Improper disposal of solid waste can lead to pollution and disease outbreaks. Proper solid waste management through collection, treatment, and disposal is needed globally. Key methods include sanitary landfills, incineration, composting, and recycling. Industrial and agricultural waste as well as saline water also require specialized treatment methods. Metrics to measure sustainability assess environmental, social and economic impacts over time to guide balanced development.

1. CIVIL ENGINEERING-SOCIETAL & GLOBAL
IMPACT(UGCE-4TH SEMESTER) (011252)
MODULE 4
Mr. Akash
Department of Civil Engineering
DCE Darbhanga

2. * These landfill sites produce foul smell if waste is not stored and treated properly.
* It can pollute the surrounding air and can seriously affect the health of humans,
wildlife and our environment.
Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these
conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne
disease.

3. Solid Waste Management
• It is the process of collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is
discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful.
• Sources:
Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Institutional
Construction and Demolition Areas
Municipal services
Treatment Plants and Sites
Agriculture
Biomedical

4. • Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management
Improper waste disposal systems :
People clean their homes and places of work
and litter their surroundings which affects the environment and the community.
Dumping of waste materials forces biodegradable materials to rot and decompose under improper, unhygienic
and uncontrolled conditions.
• After a few days of decomposition, a foul smell is produced and it becomes a breeding ground for different
types of disease causing insects as well as infectious organisms.
• Solid wastes from industries are a source of toxic metals, hazardous wastes, and chemicals. When released to
the environment, the solid wastes can cause biological and physicochemical problems to the environment and
may affect or alter the productivity of the soils in that particular area.
• Toxic materials and chemicals may seep into the soil and pollute the ground water. During the process of
collecting solid waste, the hazardous wastes usually mix with ordinary garbage and other flammable wastes
making the disposal process even harder and risky.
• When hazardous wastes like pesticides, batteries containing lead, mercury or zinc, cleaning solvents, radioactive
materials, e-waste and plastics are mixed up with paper and other scraps are burned they produce dioxins and
gasses. These toxic gases have a potential of causing various diseases including cancer.

8. • Methods of Solid Waste Management
Sanitary Landfill
Garbage is basically spread out in thin layers, compressed and covered with soil or plastic foam. bottom of the landfill is
covered with an impervious liner which is usually made of several layers of thick plastic and sand. This liner protects the
ground water from being contaminated because of leaching or percolation. When the landfill is full, it is covered with
layers of sand, clay, top soil and gravel to prevent seepage of water.
Incineration
This method involves burning of solid wastes at high temperatures until the wastes are turned into ashes. Incinerators are
made in such a way that they do not give off extreme amounts of heat when burning solid wastes. This method of solid
waste management can be done by individuals, municipalities and even institutions. The good thing about this method is
the fact that it reduces the volume of waste up to 20 or 30% of the original volume.
Recovery and Recycling
Recycling or recovery of resources is the process of taking useful but discarded items for next use. Traditionally, these
items are processed and cleaned before they are recycled. The process aims at reducing energy loss, consumption of new
material and reduction of landfills.
Composting
Due to lack of adequate space for landfills, biodegradable yard waste is allowed to decompose in a medium designed for
the purpose. Only biodegradable waste materials are used in composting. Good quality environmentally friendly manure is
formed from the compost and can be used for agricultural purposes.
Pyrolysis
This is method of solid waste management whereby solid wastes are chemically decomposed by heat without presence of
oxygen. This usually occurs under pressure and at temperatures of up to 4300 C. The solid wastes are changed into
gasses, solid residue and small quantities of liquid.
In summary, proper solid waste management is an integral part of environmental conservation that should be observed by
individuals and companies globally. This will keep the environment clean and reduce health and settlement problems

9. Purification of water
Process by which undesired chemical compounds, organic and
inorganic materials, and biological contaminants are removed
from water.
Aim of water purification
• To produce and maintain water that is: hygienically safe, aesthetically and
palatable in an economical manner.
• To provide clean drinking water.
• Water purification also meets the needs of medical, pharmacological,
chemical, and industrial applications for clean and potable water.
• The purification procedure reduces the concentration of contaminants such as
suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi.

10. Purification of water at small scale
1. Boiling and filtering
2. Radiating water with ultraviolet rays
3. Using bleaching powder
4. Bottled water
Purification of water on a large scale
Storage ---------------------------- Filtration----------------------------------Disinfection
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Biological: Slow Sand Filter
Mechanical: Rapid Sand
Filter
Chlorination
Ozonisation
UV Radiation

13. • Industrial water purification
• In addition to drinking and domestic uses, industries also consume significant amounts of water.
Chemical, petroleum, food processing, and textile industries, for example, require water for
manufacturing, processing, heating, cooling, washing, rinsing, and other applications. Such industrial
systems require treated water, and the lack of appropriate purification can lead to issues such as
scaling, corrosion, deposition, bacterial growth within piping or processing equipment, and poor
product quality. In addition to conventional water treatment processes, industrial water purification
may also involve specialized techniques such as electrode-ionization, ion exchange, membrane
systems, ozone treatment, evaporation, and ultraviolet irradiation. Technologies selection depends
upon the raw water quality and the intended industrial use.
• Saline water purification
• The vast majority of communities rely on freshwater resources for drinking and domestic water
supplies. However, with shrinking freshwater reserves and rising water demands complicated by
natural factors such as droughts, floods, and climate change impacts, several countries have begun to
utilize oceans and inland seas as alternative water sources. Desalination technologies that remove
salts and minerals from seawater are emerging to produce potable water suitable for drinking and
domestic purposes. Reverse osmosis, vacuum distillation, multistage flash distillation, freeze-thaw,
and electro-dialysis are gaining importance for saltwater purification. Such processes usually
involve higher energy consumption and are comparatively more expensive than conventional
freshwater treatment processes. Numerous efforts are under way to make desalination methods cost-
effective and economically viable.

15. Waste water treatment & Recycling

18. Ozone wastewater treatment
It requires the use of an ozone generator, which decontaminates the
water as ozone bubbles percolate through the tank.
Industrial wastewater treatment plants
An API oil-water separator, for removing separate phase oil from
wastewater.
A clarifier, for removing solids from wastewater.
A roughing filter, to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand of
wastewater.
A carbon filtration plant, to remove toxic dissolved organic
compounds from wastewater
An advanced electro dialysis reversal (EDR) system with ion
exchange membranes.
Agricultural wastewater treatment plants
Leachate treatment plants
Leachate treatment plants are used to treat leachate from landfills.

23. 10 simple actions you can take to help
reduce global warming.
Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle
Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning
Change a light bulb
Drive less and drive smart
Buy Energy-Efficient Products
Use less Hot Water
Use the "Off" Switch
Plant a tree
Get a report card from your utility company(Free Energy Audit).
Encourage Others to Conserve

24. FLOOD CONTROL
DAM
A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or
underground streams.
Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also
provide water for activities such as irrigation, human
consumption, industrial use, aquaculture, and navigability

27. CANAL
• Canals are waterways channels, or artificial waterways,
for water conveyance, or to service water
transport vehicles.

30. River Linking
It is a project of linking two or more rivers by creating a
network of manually created reservoirs and canals, and
providing land areas that otherwise does not have river
water access and reducing the flow of water to sea using
this means.
It is based on the assumptions that surplus water in
some rivers can be diverted to deficit rivers by creating
a network of canals to interconnect the rivers.

33. Sustainability
Sustainability is the ability to exist constantly.
In the 21st century, it refers generally to the capacity for the biosphere and
human civilization to coexist.
It is also defined as the process of people maintaining change in a homeostasis(the
tendency towards a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements
) balanced environment, in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of
investments, the orientation of technological development and institutional change are
all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and
aspirations.
Sustainable development
Development : the act or process of developing; growth; progress.
Sustainable development: development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs

36. Fair and Partial
capable of working successfully; feasible
Able to be
endured.

37. Sustainable Measures
• Sustainability measurement is the quantitative basis for the informed
management of sustainability.
• The metrics used for the measurement of sustainability (involving the sustainability
of environmental, social and economic domains, both individually and in various
combinations) are still evolving: they include indicators, benchmarks, audits,
indexes and accounting, as well as assessment, appraisal and other reporting
systems.
• They are applied over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Sustainability
measurement is the quantitative basis for the informed management of
sustainability.
• Some of the best used sustainability measures include
corporate sustainability reporting,
Triple Bottom Line accounting,
World Sustainability Society,
Circles of Sustainability, and
Estimates of the quality of sustainability governance for individual countries using
the Environmental Sustainability Index and Environmental Performance Index.

38. Environment Metrics and Monitoring
Environmental metrics are designed to assess the environmental impact of
technology or activity.
The impact is primarily related to using natural resources (renewable or
non-renewable) and generating waste.
The ultimate sustainability goal is to minimize the environmental impact via
using less non-renewable resources and generating less waste and
pollution.
Since the complete elimination of these factors is hardly possible, it is also
important to evaluate the rate at which environment can absorb the impacts
and become remediated.