Recombinant peptide vaccines consist of protein antigens produced in heterologous expression systems like bacteria or yeast. The document discusses the development of a recombinant peptide vaccine for Hepatitis E Virus. It describes how the HEV ORF2 gene was cloned into an expression vector and expressed as a fusion protein in E. coli. The purified peptide was shown to elicit antibodies in rabbits that could neutralize HEV. Recombinant peptide vaccines offer safer alternatives to whole virus vaccines and allow antigen production even if the virus cannot be cultured. However, they may be less immunogenic than inactivated vaccines.
Peptide vaccine containing only epitopes capable of inducing positive, desirable T cell and B cell mediated immune response.
Peptides‖ used in these vaccines are 20–30 amino acid sequences that are synthesized to form an immunogenic peptide molecule representing the specific epitope of an antigen.
sufficient for activation of the appropriate cellular and humoral responses
Eliminating allergenic and/or reactogenic responses.
Recombinant viral vectors are genetic engineering tools commonly used for gene transfer purpose with high transfection efficiency and site specific gene insertion.
Peptide vaccine containing only epitopes capable of inducing positive, desirable T cell and B cell mediated immune response.
Peptides‖ used in these vaccines are 20–30 amino acid sequences that are synthesized to form an immunogenic peptide molecule representing the specific epitope of an antigen.
sufficient for activation of the appropriate cellular and humoral responses
Eliminating allergenic and/or reactogenic responses.
Recombinant viral vectors are genetic engineering tools commonly used for gene transfer purpose with high transfection efficiency and site specific gene insertion.
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
Transfection methods (DNA to host cell) Erin Davis
Transfection of DNA to host cell can be done by various methods in lab scale.Gene gun,electroporation,lipofection .These methods are used to transfer DNA to the host cell.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in plants.ICHHA PURAK
This power point presentation consist of 41 slides. Attempts have been made to illustrate how Agrobacterium behaves us natural genetic engineer. How it can infect a plant through wound and a part of DNA present on Ti plasmid is Tranferred and causes disease as crown gall in the infected plant. In second part of the presentation attempts have been made to describe how Agrobacterium can be utilized for iinsertion of desired gene into the plant,what manipulation are to be made with Agrobacterium.How infection and transfer of desired gene can be made possible.What is the role of plant tissue culture etc.
Introduction
Ti plasmid
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Ti plasmid structure
Overview of infection process
Ti plasmid derived vector systems
Cointegrate vectors
Binary vectors
Agrobacterium mediated transformation of explants
Conclusions
References
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
Transfection methods (DNA to host cell) Erin Davis
Transfection of DNA to host cell can be done by various methods in lab scale.Gene gun,electroporation,lipofection .These methods are used to transfer DNA to the host cell.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in plants.ICHHA PURAK
This power point presentation consist of 41 slides. Attempts have been made to illustrate how Agrobacterium behaves us natural genetic engineer. How it can infect a plant through wound and a part of DNA present on Ti plasmid is Tranferred and causes disease as crown gall in the infected plant. In second part of the presentation attempts have been made to describe how Agrobacterium can be utilized for iinsertion of desired gene into the plant,what manipulation are to be made with Agrobacterium.How infection and transfer of desired gene can be made possible.What is the role of plant tissue culture etc.
Introduction
Ti plasmid
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Ti plasmid structure
Overview of infection process
Ti plasmid derived vector systems
Cointegrate vectors
Binary vectors
Agrobacterium mediated transformation of explants
Conclusions
References
introduction , history, types, peptide vaccines for particular diseases in common, its production and the after effects of taking them. how long and who all can take the vaccine.
Most developments in biotechnology originated for their potential applications in health care.
Contributions of biotechnology are more frequent, more notable and more rewarding in health sector.
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. * Recombinant
Peptide vaccine
ANUJ KUMAR RAJA
PhD. 1st year
Animal Biotechnology center
NDRI, INDIA
2. VACCINE ???? * A vaccine is a biological preparation that
improves immunity to a particular disease.
A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles
a disease-causing microorganism
Weakened or
Surface
killed forms of its toxins
proteins
the microbe
* The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize
the agent as foreign, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the
immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of
these microorganisms that it later encounters.
4. *
Recombinant peptide vaccines consist of protein
antigens that have been produced in a heterologous
expression system (e.g., bacteria or yeast).
The vaccinated person produces antibodies to the
protein antigen, thus protecting him/her from
disease.
5. Why there is a need to form recombinant peptide
vaccine ?
Viral coat protein
surface antigen,
Hepatitis B Virus HBsAg
Virus cannot be grown
in to a culture to
produce the protein. Constant
supply of
1 plasma from Therefore
infected efforts has
individuals been made to
Highly immunogenic
particles have been produce
Serious HBsAg by
isolated from limitation
infected persons Risk of final recombinant
and used as a preparation being means
vaccine. contaminated
2 with active virion
and other type of
pathogens.
6. Procedure for development of recombinant peptide vaccine
Pathogenic Epitope Expression
microorganism Vector
cDNA
Production of
Selection of
recombinant
recombinant
peptides
transfection
9. Example… Hepatitis E Virus
HEV has emerged as a significant cause of sporadic cases and
extended outbreaks of acute hepatitis in many parts of the
world.
The 7.5 kb single stranded positive sense RNA genome is
predicted to contain 3 open reading frames (ORF).
ORF1 - Non-structural viral proteins
ORF 2 - major structural protein.
10. It is suggested that product of ORF 2 gene may be antigenic
determinants and raised the possibility of bacterially expressed
peptide as an HEV vaccine candidate.
The dimeric form of the peptide elicited a vigorous antibody
response in experimental animals and the resulting antisera
were found to cross-react against HEV, effecting an efficient
immune capture of the virus.
A 23 kDa peptide locating to amino acid residues 394 to 604 of
the major Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) structural protein was
expressed in E. coli.
11. Steps involved in preparation of recombinant peptide vaccines
Extraction of Viral RNA & cDNA
preparation
Cloning of HEV sequence in
pGEX expression vector
Production and purification of
HEV peptides.
Immune capture of HEV
Reactivity of human sera against
purified pE2
13. Vector for Expression of peptide
fragment
The cloned
sequence was
ligated to the
BamH1 and EcoR1
cloning sites on
the pGEX vector
and expressed as
GST fusion
peptide in E coli.
Bacterial cytosol
14. Recombinant plasmids were transferred into E. coli.
Transformants were selected as ampicillin resistant clones
in LB agar.
Plasmid was extract from these transformants.
The cloned sequences were recovered by EcoRI and BamHI
digestion and their identity was confirmed by sequence
analysis.
15. Production and purification of HEV peptides
An overnight culture of the transformant was grown.
Bacterial cytosol containing the soluble fusion peptide was allowed to
bind with glutathione conjugated sepharose 4B and the purified GST
fusion peptide was eluted with glutathione.
Purified fusion protein was designated GE2.
Alternatively, the moiety of HEV peptide was obtained by thrombin
cleavage.
This purified HEV peptide was denoted as pE2.
16. *
Hyperimmune sera against GE2 were raised in rabbits.
The animals were given four bi-weekly intramuscular doses of the
purified peptide.
The first dose was mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant, and
subsequent doses were mixed with incomplete Freund's adjuvant.
The animals were bled on the 9th week.
* Polystyrene paddles were coated with rabbit anti-GE2 to capture
the HEV.
* Nested RT-PCR for detection of HEV RNA.
* The outer primer pair was A5F and A3R and the inner primer pair
was B5F and B3R (Table I).
18. Serially diluted rabbit pE2 antiserum was titrated by Western
blotting against an equal mixture of a heated and an unheated
sample of purified E2.
Limiting dilution of the serum reactive against the 42 kDa E2
dimer was 1:6,400 and that against the 23 kDa E2 monomer was
1:800.
19. Advantages
Production and quality control simpler
No other viral or external proteins, therefore less toxic.
Feasible even if virus cannot be cultivated
Safer in cases where viruses are oncogenic or establish a
persistent infection.
Limitation
May be less immunogenic than conventional inactivated
whole-virus vaccines.
Requires adjuvant
Requires primary course of injections followed by boosters.
20. Examples of vaccine produced by Recombinant means.
* Hepatitis B.The vaccine uses hepatitis B
surface antigen produced in yeast.
* B subunit of cholera toxin.
* Vaccine against TB.