This document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning. It describes the refrigeration cycle process and different refrigeration methods including non-cyclic, cyclic, vapor compression, and gas cycle refrigeration. It defines a unit of refrigeration and discusses characteristics of refrigerants such as odor, color, boiling point, dangers, and benefits. The document was prepared by mechanical engineering students at Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology in Pakistan.
The ppt contains detailed study of refrigerants used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU.
The ppt contains detailed study of Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System with neat sketches and description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU
Condensers and evaporators are basically heat exchangers in which the refrigerant undergoes a phase change. Next to compressors, proper design and selection of condensers and evaporators is very important for satisfactory performance of any refrigeration system.
The ppt contains detailed study of refrigerants used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU.
The ppt contains detailed study of Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System with neat sketches and description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU
Condensers and evaporators are basically heat exchangers in which the refrigerant undergoes a phase change. Next to compressors, proper design and selection of condensers and evaporators is very important for satisfactory performance of any refrigeration system.
Studi kasus: Analisa siklus rankine sederhana dengan EES sofware dan add ins ...Ali Hasimi Pane
Siklus Rankine sederhana disajikan dalam bentuk studi kasus dan diselesaikan dengan menggunakan tabel uap untuk hitungan manual, kemudian hasilnya dibandingan dengan hasil menggunakan EES software dan add ins excel
Presentation Outline:-
The Principles of Basic Refrigeration
Basic Refrigeration Cycle
There are countless applications for refrigeration plants now.
How do things get colder
Main Components
Accessories
Pressure
Pressure And Temperature
Refrigerator used for Cooling
Analysis of the Carnot Refrigerator
Terminology
The Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
The Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram
Vapor Compression Refrigeration Analysis
VCR Cycle Irreversibilities
Removing undesirable heat from one item, substance, or area and transferring it to another is known as refrigeration, sometimes known as chilling. The temperature can be reduced by removing heat, which can be accomplished by the use of ice, snow, cooled water, or mechanical refrigeration.
Experimental Performance Evaluation of R152a to replace R134a in Vapour Compr...IJMER
The performance of heat transfer is one of the most important research areas in the field
of thermal engineering. There are a large number of refrigerants, which are used to transfer heat from
low temperature reservoir to high temperature reservoir by using vapour compression refrigeration
system. There are various obstacles faced in working of different refrigerants due to their environmental
impact (CFC, HCFC), toxicity (NH3), flammability (HC) and high pressure (CO2); which makes them
more hazardous than other working fluids according to safety and environmental issues.
Experimentation is conducted to observe the performance of Hydro-fluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants
(R134a and R152a) in vapour compression refrigeration. Value of average refrigerating effect for R152a
is about 57% more than that of R134a . Average pressure ratio for R152a was 18.92% higher than that of
R134a. In this result, R152a has emerged as the most energy efficient refrigerant among both the
investigated refrigerants being the one that exhibited the lowest power consumption per ton of
refrigeration with the average value of 13.23% less than that of R134a.The COP of R152a obtain is
higher than R134a by 3.769% .As a result, R152a could be used as a drop-in replacement for R134a in
vapour compression refrigeration system. R152a offers the best desirable environmental requirements;
zero Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) and 120 Global Warming Potential (GWP).
This slide is about some new green cooling system (refrigeration system) and green refrigerant. For the Ozone layer depletion and green house effect, it is high time to find new refrigerant and refrigeration system.
Here from this presentation we will be getting an ample knowledge to know about Refrigerants, Classification of Refrigerants, different types of Refrigerants, different properties regarding refrigerants, different types of temperatures and all
The presentation consists of the introduction, basic terms, and different types of ideal cycles of refrigeration,
1. Introduction to refrigeration
2. Necessity and applications
3. Unit of refrigeration and C.O.P.
4. Types of ideal cycles of refrigeration
a) Bell Coleman cycle
b) Open and dense air systems
5. Boot strap Air refrigeration system
Performance Test on Mixed Refrigerant in Domestic RefrigeratorIJERA Editor
Refrigerator is a household appliance used to preserve the foods, vegetables, beverages at low temperature. Refrigerant is the blood of the refrigerator and it changes its phase to transfer heat for giving cooling effect inside the refrigerator. Generally many refrigerator works under the vapour compression cycle and it uses only one refrigerant. Each and every refrigerant used in the refrigerator must have disadvantages, to overcome this problem we use mixed refrigerant (two different refrigerants with different properties are mixed together). In this project combination of R600a (isobutane) and R134a (1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluroethane) is selected as a mixed refrigerant. R600a have some good properties like zero ODP, zero GWP and high latent heat of vapourization and R134a is non-toxic, non-flammable, non-corrosive and zero ODP.
Design for Environment by Waqas Ali Tunio
Presented by me in subject of Pollution Analysis & Control, in my 7th semester of Mechanical Engineering of 2007-Mechanical Batch in year 2010.
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah - Pakistan
www.aliwaqas.tk
Engineered Maintenance by Waqas Ali Tunio
Presented by me in subject of Maintenance Engineering, in my 8th semester of Mechanical Engineering of 2007-Mechanical Batch on 3rd Nov, 2010.
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah - Pakistan
www.aliwaqas.tk
Dard e-dil of hazratwala (db) (www.khanqah.org)Waqas Ali Tunio
Shaikh-ul-Arab wal Ajam Arifbillah Hazrat-e-Aqdas
Maulana Shah Hakeem Muhammad Akhtar Sahab (db)
Khanqah Imdadia Ashrafia
www.khanqah.org
Khanqah is the spiritual center providing a facility for Islah-e-Nafs (Self Correction).
Following the traditions of the Ehl-e-Haq (Truth Bearers), Khanqah revives the rare traditions of Sulook, Tazkia, & Tassawuf while staying clear of all kinds of Bidda’hs (innovations in the religion) and complies strictly with the rules and boundaries prescribed by the Sharia.
Abstaining from sins and Remembering the name of Allah Ta'ala is the only way to attain peace and tranquility. So learn to make the Zikr of Allah Ta'ala and sit in the company of those Pious People where the sweetness of the name of Allah is attained.
This presentation contain a selection of wallpapers featuring couplets , from which most of them are of our beloved Hazratwala (db)
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical Futures
Refrigeration and air conditioning (21 10-10)
1. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Group Members Hafiz MudassirGulzar (07ME17) Waqas Ali Tunio (07ME34) KhalilRazaBhatti (07ME40) Ayaz Ali Tunio (07ME31) Muhammad Raees (07ME16) Department of Mechanical Engineering Quaid-e-AwamUniversity of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah - Pakistan
2. Refrigeration Refrigeration is a process in which work is done to move heat from one location to another. Refrigeration has many applications these include but are not limited to; household refrigerators, industrial freezers, cryogenics, air conditioning, and heat pumps. Cold is the absence of heat, hence in order to decrease a temperature, one "removes heat", rather than "adding cold." In order to satisfy the Second Law of Thermodynamics, some form of work must be performed to accomplish this. The work is traditionally done by mechanical work but can also be done by magnetism, laser or other means.
3. Refrigerant Cycle The refrigeration cycle is a closed loop of gas which undergoes four stages. The first stage is the compressor, which compresses the refrigerant to increase its temperature. The gas is then routed through heat dissipation coils which release heat outside the refrigerator. As it dissipates heat, the refrigerant cools and recondenses into a liquid. This liquid then passes through a high-pressure/low-pressure threshold, called an expansion valve, which causes it to expand and change phases into a gas. The cold gas circulates into the refrigerator again, absorbing heat from the inside, before being routed into the compressor again. The purpose of the refrigeration cycle is to take heat from the inside of the refrigerator and transfer it to the outside.
4.
5. Methods of refrigerationMethods of refrigeration can be classified as non-cyclic, cyclic and thermoelectric. Non-cyclic refrigeration In non-cyclic refrigeration, cooling is accomplished by melting ice or by subliming dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide). These methods are used for small-scale refrigeration such as in laboratories and workshops, or in portable coolers. Ice owes its effectiveness as a cooling agent to its constant melting point of 0 °C (32 °F). In order to melt, ice must absorb 333.55 kJ/kg (approx. 144 Btu/lb) of heat. Foodstuffs maintained at this temperature or slightly above have an increased storage life. Solid carbon dioxide has no liquid phase at normal atmospheric pressure, so sublimes directly from the solid to vapor phase at a temperature of -78.5 °C (-109.3 °F), and is therefore effective for maintaining products at low temperatures during the period of sublimation. Systems such as this where the refrigerant evaporates and is vented into the atmosphere are known as "total loss refrigeration".
6. Cyclic refrigeration This consists of a refrigeration cycle, where heat is removed from a low-temperature space or source and rejected to a high-temperature sink with the help of external work, and its inverse, the thermodynamic power cycle. In the power cycle, heat is supplied from a high-temperature source to the engine, part of the heat being used to produce work and the rest being rejected to a low-temperature sink. This satisfies the second law of thermodynamics. A refrigeration cycle describes the changes that take place in the refrigerant as it alternately absorbs and rejects heat as it circulates through a refrigerator. It is also applied to HVACR work, when describing the "process" of refrigerant flow through an HVACR unit, whether it is a packaged or split system.
7. Cyclic refrigeration Heat naturally flows from hot to cold. Work is applied to cool a living space or storage volume by pumping heat from a lower temperature heat source into a higher temperature heat sink. Insulation is used to reduce the work and energy required to achieve and maintain a lower temperature in the cooled space. The operating principle of the refrigeration cycle was described mathematically by Sadi Carnot in 1824 as a heat engine. The most common types of refrigeration systems use the reverse-Rankine vapor-compression refrigeration cycle although absorption heat pumps are used in a minority of applications. Cyclic refrigeration can be classified as: Vapor cycle, and Gas cycle Vapor cycle refrigeration can further be classified as: Vapor-compression refrigeration Vapor-absorption refrigeration
8. Unit of refrigeration Domestic and commercial refrigerators may be rated in kJ/s, or Btu/h of cooling. Commercial refrigerators in North America are mostly rated in tons of refrigeration, but elsewhere in kW. One ton of refrigeration capacity can freeze one short ton of water at 0 °C (32 °F) in 24 hours. Based on that: A much less common definition is: 1 tonne of refrigeration is the rate of heat removal required to freeze a metric ton (i.e., 1000 kg) of water at 0 °C in 24 hours. Based on the heat of fusion being 333.55 kJ/kg, 1 tonne of refrigeration = 13,898 kJ/h = 3.861 kW. As can be seen, 1 tonne of refrigeration is 10% larger than 1 ton of refrigeration. Most residential air conditioning units range in capacity from about 1 to 5 tons of refrigeration.
9. Characteristics of Refrigerant Refrigerants perform an essential function in both cooling cycle. As it evaporates, refrigerant changes from a liquid to a gas and decreases in temperature. Many modern appliances, such as air conditioners and refrigerators, harness the cooling properties of refrigerants by cycling the chemical compound from its gaseous state to liquid and back again to achieve constant cooling. The chemical passes through a coil system that pulls hot air in and cools it as it passes over the coils.
10. Characteristics of Refrigerant Odor Most refrigerants contain no odor in low concentrations. While having no odor at low levels, some concentrations of refrigerants smell distinctly chemical and refrigerant leakage is often identified by its chemical smell. In concentrations above 20 percent by volume of air, the odor resembles carbon tetrachloride, which smells sweet and is similar to the smell of cleaners used for dry cleaning.
11. Characteristics of Refrigerant Color and Stability All pure refrigerants are colorless in both gaseous and liquid forms. Color may be added for identification purposes or may appear when mixed with other chemical compounds. Many refrigerant compounds are considered stable because of their ability to not decompose while going through the physical change of a gas to a liquid.
12. Characteristics of Refrigerant Boiling Point The boiling point of refrigerants depends on the atmospheric pressure. Many refrigerants have a boiling point between -45 and -33 degrees Celsius, with the exceptions of R12 and R11 that have very low boiling points of -29 and 9 degrees Celsius, respectively. At normal temperatures under average pressure, most refrigerants remain in liquid form and must reach their boiling point to become a vapor.
13. Characteristics of Refrigerant Dangers and Benefits Refrigerants with low boiling points may damage the eyes in their liquid states and protective eyewear must be worn at all times. If the liquid refrigerant comes into contact with the eyes, the tissues freeze. Most refrigerants don't contaminate foods and are nonpoisonous in both gas and liquid forms, with the exception of ammonia, which is highly toxic. When mixed with air, vapor forms of refrigerants cause no harm to the eyes, nose, throat or lungs if inhaled. Excessive concentrations of refrigerant vapor causes unconsciousness and possible death because of a lack of oxygen to the brain. It has solvent properties that reduce and remove particles of dirt and oil within the cooling system. Most liquid and vapor forms of refrigerants will not corrode metals in cooling systems. Some, such as ammonia and R290, are highly explosive or flammable.
14. Characteristics of Refrigerant Dangers and Benefits Refrigerants with low boiling points may damage the eyes in their liquid states and protective eyewear must be worn at all times. If the liquid refrigerant comes into contact with the eyes, the tissues freeze. Most refrigerants don't contaminate foods and are nonpoisonous in both gas and liquid forms, with the exception of ammonia, which is highly toxic. When mixed with air, vapor forms of refrigerants cause no harm to the eyes, nose, throat or lungs if inhaled. Excessive concentrations of refrigerant vapor causes unconsciousness and possible death because of a lack of oxygen to the brain. It has solvent properties that reduce and remove particles of dirt and oil within the cooling system. Most liquid and vapor forms of refrigerants will not corrode metals in cooling systems. Some, such as ammonia and R290, are highly explosive or flammable.
15. JazakALLAH-o-Khaira Department of Mechanical Engineering Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science & Technology, Nawabshah - Pakistan