Water is a critical and increasingly scarce resource in architecture, necessitating designers to incorporate effective water management strategies in their projects to ensure conservation and reuse. Innovative wastewater treatment systems, such as Sequential Batch Reactors (SBR), are vital for recycling sewage and grey water for applications like toilet flushing and gardening. Rainwater harvesting and the legal push for water reuse highlight the urgent need for sustainable practices in urban planning to cope with growing populations and dwindling natural resources.

1. WATER IN ARCHITECTURE Water is a scarce commodity and needs to be treated as such. Fresh water availability on earth is only 0.7% of the total water available to man. The world is using water faster than it can store or produce, hence, to survive, judicious water use and understanding the need to conserve this commodity has to be of primary importance. In conclusion, water needs to be saved, stored and reused.

2. RELEVANCE OF WATER IN DESIGN It is necessary for designers like architects and builders to include water control into design of buildings, complexes, hospitals, townships etc. Water can make or mar the design based on your integration of this necessity into your thought process. Water distribution, use and reuse will determine the success of the design to an end user. Most architects will disrespect the above, as not or less important in their designs..

3. Household Wastewater Sources

4. Typical reuse application One of 6 (500 p.e.) prefab treatment systems upstream Taipei, Taiwan. The systems are installed in difficult to reach mountain areas to treat sewage as per WHO standards. The river shown is the drinking water source for the millions of inhabitants city of Taipei.

5. WHY REUSE? Water reuse is of paramount importance today considering the depleting natural resources, increasing population etc. Conservation and reuse is now no longer an option, but a grim necessity. States have now resorted to legislation to enforce water reuse, as municipalities are no longer able to adequately service the growing population needs for water, especially in urban areas.

6. REUSE IN BUILDINGS Reuse is possible for toilet flushing, shower gardening etc. Separate plumbing needs to be done to divert water to and from the treatment unit. Treatment unit can be on terrace of building, or underground ( under car park etc.) Space required is minimal.

7. SOURCES & APPLICATIONS

8. Rainwater Harvesting And Utilisation Rainwater harvesting, in its broadest sense, is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater for human use from rooftops, land surfaces or rock catchments using simple techniques such as jars and pots as well as engineered techniques. Rainwater harvesting has been practiced for more than 200 years

9. SBR is an activated sludge wastewater treatment system for removing dissolved and suspended organic materials and nutrients. In SBR, all operations such as aeration, settling and decanting are achieved in a single tank Sewage and/or Grey water is fed through a screen to remove large solid waste, and then to the SBR tank where by aeration all dissolved impurities are removed. It is then passed through a sand filter to remove any traces of solids. The treated water is then disinfected by dosage of Hypochlorite solution(or alternatives like UV radiation), and is then ready for reuse. RECYCLING OF SEWAGE / GREY WATER BY SBR PROCESS

10. SBR Overview

11. Wastewater fills the tank, mixing with biomass that settles during the previous cycle Air is added to the tank to aid biologial growth and facilitate subsequent waste reduction Mixing and aeration stop during this stage to allow solids to settle to the bottom of the tank Clarified effluent is discharged. If necessary, sludge removal occurs during this stage.

12. A. Influent. B.Pumppit.C.Feedpump.D. Screen.E.Baffle accessible screening chamber. F.G.H.Levelcontrols for SBR process. J.Unique effluent discharge system. K. Disinfection / storage chamber. L.Fine bubble diffusers. M.Neutralizer dosing. P. Effluent discharge.

13. TYPICAL SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAGRAM FOR APARTMENTS

14. SBR IN HOTEL / APARMENTS Capacity: 500 people Size: 12m x 2m x 2m Capacity:1500 people

15. SEWAGE TREATMENT BY SBR SBR is a unique process to treat sewage and to recycle the treated water for flushing and gardening, etc. This is ideal for apartments, villas, resorts, golfcourses, hotels etc. This system is also practical for remote individual homes and villages.

16. Fine bubble diffuser aeration

17. Typical SBR application Prefab extended aeration activated sludge systems for Austrian village capacity: 150 p.e. Influent BOD: ≥250 mg/l Effluent BOD: ≤ 15 mg/l. Design outside temperature: minus 15 0 C.

18. Typical SBR application Two (2) x 500 p.e prefab systems for the treatment of sewage water from a refugee camp in Slovenia. The systems are designed to operate at minus 20 0 C in winter time. Effluent BOD: ≤ 15 mg/l

19. Typical SBR application SBR wastewater treatment system installed at ski resort, high in the mountains, in Switzerland.

20. SBR system for remote village in Austria. Capacity: 30 m3/day serving 200 people. System in operation since 1993.

21. Typical SBR application Three (3) x 500 p.e. prefab systems to treat sewage at drilling and production sites of Petroleum Development Oman (PDO). The systems are designed to operate at outside temperatures of : 40 0 C in daylight time and < 5 0 C at night time. Effluent BOD: ≤ 15 mg/l.

22. Redox Environment B.V. Technology Solutions Group SBR BENEFITS ALL PROCESSES SUCH AS AERATION , NITRIFICATION, DENITRIFICATION, SEDIMENTATION, SLUDGE THICKENING AND STABILISATION IN A SINGLE UNIT LESS EXCESS SLUDGE DUE TO MAXIMUM MINERALISATION- THEREFORE SLUDGE HANDLING IS SIMPLER HYDRAULIC FLEXIBILITY - CAN EASILY TAKE SHOCK LOADS

23. UV Disinfection solutions can be used in conjunction with the following types of domestic sewage treatment plants: (amongst others ) Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) - also designed to provide full biological treatment to crude sewage produced in a normal domestic environment. These units are usually installed in situations where there is no public sewer and where a septic tank or equal is not environmentally acceptable Process scheme of WWTP followed by UV radiation