels, granites, limestone, dolomite, sandstones, or other
naturally occurring hard, sound, durable materials.
FDOT #57 Stone Meeting the gradation requirements of Table 1,
Section 901-1.4, of the Florida Department of Transportation's
Standard Specification.
#57 Stone averages in size from ½ inch to 1-1/2 inch in size.
Common Uses:
· Ready Mix Concrete
· Hot Mix Asphalt
· Base for Retaining Walls
· Base for Driveways
· Irrigation Applications: such as pipe bedding
· Top Dressing: such as gravel roads
Stone

36. Stone
Stone In Interior Design
Stone is a building material suitable for interior design. It will bring warmth and charm to your home.
• For example, granite is one of the hardest and densest natural stones which helps maintain its luster and resist
staining for longer than other materials.
• A timeless decoration is key if you want your interiors to last.
• Sustainable products such as natural stone tend to top the list of everlasting styles.
• A good idea for wall decoration.