ALL TYPE OF SANITARY FITTING SHOULD BE FIXED AGAINST AN EXTERNAL WALLS , SO THAT THE APARTMENT IN WHICH THEY ARE PLACED CAN BE PROVIDED WITH NATURAL LIGHT AND AIR, AND ALSO THERE WASTES CAN BE EASILY COLLECTED IN DRAIN.
WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE SERVICE FOR BUILDINGKaran Patel
The product, delivered to the point of consumption, is called potable water if it meets the water quality standards required for human consumption.
The water in the supply network is maintained at positive pressure to ensure that water reaches all parts of the network, that a sufficient flow is available at every take-off point and to ensure that untreated water in the ground cannot enter the network. The water is typically pressurised by pumps that pump water into storage tanks constructed at the highest local point in the network. One network may have several such service reservoirs.
In small domestic systems, the water may be pressurised by a pressure vessel or even by an underground cistern (the latter however does need additional pressurizing). This eliminates the need of a water-tower or any other heightened water reserve to supply the water pressure.
These systems are usually owned and maintained by local governments, such as cities, or other public entities, but are occasionally operated by a commercial enterprise (see water privatization). Water supply networks are part of the master planning of communities, counties, and municipalities. Their planning and design requires the expertise of city planners and civil engineers, who must consider many factors, such as location, current demand, future growth, leakage, pressure, pipe size, pressure loss, fire fighting flows, etc
ALL TYPE OF SANITARY FITTING SHOULD BE FIXED AGAINST AN EXTERNAL WALLS , SO THAT THE APARTMENT IN WHICH THEY ARE PLACED CAN BE PROVIDED WITH NATURAL LIGHT AND AIR, AND ALSO THERE WASTES CAN BE EASILY COLLECTED IN DRAIN.
WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE SERVICE FOR BUILDINGKaran Patel
The product, delivered to the point of consumption, is called potable water if it meets the water quality standards required for human consumption.
The water in the supply network is maintained at positive pressure to ensure that water reaches all parts of the network, that a sufficient flow is available at every take-off point and to ensure that untreated water in the ground cannot enter the network. The water is typically pressurised by pumps that pump water into storage tanks constructed at the highest local point in the network. One network may have several such service reservoirs.
In small domestic systems, the water may be pressurised by a pressure vessel or even by an underground cistern (the latter however does need additional pressurizing). This eliminates the need of a water-tower or any other heightened water reserve to supply the water pressure.
These systems are usually owned and maintained by local governments, such as cities, or other public entities, but are occasionally operated by a commercial enterprise (see water privatization). Water supply networks are part of the master planning of communities, counties, and municipalities. Their planning and design requires the expertise of city planners and civil engineers, who must consider many factors, such as location, current demand, future growth, leakage, pressure, pipe size, pressure loss, fire fighting flows, etc
Types of pipes and types of joints. Different types of pipes used for transporting water from reservoir or treatment plant for water supply in environmental engineering
it is a brief introductory part of what is house drainage system , its components with their classification , types of system of plumbing aided with principles of drainage design.
sanitation and its importance is explained along with drainage system , principles of drainage system , types of pipes , traps and their uses and sanitary fittings.
A building is provided with a drainage system to discharge effectively the sewage of the building into the public sewer. Domestic sewage from a building includes human excreta as well as discharge from the bathroom, kitchen, etc. and collected by building sewers and finally discharged into the public sewer.
In plumbing, a trap is a device which has a shape that uses a bending path to capture water to prevent sewer gases from entering buildings. this will helps you to find info. about traps.
Types of pipes and types of joints. Different types of pipes used for transporting water from reservoir or treatment plant for water supply in environmental engineering
it is a brief introductory part of what is house drainage system , its components with their classification , types of system of plumbing aided with principles of drainage design.
sanitation and its importance is explained along with drainage system , principles of drainage system , types of pipes , traps and their uses and sanitary fittings.
A building is provided with a drainage system to discharge effectively the sewage of the building into the public sewer. Domestic sewage from a building includes human excreta as well as discharge from the bathroom, kitchen, etc. and collected by building sewers and finally discharged into the public sewer.
In plumbing, a trap is a device which has a shape that uses a bending path to capture water to prevent sewer gases from entering buildings. this will helps you to find info. about traps.
this presentation is about the reuse of treated wastewater.Different application and technologies involved. I have also put four case studies taken from some journals mentioned.
Redox Environment B.V. at Winterswijk, The netherlands, has developped a total process for waterrecycling for municipal and office buildings, laoding stations, small municipalities,etc., etc,.
This slide is about types of pipes, fittings and materials in plumbing. I get this source in the internet. especially in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting,https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-pipe-fittings-in-plumbing/12541/, https://www.hunker.com/13401338/types-of-fittings
It is a Tubular item made of metal, plastic, glass etc. meant for conveying Liquid, Gas or any thing that flows.
It is a very important component for any industrial plant. And it’s engineering plays a major part in overall engineering of a Plant.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
3. A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, used mainly to convey
substances which can flow — liquids and gases (fluids), slurries, powders
and masses of small solids.
Pipes are used for various purposes such as :
• In plumbing
• Pipelines - transporting gas or liquid over long distances
• Also sometimes as a structural member
• Casing for concrete pilings used in construction project
• The petroleum industry for Oil well casing and Oil refinery equipment
4. Materials often forms the basis for choosing any pipe . The following are the
types :
Cast iron pipe is a pipe which has
had historic use as a pressure pipe
for transmission of water, gas and
sewage, and as a water drainage
pipe
Ductile iron pipe is a pipe made of
ductile iron commonly used
for potable water transmission and
distribution.
5. Asbestos cement pipes: these
pipes are not so much in use
today
PVC pipes: This type of pipe has a wide
variety of plumbing uses from drainage
pipe to water mains. It is most commonly
used for irrigation piping, home, and
building supply piping.
6. Copper Pipes: This type of pipe is
mostly used for hot and cold water
distribution as well as being regularly
used in HVAC systems for refrigerant
lines.
Galvanized pipe: is a zinc coated
steel or iron pipe. This galvanized
coating keeps the water from eating
up the pipe. Galvanized pipe is
considered a safe transport for
drinking water and is seen in larger
commercial applications for water
distribution.
7. The metal pipes may get corroded by acidic water. Therefore,
protective lining on the pipes needs to be provided against
corrosion.
Soil should be tested before laying pipes in ground .
Pipes can be wrapped in plastic during installation to protect
metal from soil .
Organic chemicals , especially solvents and gasoline , weakens
PVC pipes , cause pipe to expand and rupture.
The operator in charge should be alert for any unusual odour as it
maybe a sign of chemical spill that may damage the pipes .
8. In any plant various fluids flow through
pipes from one end to other.
We have to transfer the content of Tank no.
1 to the other two tanks.
We will need to connect pipes to transfer the
fluids from Tank-1 to Tank-2 and Tank-3
9. We have just brought the pipes, now
we need to solve some more
problems.
Pipes are all straight pieces.
We need some
branch
connections
We need some
bend connections
To solve these
problems we need
the pipe
components, which
are called
PIPE FITTINGS
10. ,
There are various types of fittings for
various purposes, some common types are -
Elbows/Bends, Tees/Branches,
Reducers/Expanders, Couplings, Olets, etc.
Anyway, the pipes and
fittings are in place, but
the ends are yet to be
joined with the Tank
nozzles.
We now have to complete the
end connections.
These, in piping term, we call
TERMINAL
CONNECTIONS.
11. These are flanged
joints
This is a welded joint
But if we want to control the flow from Tank-1 to
other tanks.
We need some arrangement to stop the
flow if needed
To control the flow in a pipe line
we need to fit a special
component.
That is called - VALVE
13. a trench is dug wide enough to accommodate enough working space
on both side of the pipe.
Levelling- at the bottom for which max grain size of aggregates
should be 60mm.
if subsoil is soft, pipeline is founded on grid or piles.
Filling: initial fill must meet the same requirements as the levelling
course.
main principle while filling: pipes, especially joints must have
sufficient lateral support against overhead loads.
mechanical compaction has to be done only after 50 cm of fill.
14.
15. A fitting is used in pipe plumbing systems to connect
straight pipe or tubing sections , to adapt to different
sizes or shapes and for other purposes, such as
regulating the flow of fluids.
COMMON TYPES OF FITTINGS
1.Elbow
An elbow is a pipe fitting installed
between two lengths of pipe or tubing
to allow a change of direction, usually a
90° or 45° angle.
16. 2. Coupling
Pipe coupling: A coupling connects
two pipes to each other. There is no
change in the direction of the two
pipes. If the size of the pipe is not the
same, the fitting may be called a
reducing coupling or reducer, or an
adapter.
3. Union
A combination pipe union and reducer
fitting .
A union is similar to a coupling,
except it is designed to allow quick
and convenient disconnection of pipes
for maintenance or fixture
replacement.
17. 4. Threaded pipe
A threaded pipe is a pipe with a screw
thread at one or both ends for
assembly. Steel pipe is often joined
using threaded connections
5. Cap
A type of pipe fitting, usually liquid or
gas tight, which covers the end of a
pipe. A cap is used like plug.
6. Compression Connections
Compression fittings consist of a
tapered concave conical seat, a hollow
barrel-shaped compression ring, and a
compression nut which is threaded onto
the body of the fitting and tightened to
make a leak-proof connection.
Thread Pipe
Cap
Compression Connections
18. 7. Flange fittings
Flanges are generally used when
there is a connection to valves
Flange fittings generally involve
pressing two surfaces to be
joined tightly together, by means
of threaded bolts, wedges,
clamps, or other means of
applying high compressive
forces.[
19. 8. Soldering
A chemical flux is applied to the inner sleeve,
and the pipe is inserted.
The joint is then heated using a propane
torch.
The solder is applied to the heated joint
9. Welding
The material of the pipe or tubing is itself partially melted in a carefully
controlled manner, and the fitting and piping are directly fused together.
Generally butt joins are used for welding in pipes.
2) Inspection of pipe ends
The plastic protections at pipe ends are removed just before
installation. In connection with their removal, pipe ends and
sleeves are inspected visually.
20. determine the cutting point of the
pipe
mark it all the way round
make a perpendicular cut through
to the steel with a carpet knife.
the pipe is cut with a cutting wheel.
PVC pipe cutting by a PVC cutting
disc.
4) Cutting of pipes at the
Installation Site
21.
22. A plumbing fixture is an exchangeable device which can be connected to a
plumbing system to deliver and drain water.
The most common plumbing fixtures are:
Bathtubs
Bidets
Channel drains (also called trench drains)
Drinking fountains
Hose bib (connections for water hoses)
Kitchen sinks
Lavatories (also called bathroom sinks)
Showers
Tapware
Terminal valves for dishwashers, ice makers, humidifiers, etc.
Urinals
Utility sinks
Water closets
23. A bathtub is a large container for holding water in which a person may bathe.
Most modern bathtubs are made of acrylic or fiberglass, but alternatives are
available in enamel on steel or cast iron.
Modern bathtubs have overflow and waste drains and may have taps mounted
on them.
Two main styles of bathtub:
Western style: shallow and long.
Eastern style: short and deep.
25. A drinking fountain is a fountain designed to provide drinking water.
It consists of a basin with either continuously running water or a tap.
Modern indoor drinking fountains may incorporate filters to remove
impurities from the water and chillers to reduce its temperature.
Water fountains are usually found in public places, like schools, rest areas,
libraries, and grocery stores.
26. A sink is a bowl-shaped plumbing fixture used for washing hands, for
dishwashing or other purposes.
Sinks generally have taps (faucets) that supply hot and cold water and may include a
spray feature to be used for faster rinsing.
They also include a drain to remove used water.
Sinks are made of many different materials. These include:
Ceramic
Concrete
Copper
Enamel over steel or cast iron
Glass
Granite
Marble
Nickel
Plastic
Stainless steel
Stone
Terrazzo
Wood
27. A tap is a valve controlling the release of
a liquid/ water.
Tap mechanism
28. 5. Showers
minimum requirements for stall shower: 34-in square
standard height of shower head:
•66-in for men
•60-in for women
install at 74-inches & adjust for height
handheld shower offers
additional flexibility
29.
30. •deck mounted—used only for tubs
wall mounted—used for showers; tub/shower combo
•both available in single or dual control—single
control regulate temperature more easily
31.
32.
33.
34. An appliance used to get hot water by
the mean of electricity or by gas and
used directly.
A family of four, each showering for 5
minutes a day, uses 700 gallons of
water a week; this is enough for a 3-
year supply of drinking water for one
person.
35. When you turn on
a hot water faucet
or use hot water
in a dishwasher or
clothes washer,
water pipes draw
hot water from the
tank.
36. A solar water heater has an
insulated water storage tank
mounted above flat plate solar
collectors
The collectors transfer heat
from the sun to an antifreeze
collector fluid.
Whenever hot water is used,
solar heated water is drawn
from the storage tank into the
electric water heater
