Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System ComponentsAjaypalsinh Barad
The ppt contains detailed study of all the components used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with neat sketches and description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System ComponentsAjaypalsinh Barad
The ppt contains detailed study of all the components used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with neat sketches and description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU
Condensers and evaporators are basically heat exchangers in which the refrigerant undergoes a phase change. Next to compressors, proper design and selection of condensers and evaporators is very important for satisfactory performance of any refrigeration system.
Creative memo-making in academic practice - learners and teachers 2014 novSus Louise
Roskilde University Denmark (UNIPÆD workshop for teaching staff): Creative memo-taking: How to make note taking more fun and effective -
From time to time everybody needs to take notes; they may be attending a seminar, a meeting or perhaps supervising groups of students.
Taking minutes can be a both incredibly boring and ineffective exercise and often when one goes back to the notes months later, making sense of them can sometimes be difficult. In recent years memory techniques, or mnemonics as they are also called, have become increasingly popular. One of the most famous is the memory palace. In essence, by creating a link to a positive memory of a physical place one organizes the new knowledge and information in recognizable locations. Mind-mapping is another, also well known, way of doing remembering differently.
In this workshop we are going to use similar, but completely different, techniques to make note-taking more effective, more memorable and hopefully more fun. The method uses creativity and naïvistic art to create notes that both grasp the essence of what is being talked about and visually illustrate and question the note-taker’s subjective take on the matter. The aim is not for the notes to be beautiful or even artistic in the aesthetical sense; the aim is to use recognizable and general symbols, objects and icons that will help trigger and re-trigger the meaning being captured in the notes – even after a long time.
Before attending please prepare a two-minute talk about one of the following:
• Republican or royalist?
• Why the theory/practice gap in teaching is so great
• My worst ever journey to work
See you soon
Condensers and evaporators are basically heat exchangers in which the refrigerant undergoes a phase change. Next to compressors, proper design and selection of condensers and evaporators is very important for satisfactory performance of any refrigeration system.
Creative memo-making in academic practice - learners and teachers 2014 novSus Louise
Roskilde University Denmark (UNIPÆD workshop for teaching staff): Creative memo-taking: How to make note taking more fun and effective -
From time to time everybody needs to take notes; they may be attending a seminar, a meeting or perhaps supervising groups of students.
Taking minutes can be a both incredibly boring and ineffective exercise and often when one goes back to the notes months later, making sense of them can sometimes be difficult. In recent years memory techniques, or mnemonics as they are also called, have become increasingly popular. One of the most famous is the memory palace. In essence, by creating a link to a positive memory of a physical place one organizes the new knowledge and information in recognizable locations. Mind-mapping is another, also well known, way of doing remembering differently.
In this workshop we are going to use similar, but completely different, techniques to make note-taking more effective, more memorable and hopefully more fun. The method uses creativity and naïvistic art to create notes that both grasp the essence of what is being talked about and visually illustrate and question the note-taker’s subjective take on the matter. The aim is not for the notes to be beautiful or even artistic in the aesthetical sense; the aim is to use recognizable and general symbols, objects and icons that will help trigger and re-trigger the meaning being captured in the notes – even after a long time.
Before attending please prepare a two-minute talk about one of the following:
• Republican or royalist?
• Why the theory/practice gap in teaching is so great
• My worst ever journey to work
See you soon
Presentation Outline:-
The Principles of Basic Refrigeration
Basic Refrigeration Cycle
There are countless applications for refrigeration plants now.
How do things get colder
Main Components
Accessories
Pressure
Pressure And Temperature
Refrigerator used for Cooling
Analysis of the Carnot Refrigerator
Terminology
The Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle
The Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram
Vapor Compression Refrigeration Analysis
VCR Cycle Irreversibilities
In this power-point presentation, you'll understand the basic concepts & mechanisms of a fridge/refrigerator.
This is a short ppt in simple english language for easy & quick understanding of concepts.
Hope, it'll be helpful to you
THANKYOU :)
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
2. Basics
• Refrigeration is the removal of heat from a material or space, so that
it’s temperature is lower than that of it’s surroundings.
• When refrigerant absorbs the unwanted heat, this raises the
refrigerant’s temperature (“Saturation Temperature”) so that it
changes from a liquid to a gas — it evaporates. The system then
uses condensation to release the heat and change the refrigerant
back into a liquid. This is called “Latent Heat”.
• This cycle is based on the physical principle, that a liquid extracts
heat from the surrounding area as it expands (boils) into a gas.
• To accomplish this, the refrigerant is pumped through a closed
looped pipe system.
• The closed looped pipe system stops the refrigerant from becoming
contaminated and controls its stream. The refrigerant will be both a
vapor and a liquid in the loop.
3. “Saturation Temperature” – can be defined as the temperature of a
liquid, vapor, or a solid, where if any heat is added or removed, a
change of state takes place.
• A change of state transfers a large
amount of energy.
• At saturation temperature, materials are
sensitive to additions or removal of heat.
• Water is an example of how saturation
property of a material, can transfer a
large amount of heat.
• Refrigerants use the same principles as
ice. For any given pressure, refrigerants
have a saturation temperature.
• If the pressure is low, the saturation
temperature is low. If pressure is high,
saturation temperature is high.
4. “Latent Heat”- The heat required to change a liquid to a gas (or the
heat that must be removed from a gas to condense it to a liquid),
without any change in temperature.
• Heat is a form of energy that is
transferred from one object to
another object.
• Heat Is a form of energy transferred
by a difference in temperature.
• Heat transfer can occur, when there
is a temperature difference between
two or more objects. Heat will only
flow from a warm object to a colder
object.
• The heat transfer is greatest, when
there is a large temperature
difference between two objects.
5. The Refrigeration Cycle
There are four main components in a
refrigeration system:
• The Compressor
• The Condensing Coil
• The Metering Device
• The Evaporator
• Two different pressures exist in the
refrigeration cycle. The evaporator
or low pressure, in the "low side"
and the condenser, or high
pressure, in the "high side". These
pressure areas are divided by the
other two components. On one end,
is the metering device which
controls the refrigerant flow, and on
the other end, is the compressor.
6. The Compressor
• The compressor is the heart of the
system. The compressor does just
what it’s name is. It compresses
the low pressure refrigerant vapor
from the evaporator and
compresses it into a high pressure
vapor.
• The inlet to the compressor is called
the “Suction Line”. It brings the low
pressure vapor into the
compressor.
• After the compressor compresses
the refrigerant into a high pressure
Vapor, it removes it to the outlet
called the “Discharge Line”.
7. The Condenser
• The “Discharge Line” leaves the
compressor and runs to the inlet of the
condenser.
• Because the refrigerant was
compressed, it is a hot high pressure
vapor (as pressure goes up –
temperature goes up).
• The hot vapor enters the condenser and
starts to flow through the tubes.
• Cool air is blown across the out side of
the finned tubes of the condenser
(usually by a fan or water with a pump).
• Since the air is cooler than the
refrigerant, heat jumps from the tubing to
the cooler air (energy goes from hot to
cold – “latent heat”).
• As the heat is removed from the
refrigerant, it reaches it’s “saturated
temperature” and starts to “flash”
(change states), into a high pressure
liquid.
• The high pressure liquid leaves the
condenser through the “liquid line” and
travels to the “metering device”.
Sometimes running through a filter dryer
first, to remove any dirt or foreign
particles.
8. Metering Devices
• Metering devices regulate how much
liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator .
• Common used metering devices are,
small thin copper tubes referred to as
“cap tubes”, thermally controller
diaphragm valves called “TXV’s”
(thermal expansion valves) and single
opening “orifices”.
• The metering device tries to maintain a
preset temperature difference or “super
heat”, between the inlet and outlet
openings of the evaporator.
• As the metering devices regulates the
amount of refrigerant going into the
evaporator, the device lets small
amounts of refrigerant out into the line
and looses the high pressure it has
behind it.
• Now we have a low pressure, cooler
liquid refrigerant entering the
evaporative coil (pressure went down –
so temperature goes down).
9. Thermal expansion Valves
• A very common type of metering device is
called a TX Valve (Thermostatic Expansion
Valve). This valve has the capability of
controlling the refrigerant flow. If the load on
the evaporator changes, the valve can
respond to the change and increase or
decrease the flow accordingly.
• The TXV has a sensing bulb attached to the
outlet of the evaporator. This bulb senses the
suction line temperature and sends a signal
to the TXV allowing it to adjust the flow rate.
This is important because, if not all, the
refrigerant in the evaporator changes state
into a gas, there could be liquid refrigerant
content returning to the compressor. This
can be fatal to the compressor. Liquid can
not be compressed and when a compressor
tries to compress a liquid, mechanical failing
can happen. The compressor can suffer
mechanical damage in the valves and
bearings. This is called” liquid slugging”.
• Normally TXV's are set to maintain 10
degrees of superheat. That means that the
gas returning to the compressor is at least 10
degrees away from the risk of having any
liquid.
10. The Evaporator
• The evaporator is where the heat is
removed from your house , business or
refrigeration box.
• Low pressure liquid leaves the metering
device and enters the evaporator.
• Usually, a fan will move warm air from
the conditioned space across the
evaporator finned coils.
• The cooler refrigerant in the evaporator
tubes, absorb the warm room air. The
change of temperature causes the
refrigerant to “flash” or “boil”, and
changes from a low pressure liquid to a
low pressure cold vapor.
• The low pressure vapor is pulled into the
compressor and the cycle starts over.
• The amount of heat added to the liquid
to make it saturated and change states is
called “Super Heat”.
• One way to charge a system with
refrigerant is by super heat.
11. Basic Refrigeration Cycle
• Starting at the compressor;
• Low pressure vapor refrigerant is compressed
and discharged out of the compressor.
• The refrigerant at this point is a high
temperature, high pressure, “superheated”
vapor.
• The high pressure refrigerant flows to the
condenser by way of the "Discharge Line".
• The condenser changes the high pressure
refrigerant from a high temperature vapor to a
low temperature, high pressure liquid and
leaves through the "Liquid Line".
• The high pressure refrigerant then flows
through a filter dryer to the Thermal Expansion
valve or TXV.
• The TXV meters the correct amount of liquid
refrigerant into the evaporator.
• As the TXV meters the refrigerant, the high
pressure liquid changes to a low pressure, low
temperature, saturated liquid/vapor.
• This saturated liquid/vapor enters the
evaporator and is changed to a low pressure,
dry vapor.
• The low pressure, dry vapor is then returned to
the compressor in the "Suction line".
• The cycle then starts over.
12. Using a P/T chart
• When you are charging or just checking a
refrigeration unit, you use a set of gauges.
The blue hose connects to a port on the low
side of the system and your red hose will
connect to the high side of the system.
• To properly know what your pressures and
temperatures should be, you will need to
know what refrigerant you are working with
and a “PressureTemperature Chart” (P/T
Chart).
• With a P/T chart, if you know a temperature
or a pressure of the ambient air or the
refrigerant in your system, you can use a
P/T chart to convert it to the equal pressure
or temperature.
• For an example using the chart at the right,
at 100°f R22 refrigerant pressure would be
198.4.
• R502 at 100° would be 218.6, R12 at 100°
would be 119.4 lb’s pressure.
• If you just know a pressure, cross the
pressure on the chart to the corresponding
temperature.
13. Charging
•A common method for checking or charging is by “head
pressure”.
•Find the units design condenser temperature from the
specifications, add 30° to the outside ambient air temperature
(70° is the outside air temp. add 30°, that gives you 100°). Take
your P/T chart and see what the pressure crosses up to at 100°
using R22.
•At 100°f R22 equals 198.4 PSI, so you would charge your
system up until you “head pressure” was close to 198.4.
•If the unit has a sight glass, check it for bubbles. If it does
have bubbles, add more refrigerant slowly until it clears
•Always charge refrigerant into the suction line as a vapor.
This is done by keeping your refrigerant cylinder right side up.
If your cylinder is on it’s side or upside down, you will be
charging liquid refrigerant and it could damage your
compressor.
•If you are charging a cap tube system, charging by “super
heat” is a good method. Check your units specifications and
pick a desired “super heat” (10° to 16°), add or subtract
refrigerant until the super heat is achieved. The superheat is
fixed at 8 to 12 degrees in most residential air conditioning
systems.
14. Sub-Cooling & Super-Heat
• Measure Sub-cooling:
• Get the refrigerant saturation pressure-temperature. Take a
pressure reading of the liquid line leaving the condenser.
Refrigerant saturation temperature is the pressure-
temperature, when the refrigerant is turning from a high-
pressure vapor into a high-pressure liquid (giving up heat). At
saturation pressure-temperature, both liquid and vapor are at
the same temperature.
• (1) Convert pressure to temperature with a P/T chart.
• (2) Take a temperature reading at the leaving liquid line of the
condenser.
• Compare both, the saturated temperature and leaving liquid
line temperature. Subtracting one from the other, the
difference is the amount the refrigerant has cooled past
saturated temperature.
• Measure Evaporator Superheat:
• Get a pressure reading of the suction line leaving the
evaporator to get refrigerant saturation pressure-temperature.
Refrigerant saturation temperature is the pressure-
temperature, when the refrigerant is turning from a low-
pressure liquid to a low-pressure vapor (absorbing heat). At
saturation pressure-temperature, both liquid and vapor are at
the same temperature.
• Convert pressure to temperature with a P/T chart. If reading is
obtained at the compressor, not at the evaporator line leaving,
you may have to add a few pounds of pressure due to
pressure drop in the suction line.
• Take a temperature reading at the leaving suction line of the
evaporator.
• Compare both, the saturated temperature and the leaving
suction line temperature. Subtracting one from the other, the
difference is the amount the refrigerant gas has heated past
saturated temperature.
15. Terms and Info
• BTU’s - An air conditioner's capacity is measured in “British Thermal Units”, or BTUs. A
BTU is the amount of heat required to raise, by one degree, the temperature of a pound of
water. So if you buy an air conditioner rated at 10,000 BTUs, it has the ability to cool 10,000
pounds -- about 1,200 gallons -- of water, one degree in an hour. Refrigeration is normally
measured in “Tons”. 12,000 BTU’s equal 1 ton.
• Latent Heat - Latent Heat is the heat given up or absorbed by a substance as it changes
state. It is called latent because it is not associated with a change in temperature. Each
substance has a characteristic latent heat of fusion, latent heat of vaporization, latent heat
of condensation and latent heat of sublimation.
• Superheated Vapor - Refrigerant vapor is heated above its saturation temperature. If a
refrigerant is superheated, there is no liquid present. Superheat is an indication of how full
the evaporator is of liquid refrigerant. High superheat means the evaporator is empty. Low
superheat means the evaporator is full.
• Saturation Temperature - Also referred to as the boiling point or the condensing
temperature. This is the temperature at which a refrigerant will change state from a liquid
to a vapor or vice versa.
• Sensible Heat - Heat, that when added or removed, causes a change in temperature but
not in state.
• Sub-Cooling - Sub-cooling is a temperature below saturated pressure-temperature. Sub-
cooling is a measurement of how much liquid is in the condenser. In air conditioning, it is
important to measure sub-cooling because the longer the liquid stays in the condenser,
the greater the sensible (visible) heat loss. Low sub-cooling means that a condenser is
empty. High sub-cooling means that a condenser is full. Over filling a system, increases
pressure due to the liquid filling of a condenser that shows up as high sub-cooling. To
move the refrigerant from condenser to the liquid line, it must be pushed down the liquid
line to a metering device. If a pressure drop occurs in the liquid line and the refrigerant
has no sub-cooling, the refrigerant will start to re-vaporize (change state from a liquid to a
vapor) before reaching the metering devise.