this presentation is about the reuse of treated wastewater.Different application and technologies involved. I have also put four case studies taken from some journals mentioned.
04 Reclamation and Reuse of waste waterakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University. Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates. Thank you :)
This is a power point presentation on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water,various treatment units, design results and a layout of sewage treatment plant.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading report of this project.
04 Reclamation and Reuse of waste waterakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University. Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates. Thank you :)
This is a power point presentation on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water,various treatment units, design results and a layout of sewage treatment plant.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading report of this project.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Wastewater recycling is emerging as an integral part of
water demand management. Promoting as it does the preservation of high-quality fresh water supplies as well as potentially reducing the pollutant in the environment and reducing overall costs.
DESIGN OF A 30 MLD SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT(PROJECT REPORT) Ratnesh Kushwaha
This is a project report on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water, various treatment units, design calculations and a layout of sewage treatment plant. This report also includes the future scope of this project.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading power point presentation of this project
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Wastewater recycling is emerging as an integral part of
water demand management. Promoting as it does the preservation of high-quality fresh water supplies as well as potentially reducing the pollutant in the environment and reducing overall costs.
DESIGN OF A 30 MLD SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT(PROJECT REPORT) Ratnesh Kushwaha
This is a project report on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water, various treatment units, design calculations and a layout of sewage treatment plant. This report also includes the future scope of this project.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading power point presentation of this project
Redox Environment B.V. at Winterswijk, The netherlands, has developped a total process for waterrecycling for municipal and office buildings, laoding stations, small municipalities,etc., etc,.
Environment management - water managementAnish Gawande
Water management is the control and movement of water resources to minimize damage to life and property and to maximize efficient beneficial use. Good water management of dams and levees reduces the risk of harm due to flooding. Irrigation water management systems make the most efficient use of limited water supplies for agriculture.
Drainage management involves water budgeting and analysis of surface and sub-surface drainage systems. Sometimes water management involves changing practices, such as groundwater withdrawal rates, or allocation of water to different purposes.
Triple Green-Agricultural Management Interventions for a New Green RevolutionSIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Water is a very important resource in our life . The availability of water resources on earth are limited and unevenly distributed. Human demand for water has been growing for two reasons. The available water is to be conserved. This module explains the major practices adopted in water conservation.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
1. Reuse of Treated
wastewater
PULKIT SHUKLA
SIDDHARTH KATIYAR
ROBIN AJMERA
Page 1 of 34
2. What is Wastewater Reuse
The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
defines wastewater reuse as,
“using wastewater or reclaimed
water from one application for
another application. A
common type of recycled
water is water that has been
reclaimed from municipal
wastewater (sewage).”
Page 2 of 34
3. Reasons for Wastewater Reuse
The most common reasons for establishing a
wastewater reuse program is to identify new water
sources for increased water demand and to find
economical ways to meet increasingly more stringent
discharge standards
Page 3 of 34
4. Types of Reuse
• Urban reuse-the irrigation of public parks, school yards , highway medians,
and residential landscapes, as well as for fire protection and toilet flushing in
commercial and industrial buildings.
• Agricultural reuse-irrigation of non food crops, such as fodder and fiber ,
commercial nurseries, and pasture lands. High-quality reclaimed water is used
to irrigate food crops.
• Recreational impoundments-such as pond sand lakes.
• Environmental reuse-creating artificial wetlands, enhancing natural wetlands,
and sustaining stream flows.
• Industrial reuse-process or makeup water and cooling tower water.
Page 4 of 34
5. Technical Description
One of the most critical steps in any
reuse program is to protect the public
health, especially that of workers and
consumers. To this end, it is most
important to neutralize or eliminate any
infectious agents or pathogenic
organisms that may be present in the
wastewater. For some reuse
applications, such as irrigation of non-food
crop plants, secondary treatment
may be acceptable. For other
applications, further disinfection, by
such methods as chlorination or
ozonation, may be necessary. Table 18
presents a range of typical survival times
for potential pathogens in water and
other media
Table 18
Page 5 of 34
6. Application of Treated Wastewater
Agricultural Irrigation
Crop irrigation
Commercial nurseries
Landscape Irrigation
Parks
School yards
Highway medians
Golf courses
Cemeteries
Residential
Industrial Recycling and Reuse
Cooling water
Boiler feed
Process water
Heavy construction
Page 6 of 34
7. Groundwater Recharge
Groundwater replenishment
Saltwater intrusion control
Subsidence control
Recreational / Environmental Uses
Lakes & ponds
Marsh enhancement
Stream-flow augmentation
Fisheries
Non-Potable Urban Uses
Fire protection
Air conditioning
Toilet flushing
Potable Reuse
Blending in water supply reservoirs
Pipe-to-pipe water supply
Page 7 of 34
8. Historical Examples
3000 BC – Crete (Minoan culture)
Collection of rainwater and sand “filtration” for reuse
1890 – Mexico
Agricultural irrigation
1912 – Europe & US
Landscape irrigation
1926 – US & Europe
Industrial uses: cooling processes & boilers
1960 – US; Europe; Africa; Australia
Landscape Irrigation (including golf-courses)
Groundwater Recharge
Advanced WW reclamation for potable water supply augmentation
1980 – US; Europe; Japan
Water recycling for toilet flushing in urban areas
Agricultural irrigation of food crops eaten uncooked
Page 8 of 34
9. Constituents to be checked in
Reclaimed Water
Conventional (measured in mg/L; used in designing conventional WWTPs)
TSS
BOD; COD
TOC
Nitrogen (Ammonia; Nitrate; Nitrite)
Phosphorus
Microorganisms: Bacteria; Viruses ; Protozoan cysts & oocysts
Non-conventional (to be removed or reduced by advanced treatment processes)
Refractory organics
VOC
Surfactants
Metals
TDS
Page 9 of 34
10. Problems associated with Wastewater
Reuse
Heavy Elements
Public Health – nervous system disorders, mutagenesis, teratogenesis,
carcinogenesis
Bioaccumulation (food chain on crops and animals)
Surface water pollution
Environmental Impact – acute and chronic toxicity for plant and animal life,
chronic degradation effect on soil
Nutrients (N & P)
Public Health – blue-baby syndrome (from NO3
-)
infiltration into potable water supplies
Environmental Health – Eutrophication, crop yield effects (+ive & -ive)
Surface water pollution
Irrigation practices
Page 10 of 34
11. Problems associated with Wastewater
Reuse
Dissolved Solids (salinity)
Environmental Health
Induce problems for the crops’ yield selection and quantity
Accumulation in soil
Effect on soil permeability
Clogging drip-irrigation systems
Emerging Pollutants
Public Health
Acute and chronic health effects – effect on growth, reproduction problems
Page 11 of 34
12. Problems associated with Wastewater
Reuse
Groundwater contamination
Nitrate contamination on private drinking wells
Antibiotics
lower effectiveness of antibiotics if irrigation of fodder is involved
Odor
Public health of neighboring communities
Aesthetic concern - Reduced land values
Concerns with industrial processes
Scaling
Corrosion
Biological growth & fouling
Page 12 of 34
13. Reclaimed wastewater can be safe for
agricultural irrigation
Reduce the pathogen levels
Avoid direct contact of crops with reclaimed wastewater
Restrict the type of crops irrigated
Different treatment for safe irrigation of different crops:
For tree nurseries, pastures, industrial crops
Secondary treatment & detention in surface reservoirs
For fruits to be canned, vegetables for cooking and fruits with non-edible
peels
Tertiary treatment (i.e. AS & Sand Filtration)
For edible crops (uncooked)
Tertiary treatment followed by soil aquifer treatment (or advanced)
Page 13 of 34
14. Guidelines and Regulations
TYPE OF REUSE TREATMENT RECLAIMEDWATER
QUALITY
RECLAIMED WATER
MONITORING
SETBACK DISTANCES
Urban Reuse
Landscape irrigation,
vehicle washing, toilet
flushing, fire protection,
commercial air
conditioners, and other
uses with similar access
or exposure to the water.
Secondary
Filtration
Disinfection
pH = 6–9
<10 mg/L biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD)
< 2 turbidity units (NTU)5
No detectable faecal
coliform/100 mL4
1 mg/L chlorine (Cl2)
residual (min.)
pH – weekly
BOD – weekly
Turbidity – continuous
Coliform – daily
Cl2 residual –
continuous
50 ft (15 m) to
potable water
supply wells
Agricultural Reuse
For Non-Food Crops
Pasture for milking
animals; fodder, fiber and
seed crops.
Secondary
Disinfection
pH = 6–9
< 30 mg/L BOD
< 30 mg/L total
suspended solids (TSS)
< 200 faecal coliform/100
mL5
1 mg/L Cl2 residual
(min.)
pH – weekly
BOD – weekly
TSS – daily
Coliform – daily
Cl2 residual –
continuous
300 feet (90 m)
to potable water
supply wells
Indirect Potable Reuse
Groundwater recharge by
spreading into potable
aquifers.
Site Specific Secondary
and Disinfection. May
also need Filtration
and/or advanced waste
water treatment
Site specific
Meet drinking water
standards after
percolation through
vadose zone.
pH – daily
Turbidity – continuous
Coliform – daily
Cl2 residual – continuous
Drinking water standards
– quarterly
Other – depends on
constituent
100 ft (30 m) to
areas accessible
to the public (if
spray irrigation)
site specific
PAGE 14 OF34
15. Some Wastewater Reuse Advantages
and Disadvantages
Advantages
• This technology reduces the demands o potable sources of freshwater.
• It may reduce the need for large wastewater treatment systems, if significant portions of the waste stream are
reused or recycled.
• The technology may diminish the volume of wastewater discharged, resulting in a beneficial impact on the
aquatic environment.
• Capital costs are low to medium for most systems and are recoverable in a very short time; this excludes
systems designed for direct reuse of sewage water.
• Operation and maintenance are relatively simple except in direct reuse systems where more extensive
technology and quality control are required.
• Provision of nutrient-rich wastewaters can increase agricultural production in water-poor areas.
• Pollution of rivers and groundwater may be reduced.
• Lawn maintenance and golf course irrigation is facilitated in resort areas.
• In most cases, the quality of the wastewater, as an irrigation water supply, is superior to that of well water.
Page 15 of 34
16. Disadvantages
If implemented on a large scale, revenues to water supply and wastewater utilities may fall
as the demand for potable water for non-potable uses and the discharge of wastewaters is
reduced.
• Reuse of wastewater may be seasonal in nature, resulting in the overloading of treatment
and disposal facilities during the rainy season; if the wet season is of long duration and/or
high intensity, the seasonal discharge of raw wastewaters may occur.
• Health problems, such as water-borne diseases and skin irritations, may occur in people
coming into direct contact with reused wastewater.
• Gases, such as sulphuric acid, produced during the treatment process can result in chronic
health problems.
• In some cases, reuse of wastewater is not economically feasible because of the
requirement for an additional distribution system.
• Application of untreated wastewater as irrigation water or as injected recharge water may
result in ground
Page 16 of 34
17. New Technologies and Approaches
Used In Wastewater Reuse
Page 17 of 34
Membrane Filtration Systems
Nanotechnology
Microbial Fuel cells
Natural Treatment Systems
Urine Separating Toilets
18. Membrane Filtration Systems
For wastewater
treatment
applications,
membranes are
currently being used
as a tertiary advanced
treatment for the
removal of dissolved
species; organic
compounds;
phosphorus; nitrogen
species; colloidal and
suspended solids; and
human pathogens,
including bacteria,
protozoan cysts, and
viruses.
Membrane bioreactors—usually microfiltration (MF) or
ultrafiltration (UF) membranes immersed in aeration tanks
(vacuum system), or implemented in external pressure-driven
membrane units..
Low-pressure membranes—usually MF or UF membranes,
either as a pressure system or an immersed system,
providing a higher degree of suspended . UF membranes
are effective for virus removal.
High-pressure membranes—nanofiltration or reverse
osmosis pressure systems for treatment and production of
high-quality product water suitable for indirect potable
reuse and high-purity industrial process water. Also, recent
research has shown that microconstituents, such as
pharmaceuticals and personal care products, can be
removed by high-pressure membranes.
Page18 of 34
19. Nanotechnology
Further dramatic improvements are feasible in the near future (Shannon et
al., 2008). Nanotechnology concepts are being investigated for higher
performing membranes with fewer fouling characteristics, improved
hydraulic conductivity, and more selective rejection/transport
characteristics. Advances in RO technology include improved membranes
and configurations, more efficient pumping and energy-recovery systems,
and the development of process technology, such as membrane distillation
(Kim et al., 2008).
Page 19 of 34
20. Microbial Fuel Cells
With microbial fuel cells, a potential breakthrough technology, electrical
energy could be extracted directly from organic matter present in the
waste stream by using electron transfer to capture the energy produced by
microorganisms for metabolic processes (Logan et al., 2006). First,
microorganisms are grown as a biofilm on an electrode; the electron donor
is separated from the electron acceptor by a proton exchange membrane,
which establishes an electrical current. Electrical energy is then generated
through the oxidation of organic matter (BOD5).
Although this technology is still in the early stages of development and
significant advances in process efficiency and economics will be necessary,
it has the potential to produce electrical energy directly from organic
matter in the waste stream.
Page 20 of 34
21. Natural Treatment Systems
Our fundamental understanding and characterization of processes in natural
treatment systems (NTSs) is also improving, enabling us to take advantage of
natural processes to improve water quality (Kadlec and Knight, 1996). In NTSs,
a variety of physical, chemical, and biological processes function
simultaneously to remove a broad range of contaminants.
For example, NTSs are increasingly being used to capture, retain, and treat
storm water, thereby converting this “nuisance” into a valuable source of water.
These natural systems have the advantage of being able to remove a wide
variety of contaminants, including nutrients, pathogens, and micro-constituents
(e.g., pharmaceuticals and endocrine-disrupting chemicals). Long
proven effective for treatment of potable water, NTSs are increasingly being
used for water reclamation.
Page 21 of 34
22. Urine Separating Toilets
The development of urine-separating toilets and technologies for treating
urine to produce hygienic fertilizer products is a key to managing nutrients
with minimal requirements for outside resources, such as additional energy
(Larsen et al., 2001; Maurer et al., 2006). Urine-separating toilets have
already been developed and continue to be refined, and research on using
them for waste management is ongoing. Struvite precipitation and other
processes are already available for producing usable fertilizer products
from separated urine, and efforts are ongoing to improve the established
approaches.
Page 22 of 34
23. Case Studies-1
Wastewater Reuse in Europe
In Europe the last two decades has witnessed growing water stress, both in
terms of water scarcity and quality deterioration, which has prompted
many municipalities to look for a more efficient use of water resources,
including a more widespread acceptance of water reuse practices.
The study identified more than 200 water reuse projects as well as many
others in an advanced planning phase.
Page 23 of 34
24. Identifable Water reuse projects in Europe,including their size and intended use
Page 24 of 34
25. Conclusion
Almost all medium- and large-scale schemes have been designed as add-on
technology to conventional secondary treatment processes.
Despite the fact that water reuse is already becoming an essential and
reliable water supply option for many municipalities, there is still significant
potential for an increased utilisation of reclaimed wastewater.
The water sector in Europe is in a transitional phase with unique
opportunities for water reuse to be implemented on a larger scale as a
sustainable practice within a framework of integrated water management.
Page 25 of 34
26. Case Study-2
Waste water quality and reuse in irrigation in Kuwait
using microfiltration technology in treatment
Micro filtration (MF) unit has been tested in Kuwait Institute for Scientific
Research to treat the secondary wastewater effeulant from Riqqa
wastewater treatment plant.
There was a consistent reduction in biological oxygen demand (BOD),
Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total bacterial count (TBC) and total
suspended solid (TSS).
The comparison is based on calculation sodium absorption ratio (SAR),
residual sodium carbonate (RSC), adjusted SAR, sodium hazards (SSP), and
measured parameters such as the electrical conductivity (EC), chloride,
calcium and potassium concentration, total suspended solids, trace metal
analysis and other parameters of health significance.
Page 26 of 34
27. Conclusion
Mf filtrate water will not cause any clogging problem related to its EC, SAR,
and ESP.
Only chloride potential might causes a moderate potential problem
The MF product water satisfied all the microbiological and organic matter
restrictions and standards
Page 27 of 34
28. Case Study-3
The risks associated with wastewater reuse and
xenobiotics in the agroecological environment
The technological progress in respect to analytical chromatographic
methods has enabled the identification and quantitation of a number of
organic xenobiotic compounds in treated wastewater.
It is also widely accepted that the currently applied treatment processes for
urban wastewater abatement fail to completely remove such contaminants
and this lead to their subsequent release in the terrestrial and aquatic
environment through disposal and reuse applications.
Page 28 of 34
29. Conclusion
Since the traditional wastewater treatment methods are not capable of
fully removing recalcitrant xenobiotic compounds, advanced technologies
must be applied such as Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) and
membrane-separation technologies, which are effective in simultaneously
removing, both pathogens and xenobiotics, and perhaps their combined
application may constitute today, the best option for wastewater treatment
and reuse schemes.
Page 29 of 34
30. Case Study-4
Ultrafiltration for the reuse of spent filter backwash water
from drinking water treatment
During most water treatment processes, spent filter backwash water
(SFBW) is generated.Innovations in membrane technology, especially in
micro- and ultrafiltration processes, offer a suitable treatment for SFBW in
order to guarantee a water quality necessary for reuse.
Experiments were performed with SFBW from a full-scale water treatment
plant. The plant was operated with high fluxes of more than 40 L/(m2·h)
using clarified and non-clarified SFBW. Best membrane performance was
obtained using non-clarified SFBW.
As a result, no space- and time consuming sedimentation processes are
necessary.Results confirmed that the filtrate can be used as an additional
and safe water source. When a continuous maintenance disinfection was
provided, filtrate was free of microbial contamination and could be reused
without any safety concerns.
Page 30 of 34
31. Listing of References
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Process Design Manual: Guidelines/or
Water Reuse.Cincinnati, Ohio, 1992 (Report No. EPA-625/R-92-004).
2. US Environment Protection Agency ,1992. Guidelines for Water Reuse
3. http://cdmsmith.com/en/Insights/Viewpoints/Membrane-Technology-Advances-
Wastewater-Treatment-and-Water-Reuse.aspx
4. D Bixtio, C. Thoeye, J. De Koning, D Joksimovic, D. Savic, T Wintgens, T. Melin
:Wastewater Reuse in Europe;Desalination 187(2006) 89-101
5. M. Al-Shammiri*, A. Al-Saffar, S. Bohamad, M. Ahmed; Waste water quality and
reuse in irrigation in Kuwait using microfiltration technology in treatment;
Desalination 185 (2005) 213–225
6. D. Fatta-Kassinosa, , , , I.K. Kalavrouziotisb, P.H. Koukoulakisc, M.I. Vasqueza The risks
associated with wastewater reuse and xenobiotics in the agroecological
environment Volume 409, Issue 19, 1 September 2011, Pages 3555–3563
Page 31 of 34
32. 7. Florian G. Reissmanna*, Wolfgang Uhlb; Ultrafiltration for the reuse of spent
filter backwash water from drinking water treatment;Desalination 198 (2006)
225–235
Page 32 of 34
33. TITLE SLIDE
Reuse of Treated wastewater
What is Wastewater Reuse
Reasons for Wastewater Reuse
Types of Reuse
Technical Description
Application of Treated Wastewater
Historical Examples
Constituents to be checked in Reclaimed Water
Problems associated with Wastewater Reuse
Reclaimed wastewater can be safe for agricultural irrigation
Guidelines and Regulations
Page 33 of 34
34. Some Wastewater Reuse Advantages and Disadvantages
New Technologies and Approaches Used In Wastewater Reuse
Membrane Filtration Systems
Nanotechnology
Microbial Fuel Cells
Natural Treatment Systems
Urine Separating Toilets
Case Studies-1 Wastewater Reuse in Europe
Case Study-2 Waste water quality and reuse in irrigation ...
Case Study-3 The risks associated with wastewater reuse a...
Listing of References
Page 34 of 34
Editor's Notes
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Process Design Manual: Guidelines/or Water Reuse.
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1992 (Report No. EPA-625/R-92-004).
US Environment Protection Agency ,1992. Guidelines for Water Reuse
D Bixtio, C. Thoeye, J. De Koning, D Joksimovic, D. Savic, T Wintgens, T. Melin :Wastewater Reuse in Europe;Desalination 187(2006) 89-101
D Bixtio, C. Thoeye, J. De Koning, D Joksimovic, D. Savic, T Wintgens, T. Melin :Wastewater Reuse in Europe;Desalination 187(2006) 89-101
M. Al-Shammiri*, A. Al-Saffar, S. Bohamad, M. Ahmed; Waste water quality and reuse in irrigation in Kuwait
using microfiltration technology in treatment; Desalination 185 (2005) 213–225
D. Fatta-Kassinosa, , , , I.K. Kalavrouziotisb, P.H. Koukoulakisc, M.I. Vasqueza The risks associated with wastewater reuse and xenobiotics in the agroecological environment Volume 409, Issue 19, 1 September 2011, Pages 3555–3563
Florian G. Reissmanna*, Wolfgang Uhlb; Ultrafiltration for the reuse of spent filter backwash waterfrom drinking water treatment;Desalination 198 (2006) 225–235