The document discusses renewable energy sources as alternatives to non-renewable energy sources that damage the environment. It summarizes various renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, and fuel cells. India has potential to harness energy from these sources to meet its growing energy needs in a sustainable manner. However, it currently utilizes renewable sources like solar and wind at a very low capacity compared to its potential. More research and efforts are needed to promote the increased use of renewable energy.
Conventional energy and non conventional sources of energy in indiaswapoo371
Conventional energy and Non-Conventional Sources of Energy In India,
solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, bio energy,Conventional Sources of Energy,Coal,Oil and Natural Gas,Electricity.Thermal Power , Hydro-electric power ,Nuclear Power,Advantages of Non-Conventional Sources of Energy,disAdvantages Conventional Sources of Energy
THIS REPORT IS BASED ON THE GREEN ENERGY ELECTRIC POWER CONVERTER AND THIS REPORT IS PREPARED ON THE BASE OF FORMAT WHICH IS STANDARD AND THIS REPORT ALSO CONTAINS DIFFERENT ENERGY SOURCES WHICH IS RENEWABLE SOURCES SO THIS USEFUL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS
Renewable energy, that's what we now have to think about!! In this era where the conventional sources are getting exhausted, prices soaring up, alternate must be brought in our daily life.
Conventional energy and non conventional sources of energy in indiaswapoo371
Conventional energy and Non-Conventional Sources of Energy In India,
solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, bio energy,Conventional Sources of Energy,Coal,Oil and Natural Gas,Electricity.Thermal Power , Hydro-electric power ,Nuclear Power,Advantages of Non-Conventional Sources of Energy,disAdvantages Conventional Sources of Energy
THIS REPORT IS BASED ON THE GREEN ENERGY ELECTRIC POWER CONVERTER AND THIS REPORT IS PREPARED ON THE BASE OF FORMAT WHICH IS STANDARD AND THIS REPORT ALSO CONTAINS DIFFERENT ENERGY SOURCES WHICH IS RENEWABLE SOURCES SO THIS USEFUL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS
Renewable energy, that's what we now have to think about!! In this era where the conventional sources are getting exhausted, prices soaring up, alternate must be brought in our daily life.
The Importance of Renewable Energy Sources in PakistanUmair Shahzad
Pakistan has been facing acute energy crisis since last numerous years. The demand for energy is increasing rapidly in Pakistan. Energy is one of the most vital development priorities of Pakistan. The economy of Pakistan is mainly reliant on the electricity being produced by coal, oil, and natural gas. The total energy produced only makes up for a part of the total energy consumption. On the contrary, Pakistan possesses a huge potential for renewable energy sources like wind, solar, hydropower and biomass. Proper development and implementation of these alternative energy technologies can bring many benefits to the country in terms of energy, economy, environment and national security. Therefore, the key aim of this paper is to present the current energy situation and potential of renewable energy sources in Pakistan and link these factors with economy and business priorities.
The Importance of Renewable Energy Sources in PakistanUmair Shahzad
Pakistan has been facing acute energy crisis since last numerous years. The demand for energy is increasing rapidly in Pakistan. Energy is one of the most vital development priorities of Pakistan. The economy of Pakistan is mainly reliant on the electricity being produced by coal, oil, and natural gas. The total energy produced only makes up for a part of the total energy consumption. On the contrary, Pakistan possesses a huge potential for renewable energy sources like wind, solar, hydropower and biomass. Proper development and implementation of these alternative energy technologies can bring many benefits to the country in terms of energy, economy, environment and national security. Therefore, the key aim of this paper is to present the current energy situation and potential of renewable energy sources in Pakistan and link these factors with economy and business priorities.
GreenBiz Forum 2015 Workshop Slides: Slides for Renewable Energy Transactions...GreenBiz Group
Slides for Renewable Energy Transactions Made Simpler
Renewable electricity from large-scale, off-site projects has become an attractive option for large companies. Leading corporations have taken advantage of this opportunity by signing deals, but to date, only a handful of companies have joined the “off-site renewables club.” This session takes you through what's ahead for corporate renewable purchasing and emerging solutions. It will show through how companies are overcoming obstacles and introduce ideas of how to navigate and simplify the process.
GreenBiz Forum 2015 Workshop Slides: Slides for Renewable Energy Transactions...GreenBiz Group
Renewable Energy Transactions Made Simpler
Renewable electricity from large-scale, off-site projects has become an attractive option for large companies. Leading corporations have taken advantage of this opportunity by signing deals, but to date, only a handful of companies have joined the “off-site renewables club.” This session takes you through what's ahead for corporate renewable purchasing and emerging solutions. It will show through how companies are overcoming obstacles and introduce ideas of how to navigate and simplify the process.
Infrastructure Development in South Africa, Stephen Labson slEconomicsStephen Labson
Budgeted public sector infrastructure spending of roughly R845 billion is planned for from 2012/13 to 2014/15 of which R300 billion is targeted to the energy sector and R262 billion in transport.
While funding would appear to be sufficient to support South Africa’s infrastructure investment requirements, there are some challenges to address. We examine some of the key issues ahead in our Overview.
GreenBiz Forum 2015 Workshop Slides: "Conflict Minerals: Creating Industry-wi...GreenBiz Group
Slides for "Conflict Minerals: Creating Industry-wide Solutions". Thousands of companies and their suppliers face a growing challenge: New laws and changing consumer expectations make it increasingly important to uncover “conflict minerals” such as gold and tin. Companies that normally compete are collaborating. Learn how and why consumer electronics and automotive companies and their suppliers are developing common tools and industry-wide solutions.
Practices and Opportunities of Renewable Energy Resources in BangladeshNafisa Nawal Islam
I prepared this presentation for the Grand Finale of National Environment Olympiad-2015 after being selected in the Preliminary Round. It was an Inter-university Presentation Competition organised by the Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Dhaka and I won the competition consecutively for two years.
This ppt contains slides on renewable Energy with components:-
Solar energy
Wind energy
Tidal energy
Ocean Thermal energy
Geothermal energy
Biomass energy
Fuel cell
Energy to waste
Hydro power plant
A well designed and good looking ppt for school projects
Renewable Energy Sources in Tamilnadu by MATHANKUAMRMathankumar S
Renewable Energy Resources in TamilNadu ..... Need for Improvement ....Energy Crisis ............. Power Demand in TamilNadu .......... Need to Develop Power Resources............... Power Plants in TamilNadu ..... Electricity Sector in India ............. World Electricity Generation ------------- TamilNadu Electricity Status in the year of 2012 .................. Present Problems in Electric Generation .............. Findout the possibilities ..............
Renewable Energy: India aims to become Carbon Neutral by 2070AbhijitVerma9
The word “renewable energy source” refers to the energy that is both endless and sustainable, such as sunlight. When the term “alternative energy” is used, it usually refers to both renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It refers to energy sources that aren’t as harmful to the environment as the most often used non-sustainable ones, such as coal.
Although green energy and clean energy are typically associated with renewable sources, there are some key differences between the three types of energy. Green energy comes from natural sources, whereas renewable energy comes from recyclable sources. Clean energy comes from sources that do not generate pollutants like carbon dioxide. While these energy sources have a lot in common, not all renewable energy is genuinely clean or green.
Energy is property of objects which can be converted into different forms or can be transferred to other objects but cannot be created or destroyed. Green energy is the energy that is produced in such way as to minimize its negative impact on the environment. It is a renewable source of energy. Sources of green energy such as solar, wind, geothermal and hydro energy are developed and promoted as alternative source that make little or no contribution to climate change. In this paper the author seeks to explore how green energy is useful for future expects of the world. And current application of emerging technology, like generating electricity for various purposes, heating and cooling of water and more. Dr. Mamta Gahlot | Amit Raj Panwar | Dhiraj Panwar "Green Energy and Scope" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50542.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/50542/green-energy-and-scope/dr-mamta-gahlot
Business environment scanning market survey tools and techniques by mathankumarMathankumar S
Business Environment Scanning Market Survey Tools and Techniques (Its very clearly briefed about Entrepreneurship,
Entrepreneur, Need for Entrepreneur, Common Myths about Entrepreneurs, Benefits of Being an Entrepreneur, Innovation, Elements of Innovation, Creativity, Motivation, How should Engineer Think?, How to Identify and Motivate a Student?, Science Club, Entrepreneurship Development, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE), Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), Udyamita, Design Clinic Scheme for Design Expertise to MSME Manufacturing Sector, MSME Salient Features, MSME Schemes,
Prototype, Market Survey, MARKETING SUPPORT TO MSMEs, MARKET SURVEY FOR COMMERCIALIZATION, STARTING A NEW VENTURE, How to become a Successful Entrepreneur
Biomedical Circuits & Networks - Transient Analysis and Two Port NetworksMathankumar S
Biomedical Circuits & Networks - Transient Analysis and Two Port Networks (It includes AC and DC Response, R-L-C Circuits, time constant, Symmetrical networks, Z-Parameter, Y-Parameter ABCD Parameter and h-Parameter)
Biomedical Circuits & Networks - Network synthesis and filter designMathankumar S
Biomedical Circuits & Networks - Network synthesis and filter design (It includes cauer form, poles and zeros, Impedance function, Hurwitz polynominal, Positive real function, Types of filters, Initial value theorem, Butterworth filter, Chebyshev filter, Chebyshev approximation, Low pass filter, T and pie network, m -derived low pass filter, transfer function, selectivity parameter & discrimination parameter)
Biomedical Technical Skill Development - Questions (Multi Choice Type)Mathankumar S
Biomedical Technical Skill Development - Questions (Objective type Questions for Biomedical Engineering & Medical Electronics) - Students can able to get ideas about fundamentals
Biomedical Control Systems - BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS (Short Questions & Answers)Mathankumar S
Biomedical control systems - BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS (Short Questions & Answers) - ITS DEALS WITH Examples of Biological control Systems: Cardiovascular Control System, Endocrine Control Systems, Pupil Control System, Skeletal Muscle Servomechanism, Oculo - motor system, sugar level Control Mechanism. Temperature control, Blood pressure control.
Biomedical Control Systems - THE CONCEPT OF STABILITY & ROOT LOCUS TECHNIQUE ...Mathankumar S
Biomedical control systems - THE CONCEPT OF STABILITY & ROOT LOCUS TECHNIQUE (short Questions & Answers) - ITS DEALS WITH STABILITY OF THE SYSTEM (ROUTH HURWITZ CRITERION, ROUTH ARRAY), ROOT LOCUS TECHNIQUE, ZEROS & POLES,
Biomedical Control Systems - Time Response Analysis (Short Questions & Answers)Mathankumar S
Biomedical Control Systems - Time Response Analysis (Short Questions & Answers) - Its detailed about Standard Test Signals, Time Response Analysis of First and Second Order Systems, Steady state errors and Error constants, Effects of Adding Zero to a system, Damping System and PD & PID Controller.
Biomedical Control Systems - SYSTEM CONCEPTS (Short Questions & Answers)Mathankumar S
Biomedical Control Systems - SYSTEM CONCEPTS (Short Questions & Answers) - Its Deal with Types of systems, Open loop systems, Closed Loop systems, Effects of feedback, Mathematical Models of Physical systems: Introduction, Differential equations, Transfer functions, Block Diagram Algebra, Signal Flow Graphs.
Biological control systems - Time Response Analysis - S.Mathankumar-VMKVECMathankumar S
Biological control systems - Time Response Analysis - Step and Impulse responses of first order and second order systems, Determination of time domain specifications of first and second order systems from its output responses.
Biological control systems - System Concepts-Mathankumar.S, VMKVECMathankumar S
Biological control systems - System Concepts- Basic structure of control system - Types of systems - Open loop systems, closed loop systems, Effects of feedback, Block diagram & Signal flow graph, conversion of block diagram to signal flow graph, reduction of block diagram and signal flow graph.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
2. The past century, witnessed the indiscriminate
exploitation of conventional energy resources such as
fossil fuel, coal etc., which damaged environment, polluted
atmosphere and contaminated water, land and air, the
essential elements of all living beings.
This has in turn led to many problems being faced today
such as ozone depletion and global warming. The alarming
exploitation of non renewable sources has caused
depletion of precious resources.
Conventional Energy
3. Hence we have to find out an alternate viable source of
energy eliminating the hazard’s of non-renewable energy
sources.
4. Renewable energy is ultimate answer and our
energy and research are to be routed in harnessing
the renewable energy resources for sustaining the
green environment.
Non Conventional Energy
5. Therefore, alternative sources of energy have become very
important and relevant to today’s world. These sources, such
as the sun and wind, can never be exhausted and therefore
renewable. They cause less emission and are available
naturally.
The renewable energy while harnessing reduce chemical,
radioactive, and thermal pollution in the environment. They
stand out as a viable source of clean and limitless energy.
These are also known as non-conventional sources of energy.
They are non polluting, clean and conducive to environment
and for the sustenance of human beings.
6. Under the category of renewable energy / non-
conventional energy the predominant sources are
sun, wind, water, agricultural residues, firewood and
bio waste.
7. A race is going on throughout the world in
harnessing the renewable energy resources. Many of
the technologically advanced countries have made
rapid strides in this area and we have to gear our
efforts to harness renewable energy to supplement
our ever increasing energy requirements..
9. From the chart it is evident that though we are
having potential of producing 5000 trillion kWh/year
under solar energy alone our performance is only 1
TW-h/year which is very dismal.
10. Solar energy is the most readily available source of
energy. It does not belong to anybody and is,
therefore, free. It is also the most important of the
non-conventional sources of energy because it is
non-polluting and, therefore, helps in lessening the
greenhouse effect.
Solar Energy
11. In the next few years it is expected that millions of
households in the world will be using solar energy as
the trends in USA and Japan show. In India too, the
Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency and
the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources are
formulating a programme to have solar energy in
more than a million households in the next few
years. However, the people’s initiative is essential if
the programme is to be successful.
12. Our country is geographically located in such a place
where solar energy can be harnessed throughout the
year. Thanks to the present efforts and importance
extended by the government in boosting the generation
of solar and wind energy.
The financial incentives and other infrastructure
facilities extended by the government in enhancing the
production of renewable energy is indeed a right
direction and worthy. Our zone, having abundant solar
energy and is most suitable for harnessing solar energy
for a number of applications.
13. Biomass is a renewable energy
resource derived from the
carbonaceous waste of various
human and natural activities. It is
derived from numerous sources,
including the by-products from
the timber industry, agricultural
crops, raw material from the
forest, major parts of household
waste and wood.
Biomass
14. Biomass does not add carbon dioxide to the
atmosphere as it absorbs the same amount of carbon
in growing as it releases when consumed as a fuel.
Its advantage is that it can be used to generate
electricity with the same equipment or power plants
that are now burning fossil fuels. Biomass is an
important source of energy and the most important
fuel worldwide after coal, oil and natural gas.
15. Traditional use of biomass is more than its use in
modern application. In the developed world biomass
is again becoming important for applications such as
combined heat and power generation. In addition,
biomass energy is gaining significance as a source of
clean heat for domestic heating and community
heating applications. In fact in countries like Finland,
USA and Sweden the per capita biomass energy used
is higher than it is in India, China or in Asia.
16. Biomass fuels used in India account for about one
third of the total fuel used in the country, being the
most important fuel used in over 90% of the rural
households and about 15% of the urban households.
17. Scientists are trying to explore the advantages of biomass energy as an
alternative energy source as it is renewable and free from net CO2
(carbon dioxide) emissions, and is abundantly available on earth in the
form of agricultural residue, city garbage, cattle dung, firewood, etc.
Bio-energy, in the form of biogas, which is derived from biomass, is
expected to become one of the key energy resources for global
sustainable development.
At present, biogas technology provides an alternative source of energy
in rural India for cooking. It is particularly useful for village households
that have their own cattle. Through a simple process cattle dung is used
to produce a gas, which serves as fuel for cooking. The residual dung is
used as manure.
18. Biogas plants have been set up in many areas and are becoming
very popular. Using local resources, namely cattle waste and other
organic wastes, energy and manure are derived. A mini biogas
digester has recently been designed and developed, and is being
in-field tested for domestic lighting.
Indian sugar mills are rapidly turning to bagasse, the leftover of
cane after it is crushed and its juice extracted, to generate
electricity. This is mainly being done to clean up the environment,
cut down power costs and earn additional revenue. According to
current estimates, about 3500 MW of power can be generated
from bagasse in the existing 430 sugar mills in the country. Around
270 MW of power has already been commissioned and more is
under construction.
19. Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert
the chemical energy of a fuel directly and very
efficiently into electricity (DC) and heat, thus doing
away with combustion. The most suitable fuel for
such cells is hydrogen or a mixture of compounds
containing hydrogen. A fuel cell consists of an
electrolyte sandwiched between two electrodes.
Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen
over the other, and they react electrochemically to
generate electricity, water, and heat.
Fuel cells
20. Though fuel cells have been used in space flights and
combined supplies of heat and power, electric vehicles
are the best option available to dramatically reduce urban
air pollution. Compared to vehicles powered by the
internal combustion engine, fuel-cell powered vehicles
have very high energy conversion efficiency, (almost
double that of currently used engines) and near-zero
pollution, CO2 and water vapour being the only emissions.
Fuel-cell-powered EV's (electric vehicles) score over
battery operated EV's in terms of increased efficiency and
easier and faster refueling.
21. Fuel cells for power generation – India has a large
gap between the demand for and supply of power.
Conventional large-scale power plants use non-
renewable fuels with significant adverse ecological
and environmental impacts. Fuel cell systems are
excellent candidates for small-scale decentralized
power generation.
22. The energy in the flowing water can be used to
produce electricity. Waves result from the
interaction of the wind with the surface of the sea
and represent a transfer of energy from the wind to
the sea. Energy can be extracted from tides by
creating a reservoir or basin behind a barrage and
then passing tidal waters through turbines in the
barrage to generate electricity.
Hydel Energy
23. New environmental laws affected by the danger of global
warming have made energy from small hydropower plants
more relevant. These small hydropower plants can serve the
energy needs of remote rural areas independently. The real
challenge in a remote area lies in successful marketing of the
energy and recovering the dues. Local industries should be
encouraged to use this electricity for sustainable development.
It is a technology with enormous potential, which could exploit
the water resources to supply energy to remote rural areas
with little access to conventional energy sources. It also
eliminates most of the negative environmental effects
associated with large hydro projects.
24. We live between two great sources of energy, the
hot rocks beneath the surface of the earth and the
sun in the sky. Our ancestors knew the value of
geothermal energy; they bathed and cooked in hot
springs. Today we have recognized that this resource
has potential for much broader application
Geothermal Energy
25. In India, Northwestern Himalayas and the western coast
are considered geothermal areas. The Geological Survey
of India has already identified more than 350 hot spring
sites, which can be explored as areas to tap geothermal
energy. Satellites like the IRS-1 have played an important
role, through infrared photographs of the ground, in
locating geothermal areas. The Puga valley in the Ladakh
region has the most promising geothermal field. An
experimental 1-kW generator is already in operation in
this area. It is being used mainly for poultry farming,
mushroom cultivation, and pashmina-wool processing, all
of which need higher temperature.
26. Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated
with the movement of atmospheric air.
India ranks 5th in the world with a total wind
power capacity and our present utilization is
only 26 TW-h/year. We are having vast stretch
of sea shore on both sides where wind is
blowing throughout the year which has to be
harnessed to our advantage. The present
increasing utilization of wind energy is highly
supplementing our energy requirements.
Wind Energy
27. Five nations – Germany, USA, Denmark, Spain and India –
account for 80% of the world’s installed wind energy
capacity. Wind energy continues to be the fastest
growing renewable energy source with worldwide wind
power installed capacity is ever increasing.
We have to accelerate the pace of growth in utilizing wind
energy which is cheaper and technologically more
feasible. It is worth while to mention here that our state is
taking a leading role in utilizing wind energy. Hence
Indigenous research has to be encouraged for cost
effective utilization of wind energy.
28. The other forms of renewable energy is also to be
encouraged to supplement the total energy
requirements and for the benefit of our farming
community. India is heavily depending on agriculture
and utilization of energy from bio waste locally will
go a long way in enhancing the agricultural
production and improving the quality of life of our
farmers.
29. With this I conclude that renewable energy is the
ultimate energy for sustaining human life in this
planet. I exhort the technocrats and scientists of our
nation to channelize their research and effort in this
direction.
Many of the present problems such as wastage in
transmission, energy loss, grid interactive and
efficient power management is another area where
we have to concentrate for energy saving and
utilization.
30. We may even find out the possibilities of combining
the difference sources of renewable energy into a
hybrid energy which will be cost effective in
generation & transmission. When such energy is
generated in each establishment indigenously that
will meet the energy requirements independently
without depending on external sources such as EB
and other conventional energy generating units.