The document provides information about bricks, including their history, manufacturing process, properties, uses, and advantages. It acknowledges those who helped with an assignment related to bricks. Key points:
- Bricks date back 7,000 years and were originally sun-dried mud bricks, while fired bricks became more common for permanent buildings.
- Modern bricks are made through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extruded and can be made from clay or other materials. They go through preparation, moulding, drying, and burning.
- Bricks are classified based on their quality and used widely in construction for walls, floors, and decoratively due to their strength, fire resistance, and other beneficial properties
A brick is a block or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction. Typically bricks are stacked together or laid as brickwork using various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together and make a permanent structure.
Bricks are typically produced in common or standard sizes in bulk quantities. They have been regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used throughout history.
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricksZeeshan Afzal
Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
A brick is a block or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction. Typically bricks are stacked together or laid as brickwork using various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together and make a permanent structure.
Bricks are typically produced in common or standard sizes in bulk quantities. They have been regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used throughout history.
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricksZeeshan Afzal
Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
A small hard block of backed clay that is used to build structure
such as houses and sometimes to make streets ,paths ,etc
Another definition
Molded rectangular block of clay backed by sun or in a kiln until hard and use as a buildings and paving material.
A detailed presentation on the components, parts , types , usage and application of bricks in brick masonry structures useful for civil engineering students
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
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using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
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Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
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Report At Bricks in Detail
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With due respect we would like to thank the persons that
have helped us during this Assignment. Specially we
would like to thank Sir Sohail Mustafa sb, lecturer
Institute of Geology University of Azad Jammuand
Kashmir Muzaffarabad Who give us the task about this
assignment.
2. TABLE OF CONTENT
Sr No Topic Page No
1 Introduction
History definition
2 Manufacturing process
3 Bricks format
4 Types of bricks
5 Properties of bricks
6 Uses of bricks
7 Advantages of bricks
8 Conclusion
9 References
3. History
Bricks are one of the oldest known building materials dating back to 7000BC where they were
first found in southern Turkey and around Jericho. The first bricks were sun dried mud bricks.
Fired bricks were found to be more resistant to harsher weather conditions, which made them
a much more reliable brick for use in permanent buildings, where mud bricks would not have
been sufficient.
Bricks now
Bricks are more commonly used in the construction of buildings than any other material except
wood. Brick and terracotta architecture is dominant within its field and a great industry has
developed and invested in the manufacture of many different types of bricks of all shapes and
colors. With modern machinery, earth moving equipment, powerful electric motors and
modern tunnel kilns, making bricks has become much more productive and efficient. Bricks can
be made from variety of materials the most common being clay but also calcium silicate and
concrete. With clay bricks being the more popular, they are now manufactured using three
processes soft mud, dry press and extruded. Also during 2007 the new ‘fly ash’ brick was
created using the by-products from coal power plants.
4. How bricks are made
The traditional way
Bricks are made from wetting clay which you press it into a mould and then bake the clay in an
oven until it is hard.
Raw Materials
Natural clay minerals, including kaolin and shale, make up the main body of brick. Small
amounts of manganese, barium, and other additives are blended with the clay to
produce different shades, and barium carbonate is used to improve brick's chemical
resistance to the elements. Many other additives have been used in brick.
A wide variety of coating materials and methods are used to produce brick of a certain
color or surface texture. Sometimes a flux or frit (a glass containing colorants) is added
to produce surface textures..Other materials including graded fired and unfired brick,
nepheline syenite, and graded aggregate can be used as well.
5. The Manufacturing
Process
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
Preparation of brick earth:
Removal of loose soil.
The top layer of the loose soil about 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning.
The earth is then dug out from the ground. This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering.
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening. The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Blending and tempering.
The clay is then mixed with suitable ingredients. It is carried out by taking a
small portion of clay every time and by turning it up and down in vertical
direction
6. MOULDING:
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine; it comes out through the opening under
pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
8. DRYING OF BRICKS:
Wet brick from molding or cutting machines contain 7 to 30 percent
moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
Before the firing process begins, most of this water is evaporated in
dryer chambers at
temperatures ranging from about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
The extent of drying time, which varies with different clays, usually is
between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the
brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS:
INTERMITTENT KILN - CLAMP, SCOVE & SCOTCH
Highly inefficient & labour-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
9. Brick format
The format of brick is 90mm x 90mm x 90mm and 190mm x190mm x 190mm.
With mortar joints, the size of these bricks are taken as 200mm x 100mm x 100mm and
200 mm x 100 mm x 50 mm.
The most common brick size is the ‘Imperial Brick’, which measures 222mm long x
106mm wide x 73mm high with a mass of between 3.0kg
There are also other sizes and formats available.
Types of bricks
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color. These are prepared from a small, dry
aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
The entire manufacturing process is incurred either in an egg Layer or static machine.
Rather than firing, the curing process is used to convert the blocks thus prepared into
bricks under low pressure steam.
High Alumina Bricks
High alumina bricks from 50% upto 90% Alumina are made with various selected
superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of
furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron Rotary Kiln, calciner , etc.,
The 90% alumina dense bricks are manufactured from tabular alumina purer micro fine
alumina and other special type raw material and fired in ultra high temperature kiln at
1650-1700BC.
Fire Brick
A fire brick is a block of ceramic material used in masonry construction and sized to be
layed with one hand using mortar. Bricks may be made from type of material .These are
built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical,
chemical, or thermal stresses.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas. These bricks
are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc. Available in different sizes.
10. Hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in
construction of buildings. And the blocks' importmant feature
11. Properties of bricks
Aesthetic
Bricks offer natural and a variety of colors, including various textures
Strength
Bricks offer excellent high compressive strength.
Porosity
The porosity of bricks in attributed to its fine capillaries. The ability to release and absorb
moisture is one of the most important and useful properties of bricks, regulating
temperatures and humidity inside structures.
Fire Resistance
When prepared properly a brick structure can give a fire protection maximum rating of 6
hours
Sound Insulation
The brick sound insulation is normally 45 decibels for a 4.5 inches brick thickness and 50
decibels for a nine inch thick brick.
Insulation
Bricks can exhibit above normal thermal insulation when compared to other building
materials. Bricks can help regulate and maintain constant interior temperatures of a
structure due to their ability to absorb and slowly release heat. This way bricks can produce
significant energy savings, more than 30% of energy saving, when compared to wood.
Wear
A brick is so strong, that its molecular composition provides excellent wear resistance.
Efflorescence
Efflorescence forms on concrete structures and surfaces when soluble salts dissolved in
water are deposited and accumulated on surfaces forming a visible scum.
Classification
12. The bricks used in construction are classifiedas:
First class bricks
Second class bricks
Third class bricks
Fourth class bricks
FIRST CLASS BRICKS:
Made of good earth which is free from saline deposits and are sand molded.
Burnt thoroughly without being vitrified and have deep red, cherry and copper color.
Regular and uniform in shape and size with sharp and square edges and parallel faces.
Must be homogeneous in texture and emit a clear ringing sound on being struck
together.
Free from flaws, cracks, chops, stones and lime.
Have a minimum crushing strength of 105 kg per sq. cm when tested according to the
test
SECOND CLASS BRICKS:
They shall be well burnt or slightly over burnt.
They must give clear ringing sound when struck.
The may have slight irregularities in size, shape and color.
The minimum crushing strength of second class brick should be 70 kg per sq cm
13. THIRD CLASS BRICKS:
These bricks are slightly under burnt or over burnt.
They are not uniform in shape, size and edges.
They shall not observe water more than 25% of their own dry weight after 24 hours,
immersion in cold water.
They have some signs of efflorescence
FOURTH CLASS BRICKS:
These are over burnt bricks which are dark in color and are irregular in size and shape.
These are used as aggregate in concrete and for flooring.
Over burnt bricks are not used for building construction.
Uses.
Structural uses: such as foundations walls and floors.
Decorative/ornamental uses: May be cast to from moldings and
other decorative features may be carved also may be used in a variety of colors,
textures, bonds and joints.
May be concealed by other finish materials such as stucco, plaster or paint, or may be
exposed both on the interior and exterior.
Bricks are also used in the metallurgy and glass industries for lining furnaces.
They have various uses, especially refractory bricks such as silica, magnesia,
chamotte and neutral (chromo magnesite) refractory bricks. This type of brick must
have good thermal shock resistance, under load, high melting point, and satisfactory
porosity.
Bricks are used for building and pavement. Earlier brick pavement was found incapable
of withstanding heavy traffic, but it is coming back into use as a method of traffic
calming or as a decorative surface in pedestrian.
14. Advantages
The use of materials such as brick and stone can increase the thermal mass of building,
giving increased comfort in the heat of summer and cold of winter and can be ideal
for passive solar applications.
Brick typically will not require painting and so can provide a structure with reduced life
cycle costs, although sealing appropriately will reduce potential spalling due to
frost damage. Concrete block of the non-decorative variety generally
is painted or stuccoes if exposed.
The appearance especially when well crafted, can impart an impression of solidity and
permanence.
Brick is very heat resistant material and thus will provide good fire protection.
Being much more resistant to cold and moist weather conditions, brick enabled the
construction of permanent buildings in regions where the harsher climate precluded the
use of mud bricks.