Refrigeration and air conditioning systems use a refrigeration cycle to remove heat from an enclosed space and lower its temperature. The refrigeration cycle involves compressing a refrigerant vapor, condensing it into a liquid, expanding the liquid to produce cooling, and evaporating the liquid to remove heat. Common applications of refrigeration include cooling food in refrigerators and preserving temperature-sensitive substances like vaccines or hormones. Proper heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems are also important for manufacturing pharmaceuticals by maintaining environmental conditions, preventing contamination, and protecting personnel comfort and health.

1. * Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning

2. *The process of keeping an item below
room temperature by storing the item
in a system or substance designed to
cool or freeze is Known as
Refigeration. The
most common form of refrigeration is
provided by systems (i.e.
refrigerators) that use
a refrigerant chemical to remove heat
from items stored inside the system.

3. *Principle of Refrigeration

4. *The Cycle operates at two pressures,High and Low,to
enable the process to produce a continuos cooling
effect.The sequence of events in the Refrigeration cycle
can be explained as:
(a)Receiver or Condenser
*The Liquid refrigerant is kept in a container called
condenser. The refrigerant is under pressure and the
vapour and liquid phases are in equilibrium.
(b)Expansion Valve
It is a device, which controls the rate of flow of refrigerant
into the evaporator, converting the refrigerant from high
pressure to low pressure. The refrigerant enters a low-
pressure zone.

5. *(c) Evaporator: Subsequently a mixture of
vapour and liquid enters the evaporator,
which consists of coils. Here the refrigerant
by absorbing heat from the space, the
molecules move apart by breaking
intermolecular forces. The energy(heat)
required for this process is taken from the
surrounding environment, i.e space, which
is to be cooled. In this step, Liquid
vaporises completely , though some liquid
still remains.

6. *(d) Liquid Trap : A liquid trap is used to remove liquid, which is
then returned to receiver (condenser).
*(e)Compressor : The saturated vapour is allowed to pass through
the compressor .During compression, heat of compression is
added to vapour and the pressure raises. The compression is
adiabatic and on the discharge side it produces a supersaturated
gas. The valve should be opened very slowly. A part of the liquid
vaporises to give a stream of high velocity.
(f)Condenser: The supersaturated vapour flows to the condenser
where the gas is liquified. These condensers can be air-cooled or
water-cooled.
Thus,one cycle is completed as shown in the figure and the
process continues.

7. *Applications
-Removal of heat from chemical
reactions.
-Preservation of
thermolabile
substances. Eg:
insulin,ACTH,pituitary hormones and
vaccines.

8. *- Liquify Processing gas
*-separation of vapour by
distillation
*-purification of products
*-preferential freeze-out of one
component from a liquid mixture.

9. *
*Process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its
temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to
meet the requirements of the conditioned space.
*Applications
*Promotion of human comfort
*Maintenance of proper conditions for the manufacture,
processing and preservation of materials and
equipments
*Ensure efficiency and health of the workers at
reasonably satisfactory levels

10. *
*Self contained air conditioner
*Window air conditioner
*Split air conditioner
*Packaged Air Conditioner
*Central Air Conditioning Systems

11. *
*Also called unitary or packaged equipment.
*Classified as room air conditioners, residential units and
commercial or industrial units.
*Contains a complete cooling system in one pack containing
a compressor, condenser, evaporator, fan, filter and
controls.
*A heating coil may also be added and a humidifier may be
added to provide winter humidification.

12. *Window Air Conditioner
* Most commonly type for single rooms
* All the components (compressor, condenser, expansion
valve or coil, evaporator and cooling coil) in a single box.
* Fitted in a slot made in the wall of the room, or often a
window sill.

13. *Split Air Conditioner
* Comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit and the
indoor unit.
* Outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses
components like the compressor, condenser and
expansion valve.
* Indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling
coil and the cooling fan.
* Used to cool one or two rooms.

14. *
* Used to cool more than two rooms or a larger space at your home or
office.
* Two possible arrangements with the package unit.
* First arrangement: All the components, namely the compressor,
condenser (which can be air cooled or water cooled), expansion valve
and evaporator are housed in a single box. The cooled air is thrown by
the high capacity blower, and it flows through the ducts laid through
various rooms.
* Second arrangement: Compressor and condenser are housed in one
casing. The compressed gas passes through individual units, comprised of
the expansion valve and cooling coil, located in various rooms.

15. *
* Provide conditioned air to one or more areas through duct systems.
* Water or direct expansion refrigerated coils or air washers used for cooling
* Steam or hot water coils for heating
* Humidification by surface type water nozzles, steam humidifiers or sprayed coils.
* Air cleaning by filters that can be cleaned or throw away type.

16. *
*Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) play an
important role in ensuring the manufacture of quality
pharmaceutical products.
*A well designed HVAC system will also provide comfortable
conditions for operators.

17. *

18. *3 major roles of HVAC system:
*Product protection
* Contamination
* Cross-contamination
* Environmental conditions
* Personnel protection
* Prevent contact
* Comfort conditions
* Environment protection

19. HVAC SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS
Production
Room
+
Terminal filter
Control
damper
Humidifier
Heating coil
Cooling coil
FilterSilencer FanFlow rate
controller
Exhaust Air
Grille
Heater
Secondary Filter
Re-circulated air
Prefilter
Weather
louvre

20. * Weather louvre
* Silencer
* Flow rate controller
* Control damper
*To prevent insects, leaves, dirt
and rain from entering
*To reduce noise caused by air
circulation
*Automated adjustment of
volume of air (night and day,
pressure control)
*Fixed adjustment of volume of
air
Components

21. * Heating unit
* Cooling unit/
dehumidifier
* Humidifier
* Filters
* Ducts
*To heat the air to the proper
temperature
*To cool the air to the required
temperature or to remove
moisture from the air
*To bring the air to the proper
humidity, if too low
*To eliminate particles of
predetermined dimensions
and/or microorganisms
*To transport the air
Components

22. *Thank
You….

23. *Any
Query?